N Pilot’s Guide KLN 94 Bendix/King® GPS Navigation System ORS 01, 02 and 03
WARNING Prior to export of this document, review for export license requirement is needed. COPYRIGHT NOTICE Copyright ©2000-2002 Honeywell International Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction of this publication or any portion thereof by any means without the express written permission of Honeywell International Inc. is prohibited. For further information contact the Manager, Technical Publications; Honeywell; One Technology Center; 23500 West 105th Street; Olathe, Kansas 66061. Telephone: (913) 782-0400.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide 006-18207-0000 Operational Revision Status ORS 01, 02 and 03 July 2002 The ORS level is annunciated on the Turn-on page each time power is applied to the KLN 94 (see figure 3-3). Features limited to specific ORS levels are so designated in the text of this manual. The operational differences between ORS levels are described below.
NOTE: A white border is used around data on some of the figures in this Pilot's Guide to indicate that the data inside the border is flashing. WARNING: The KLN 94 displays GPS-derived altitude on the AUX 1 page. Due to many factors, GPS altitude may typically be several hundred feet in error. Do not use the GPS-derived altitude for navigation. IMPORTANT: Special installation procedures must be followed in order for the KLN 94 to be certified for IFR En route, Terminal and Non-precision Approach use.
Revision History and Instructions Manual KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Revision 2, July 2002 Part Number 006-18207-0000 This revision incorprates software changes for ORS 03.
Revision History and Instructions Manual KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Revision 1, March 2001 Part Number 006-18207-0000 This revision incorprates software changes for ORS 02.
Revision History and Instructions Manual KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Revision 0, September 2000 Part Number 006-18207-0000 This is the original version of this publication.
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KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide INTRODUCTION Table of Contents ............................................................................i KLN 94 SNEAK PREVIEW ...............................................................ii HOW-TO INDEX ..........................................................................iv 1. KLN 94 System Components ..................................................1-1 2. Database ........................................................................2-1 2.1.
Table of Contents 3.8.2. Selecting Waypoints by Scanning .........................3-23 3.8.3. Selecting Waypoints by Name or City ..................3-24 3.9. “Nearest” Functions ........................................................3-27 3.9.1. Viewing the Nearest Waypoints ............................3-28 3.9.1.1 Nearest Airport Criteria ................................3-28 3.9.1.2 Continuous Display of Nearest Airport ........3-29 3.9.2. Viewing the Nearest Special Use Airspaces ........3-30 3.9.3.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Table of Contents 3.11.4.9. Changing the Map Range Scale .............3-47 3.11.4.10 Decluttering The Screen .........................3-48 3.11.4.11. Waypoint Scan Feature .........................3-48 3.11.4.12. Holding Patterns and Procedure Turns .3-50 3.12. Waypoint Pages ............................................................3-51 3.12.1. Airport Pages .......................................................3-51 3.12.1.1. The Airport 1 (APT 1) Page .......................
Table of Contents 3.13. Special Use Airspace Alerting ......................................3-66 3.14. Remote Mounted Annunciators ....................................3-69 3.15 QuickTune™ Nav/Comm Frequency Selection .........3-70 3.15.1. Quicktune™ Operation with One Compatible NAV/COMM .................................................3-71 3.15.2. Quicktune™ Operation with More Than One Compatible NAV/COMM .................................................3-72 3.16. Using the Take-home Mode ..............
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Table of Contents 4.2.4.2 Direct To Operation From Any Page ...........4-12 4.2.4.3 Direct To Operation From The FPL 0 Page 4-13 4.2.4.4 Cancelling Direct To Operation ....................4-13 4.2.5. Viewing Distance, ETE, ETA, or Desired Track to Flight Plan Waypoints ......................................................4-14 4.2.6 Changing The System Time Zone ........................4-15 5. Intermediate Operation ............................................................5-1 5.1.
Table of Contents 5.8. The Auxilary (AUX) Pages ..............................................5-21 5.9. Determining the Status of the GPS Signals ....................5-21 5.10. Calculator (AUX 4 – AUX 11) pages ............................5-24 5.10.1. The Auxilary 4 (AUX 4) Trip Planning Page .......5-24 5.10.2. The Auxilary 5 (AUX5) Trip Planning Page ........5-26 5.10.3. The Auxilary 6 (AUX 6) Pressure Altitude Page .5-27 5.10.4. The Auxilary 7 (AUX 7) Density Altitude Page ...5-28 5.10.5.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Table of Contents 5.16. Manual Magnetic Variation Selection ...........................5-41 5.17. Setting the Units of Measure ........................................5-42 6. APPROACHES and DP/STARs ..............................................6-1 6.1. Procedure (PROC) Pages ...............................................6-1 6.2. Non-Precision Approach Operations ................................6-2 6.2.1. Approach Mode Annunciations ..............................6-3 6.2.2.
Table of Contents APPENDIX A - NAVIGATION TERMS .........................................A-1 APPENDIX B - MESSAGE PAGE MESSAGES ..........................B-1 APPENDIX C - SCRATCHPAD MESSAGES ..............................C-1 APPENDIX D - ABBREVIATIONS ................................................D-1 STATE ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................D-1 CANADIAN PROVINCE ABBREVIATIONS ...........................D-2 COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS ............................................
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Introduction INTRODUCTION Congratulations for choosing the Bendix/King KLN 94 GPS! Celestial navigation will now be a way of life for you. The phenomenal accuracy of GPS, along with the KLN 94’s user-friendly operation and color graphics display will make flying a delight.
Introduction KLN 94 SNEAK PREVIEW If you absolutely can’t wait to use your KLN 94 until you’ve read this Pilot’s Guide, this section is for you. This short section will teach you just enough to get going and then learn by doing. This operational preview assumes the KLN 94 has been properly installed, the unit was previously operational in the same general geographical location, and that no peripheral equipment interfaced with the KLN 94 (such as external HSI’s, CDI’s, autopilots, moving map display, etc.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Introduction 6. Use the right outer knob to turn to the NAV page type. Watch the page bar at the very bottom of the screen. As the outer knob is turned the selected page type becomes reverse video (white letters on a blue background). Turn until NAV is selected. Then use the right inner knob to select the NAV 2 page if not already there. The NAV 2 page shows your present position relative to a nearby VOR.
Introduction HOW-TO INDEX This index will help you quickly find important procedures at a glance. The list is alphabetized by action words. TO: SEE Section: Activate one of the previously created numbered flight plans . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.3 Add a waypoint to a flight plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.4 Add an individual waypoint in the DP or STAR procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3.3 Calculate distance, time, and ESA for a flight plan . . . .
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Introduction TO: SEE Section: Delete a waypoint remark from the AUX 13 page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.11.2 Delete an approach from FPL 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.5 Delete an individual waypoint in a DP or STAR procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3.3 Display the nearest airport continuously . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.9.1.2 Enable the voltage alert feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GS APR APR BC BC OR NAV PC NAV OBS 3 GS N A V CDI N B AP AP ENG 3 3 TO F N KI 206 TEST 3 3 3 6 6 E 2 1 NAV 1 GS 2 HDG 15 3 HDG RMI OR S S N HSI 21 33 NAV RC ALT HDG 12 ALT N 1 GS ı KI 525A 33 RN KC 193 AUTOPILOT YD 15 S ı F A D F OR A D F EHSI KI 825 E GPS/NAV SWITCH/ ANNUNCIATOR REMOTE ANNUNCIATORS KNI 582 B NAV E UP DN D 30 A ı KI 229 6 GPS KLN 94 TSO CRSR PULL SCAN 2 RNG MNU ENT 1 CLR WPT ALERT MESSAGE GPS NAV S D
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 1 System Components 1. KLN 94 SYSTEM COMPONENTS A basic KLN 94 system consists of a panel mounted KLN 94 GPS and a KA 92 GPS antenna. An altitude input is required to obtain full navigation and operational capabilities. Additional system components may be added or interfaced to the KLN 94 which increase its features and capabilities.
Chapter 1 System Components Each KLN 94 system includes a configuration module which is attached to the KLN 94 mounting rack. The module allows the KLN 94 to be configured for the unique characteristics of your equipment installation. Parameters that are set by the configuration module include: • Whether the KLN 94 may be used for IFR operations or not, and if it may be used for non-precision approach IFR operations. • Whether or not the altitude alert function in enabled. See section 5.3.
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Chapter 2 Data Base 75° 60° 45° 30° LATIN AM USA CANADA PACIFIC SOUTH PAC SOUTH AM EUROPE AFRICA EAST EUR MID EAST Pacific Database coverage area PACIFIC SOUTH PAC 75° 60° 45° 30° 15° 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° Overlap in Pacific & Atlantic Database coverage areas 2-0 15° 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° Atlantic Database coverage area 165° 150° 135° 120° 105° 90° 75° 60° 45° 30° 15° 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180° Americas Database coverage area Figure 2-1 KLN 94 Database Geograp
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 2 Data Base 2. DATABASE 2.1. FUNCTIONS OF THE DATABASE The database provides four primary functions. First, it makes pilot interface with the GPS sensor much easier. Rather than having to manually look up and then enter the latitude and longitude for a specific waypoint, it allows you to merely enter a simple waypoint identifier. The database automatically looks up and displays the latitude and longitude associated with the identifier.
Chapter 2 Data Base The following is a listing of the KLN 94 database contents: AERONAUTICAL DATA AIRPORTS Identifier Name City, State or Country Use type (if heliports, military, or private) Latitude and Longitude Elevation Runway numbers, lengths, surfaces, and lighting Fuel availability Approach types available (precision, non-precision, or none) Radar approach/departure environment Time difference relative to UTC.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 2 Data Base NDBs (En Route and Terminal) Identifier Name Frequency Latitude and Longitude (Note - Outer Compass Locators may be stored as an NDB by their NDB identifier or as an intersection by their intersection name) DMEs associated with ILS/LOC type approaches – Stored with Intersections by the approach identifier (e.g. IJFK) Identifier Latitude and Longitude Intersections (low altitude, high altitude, DP/STAR, approach, and outer markers).
Chapter 2 Data Base 2.3. ICAO IDENTIFIERS Waypoints are stored in the KLN 94 database almost exclusively by their ICAO identifiers. ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) is an internationally accepted reference for the data. In almost all cases the proper ICAO identifiers may be taken directly from Jeppesen-Sanderson or NOS aeronautical charts. Airport identifiers in the contiguous United States, Alaska, and Canada are special cases in the ICAO system.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 2 Data Base A KLN 94 data card plugs into the left side of the KLN 94 front panel. The land data resides full time in the data card. The KLN 94 accesses the land data directly from the data card. The land data can only be updated by inserting a new data card. New land data is generally available from Honeywell about once a year. The aeronautical data is initially contained in the data card.
Chapter 2 Data Base 2.4.1. COMPUTER UPDATING OF THE DATABASE USING DISKETTES (ORS 02 AND HIGHER UNITS ONLY) Update information is sent to you on 3.5” disks. In order to use the update program you must have access to a computer having a disk drive capable utilizing 3.5-inch 1.44 megabyte high density diskettes. This computer also needs to have an available COM 1 or COM 2 serial port. If you wish to perform updates in the cockpit, an optional PC Interface kit must be used.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 2 Data Base 4. Turn on the KLN 94. Press F as required to approve the Self Test, Initialization, and Database pages. Use the right outer knob to select the Setup (SET) type pages and the right inner knob to select the SET 3 page (figure 22). Figure 2-2 5. Press B. Update Pub DB? will now be flashing as in figure 2-3. 6. Press F. The estimated load time in minutes is now displayed (figure 2-4).
Chapter 2 Data Base The chances are small of having difficulty updating the database but— If you have a problem: • First check that the interface cable is properly connected and that the computer is turned on. If there is a problem with the connection or the computer, the KLN 94 will display Data Loader Not Ready. When the problem is corrected this prompt is removed and the update operation can continue from where it left off.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 2 Data Base 2.5. USER DEFINED DATABASE In addition to the aeronautical and land databases, you may create up to 500 other user-defined waypoints. Section 5.4, “Creating User-defined waypoints” describes this further. The KLN 94 contains an internal lithium battery that is used to “keep-alive” the user-defined database as well as flight plans. This battery has a typical life of three to five years.
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Tape here Fold here NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN THE UNITED STATES BUSINESS REPLY MAIL FIRST-CLASS MAIL PERMIT NO. 121 OLATHE, KANSAS POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY ADDRESSEE HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC. M D66 - NAVIGATION SERVICES 23500 W.
KLN 94 Database Update Service Order Form Consult Pricing Sheet (006-08794-0007) for Service Prices Honeywell offers several update service options to suit your requirements. Please select the service desired, then fill out and mail this order form. Credit card orders may be faxed. Database updates are also available at www.gpsdatabase.com Check One: Card Format Diskette Format (Laptop Computer Required. See section 2 of KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide for details.
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Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 16 14 15 13 12 11 KLN 94 TSO GPS RNG PROC CRSR MNU PUSH ON BRT ı MSG OBS ALT NRST D CLR 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 Figure 3-1 KLN 94 Controls ENT PULL SCAN 10 2 3
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 1. On/Off/Brightness knob – Used to turn the unit on and off and adjust display brightness. 2. Right outer knob – When the cursor is off, used to select the page type (e.g. APT, NAV, FPL, etc.). When the cursor is on, used to move the cursor from one position to another on the display. 3. Right inner knob – When the cursor is off, used to select the specific page number for a page type (e.g. APT 1, APT 2, APT 3, etc.).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide 3. Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation BASIC GPS OPERATION This is the first of four chapters specifically dealing with operating the KLN 94. In this chapter you will learn the basic operation of the front panel controls and then how to perform Direct To navigation (navigating from your present position direct to your desired location). 3.1. COVERAGE AREA The KLN 94 was designed to provide worldwide navigation coverage from North 74° latitude to South 60° Latitude (figure 3-2).
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation output displayed on the unit’s internal course deviation indicator (CDI) and provided to an external horizontal situation indicator (HSI) or CDI is five nautical miles (full scale sensitivity) left and right in Leg mode. The other modes are described in section 5.5 and chapter 6. To turn on and initialize the KLN 94: 1. Turn on the KLN 94 by pushing in the On/Off/Brightness knob. For the first few seconds a single color Power-On page is displayed at a fixed brightness.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 2. Use the right inner knob to enter the current altimeter setting into the “Baro” field and then press the F button. (If the KLN 94 is interfaced to a compatible airdata system you will not be able to enter data into this field. Verify that the data displayed on the Self Test page is the same as is being displayed on the appropriate equipment in the aircraft which is interfaced to the KLN 94.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation The KLN 94 has an internal battery powered calendar/clock, so the date and time normally don’t require setting. The battery has a life of approximately 3 years. In addition, the KLN 94’s system date and time are automatically updated very precisely when at least one satellite is being received. However, if for some reason the date or time are incorrect, it is necessary to enter the correct date or time so that the KLN 94 can reach the navigation mode quickly.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation The KLN 94 is capable of displaying the following time zones: UTC Coordinated Universal Time (Zulu) GST Greenland Standard Time (UTC - 3) GDT Greenland Daylight Time (UTC - 2) ATS Atlantic Standard Time (UTC - 4) ATD Atlantic Daylight Time (UTC - 3) EST Eastern Standard Time (UTC - 5) EDT Eastern Daylight Time (UTC - 4) CST Central Standard Time (UTC - 6) CDT Central Daylight Time (UTC - 5) MST Mountain Standard Time (UTC - 7) MDT Mountain Daylight Time (
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation this process for the last digit of the time field. When the correct time has been entered (figure 314), press F to start the clock running. Don’t worry that you can’t update the seconds. The Figure 3-14 KLN 94 system time will automatically be corrected very precisely once a satellite is received. 7.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 10. The Database page will now be displayed with the cursor over Acknowledge?. Line 1 indicates whether an Americas, Atlantic International, or Pacific International aeronautical database is being used. If the aeronautical database (airports, navaids, approaches, etc) is current, line 2 will show the date when the aeronautical database expires (figure 3-18). If the aeronautical database is out of date, line 2 shows the date that it expired (figure 3-19).
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation set the amount of fuel on board (FOB) and initializes the Auxiliary (AUX) 15 and 16 fuel calculator pages. Possible units are gallons (GAL), pounds (LB), imperial gallons (IMP), liters (L), or kilograms (KG). If you wish to manually set the FOB, use the right outer knob to move the cursor to line 2 and use the right inner knob to select the desired value.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.3. DISPLAY FORMAT The KLN 94 uses a color LCD. In normal operation, the display screen is divided into four segments (figure 3-24). When the map page (NAV 4) page is displayed the page bar is removed to maximize the height of 1 2 4 the map. Also, in some cases such as the display of system messages the segment dividers disappear and 3 you have a “full-screen” page.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Display segment 1 changes somewhat when the map page (NAV 4) is being displayed. See section 3.11.4. Display Segment 2 (Page) Aeronautical information is presented on the screen in the form of “pages”. Segment 2 is where these pages are displayed. A page is a presentation of specific data in an organized format. Various page “types” are used to display related kinds of data. For example, one page type is NAV (navigation).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Display Segment 4 (Annunciations) Segment 4 displays annunciations associated with the operation of the KLN 94 (figures 3-30 and 3-31). Line one shows the WPT (waypoint alert) annunciation when approaching the active waypoint (see sections 3.10.3 and 4.2.2) or the SCAN annunciation when the scan function has been enabled.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.4. BASIC OPERATION OF PANEL CONTROLS Remember that figure 3-1 is a fold-out page that you may want to refer to as you read this chapter. The KLN 94 has three knobs and eleven buttons which are used to perform all operations. Most of the page selection and data entry is done with the knobs on the right side of the front panel and the cursor (B) button immediately above them. The cursor position is indicated by an area of reverse video.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter Name/ Page # Range Page Type APT 1-8* VOR 1-2 NDB 1 INT 1-2 USR 0-3 ACT ** NAV 1-4 FPL 0-25 SET 1-14 Airport VOR NDB Intersections User Waypoint Active Waypoints Navigation Flight Plan Setup AUX 1-14*** Auxiliary * ** *** Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Page Functions Directory of published airports Directory of published VOR stations Directory of published non-directional beacons (NDB) Directory of published named intersections Directory of user-defined waypoints Information
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation last viewed—we’ll say the NAV 2 page. Turning the right inner knob one click clockwise or three clicks counterclockwise will bring you to the NAV 3 page. Or, from the APT 2 page you could turn the right outer knob four clicks counter-clockwise to get to the NAV pages. Got it? NOTE: In this Pilot’s Guide the right smaller knob is assumed to be in the “in” position unless it specifically states that the knob should be in the “out” position.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 4. Turn the right outer knob one click clockwise to move the cursor to the second character position (figure 3-39). 5. Rotate the right inner knob to select the second character (figure 3-40). 6. Use the right outer and inner knobs in this manner until the complete waypoint identifier is displayed (figure 3-41).
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation To change the default first waypoint identifier character: 1. Select the SET 11 page (figure 3-44) and turn on the cursor by pressing the B button (figure 3-45). Figure 3-44 2. Use the right inner knob to select the desired character (figure 346), such as a K in the U.S., a C in Canada, a P in Alaska, an E or an L in Europe, etc. Figure 3-45 3. Turn off the cursor. To try it out, proceed to the SET 1 page (initial position).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation To see an example of a Duplicate Waypoint page, try entering the identifier “AC” as a Direct To waypoint: 1. Press D. 2. Select “AC” as the waypoint identifier (figure 3-48). AC is the full identifier of several waypoints in the KLN 94 database. Figure 3-48 3. Press F. The Duplicate Waypoint page will be displayed on the screen (figure 3-49). At the time of this writing, there were three waypoints in the Americas database having the identifier AC.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.5. MESSAGE PAGE Whenever the KLN 94 wants to get your attention, the message prompt (a large yellow “M” on the right side of the screen) begins flashing (figure 352). If you have a remote message annunciator in your aircraft, it will also begin flashing at that time. You should view the message at your Figure 3-52 earliest opportunity because the unit may be alerting you to some situation of immediate concern to its condition or to your flight.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.7. INITIALIZATION AND TIME TO FIRST FIX Since the KLN 94 stores its position and other required parameters in memory when power to the unit is removed, it is seldom necessary to aid the unit in reaching a NAV ready condition. The time required from power on until the KLN 94 determines its present position and is therefore ready to navigate is called “time to first fix.” The time to first fix is normally a few minutes or less.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation To initialize the position from the SET 1 page: 1. If the cursor is not on the screen (figure 3-55), press the B button to bring it on the page over the INIT POS field (figure 3-56). 2. Using the right inner and outer Figure 3-55 knobs, enter the identifier for the airport where you are presently located or the identifier of a navaid or other airport which is close to your present position (figure 3-57).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation NOTE: If the KLN 94 is in the Take-Home mode, you are allowed to enter the groundspeed (kt) and heading (°) fields in order to simulate flight (figure 3-60). They are not used for actual initialization in an aircraft. However, entering a groundspeed will allow the KLN 94 to “fly” along the active flight plan (or to a direct to waypoint) starting from the initialization waypoint.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Airport pages but we’ll use the APT 1 since it displays the airport name and city). 2. Turn on the cursor (B) and make sure the right inner knob is pushed in. The cursor will appear over the first character of the airport identifier (figure 3-62). 3. Turn the right inner knob to select a “K” as the first character (figure 3-63).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3. Change the first character to a “B” (figure 3-67). 4. Move the cursor to the second character and select “M” (figure 3-68). Eureka! When you entered the “M”, the KLN 94 searched its database for the first VOR identifier beginning with the letters “BM” and found BMI. Many times you will only have to enter two or three characters of the waypoint identifier and the KLN 94 will furnish the rest. Figure 3-67 Figure 3-68 5. Turn off the cursor (B). 3.8.2.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation To select a waypoint by scanning with the cursor on: 1. Select the page type for the waypoint you are looking for (APT, VOR, NDB, INT or USR). In this case, we want the APT 1 page. 2. Turn on the cursor (B). It will appear over the first character of the waypoint identifier. Select a K with the right inner knob. 3. Move the cursor one place to the right and select an L (figure 370). 4. Move the cursor one place to the right and pull the right inner knob out.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation To select a VOR or NDB by navaid name: 1. With the cursor off, use the right knobs to select the VOR 1 page (figure 3-73). The VOR waypoint in view is not important. 2. Press B and then make sure the right inner knob is pushed to the “in” position. 3. With the right outer knob, move the cursor over the first character in the VOR name which is being displayed (figure 3-74). Figure 3-73 Figure 3-74 4.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 5. Move the cursor one place to the right, and select an “E” (figure 379). 6. Enter the “W” and “P” in a similar manner (figure 3-80). Figure 3-79 7. Now, move the cursor one place to the right of the “P” and pull the right inner knob out. The rest of the airport name field will be in reverse video (figure 3-81). 8.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 2. Unless the first word is greater than eight characters, it is usually not abbreviated. 3. Delete most punctuation such as periods and apostrophes. 4. Abbreviations for International are INTL, INT, and IN. 5. Abbreviations for Regional are REGL and REG. 3.9.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.9.1. VIEWING THE NEAREST WAYPOINTS There are actually two waypoint scan lists for airports, VORs, NDBs, intersections and user-defined waypoints. These two lists are the “complete” list and the “nearest” list. The complete list contains all of the waypoints in the database for a waypoint type (all the airports, for example). The nearest list consists of the 20 nearest waypoints (of that type) to your present position.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation To specify the nearest airport criteria: 1. Select the SET 4 page and turn on the cursor (B). 2. Use the right inner knob to select the minimum length runway desired for the airport to qualify for the nearest airport list (figure 3-86). Values between 1000 feet and 5000 feet or Figure 3-86 between 300m and 1500m in 100 foot or meter increments may be selected. 3. Rotate the right outer knob clockwise to move the cursor over the runway surface criteria. 4.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3. Rotate the right outer knob clockwise to position the cursor over “1” (figure 3-87). As long as the cursor is left in this position, this page will update so that the nearest airport is always shown as the flight progresses. Figure 3-87 3.9.2. VIEWING THE NEAREST SPECIAL USE AIRSPACES The KLN 94 database stores the locations of areas of special use airspace (SUA).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Line 3: The altitude limits of the SUA. Line 4: The proximity of the nearest point on the border of the SUA, in the form of the absolute bearing, relative bearing, and distance to the SUA border. The absolute bearing is the approximate heading you would fly to most quickly get into the SUA. The relative bearing arrow in the middle of this line points to the SUA border, telling you if it is directly ahead of you (↑), straight off your left wing (←), etc.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation NOTE: In some areas of the world the KLN 94 provides the location of the nearest point of communication with a facility providing information (INF) or radio (RDO) services. Pressing the G button and selecting the FSS option will display two of the nearest points of communication with Flight Service Stations. There will normally be two FSS 1 pages, one for each of the two points of contact. The name of the FSS is at the top of the page.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation The frequencies displayed on the nearest Center page are QuickTuneTM frequencies. When the cursor is positioned over a frequency displayed on this page and the F button is pressed, the frequency is automatically inserted into the standby window of a Bendix/King KX 155A or KX 165A Nav/Comm. (QuickTuneTM must be enabled in the installation for this to be operational). QuickTuneTM is described in section 3.15. 3.10.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.10.1. INITIATING A DIRECT TO Now that you know the ground rules, let’s go ahead and try some practical examples. First, let’s say we wanted to fly directly to Lovell Airport in Chattanooga, TN. Its ICAO identifier is KCHA. To fly Direct To a waypoint (procedure 1): 1. Press D. The Direct To page is displayed (figure 3-95). The cursor will already be on. A waypoint identifier may or may not be displayed, it doesn’t matter at this point. 2.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 7. Press F again to approve the displayed waypoint page. The screen will change to the NAV 1 page, and the selected waypoint will now be the active Direct To waypoint (figure 3-101). Figure 3-101 NOTE: In some cases during approach operations, the KLN 94 presents a page asking how a waypoint is used when the waypoint identifier is entered character by character. When this page is presented, simply choose the desired use of the waypoint (e.g.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation NOTE: If the KLN 94 is in the approach mode and this method is used to center the D-bar when the missed approach point is the active waypoint, then the approach mode will be cancelled and the KLN 94B will revert to the approach arm mode. 3.10.2. CANCELLING A DIRECT TO The primary reason for wanting to cancel Direct To operation is to return to flight plan operation which is described later in section 4.2.4 “Combining Direct To and Flight Plan Operation”.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.11. NAVIGATION PAGES As you would expect, the NAV (navigation) pages contain information relating specifically to the KLN 94’s navigation capabilities. The KLN 94 has four NAV pages. The procedure for selecting specific pages, including the NAV pages, was described in section 3.4.1, “Page Selection”. 3.11.1. THE NAVIGATION 1 (NAV 1) PAGE The NAV 1 page is shown in figure 3-106. Line 1: The active navigation leg.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation active waypoint while a “down” triangle (figure 3-109) indicates “from” the active waypoint. The word FLAG is displayed over the CDI when the KLN 94 is not usable for navigation (figure 3-110). Line 3: Numeric crosstrack correction – the crosstrack distance (how far off course) and direction to fly to intercept the desired track. The numeric crosstrack correction distance display is especially handy when more than five nautical miles off of course.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation N N 72° KPHX 269° Figure 3-112 3.11.2. THE NAVIGATION 2 (NAV 2) PAGE The NAV 2 page in figure 3-113 displays the aircraft’s present position in two formats: (1) the radial and distance from a nearby VOR and (2) latitude and longitude. You can Figure 3-113 change the reference waypoint from the nearby VOR to any waypoint in the published or user database. To change the NAV 2 page present position reference waypoint: 1. Turn on the cursor (B).
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.11.3. THE NAVIGATION 3 (NAV 3) PAGE The Navigation (NAV) 3 page shows you several important times pertaining to your flight (figure 3-116). Line 1: The current system time Figure 3-116 zone and the actual time. The time zone may be changed by turning the cursor (B) on over it and turning the right inner knob. All times shown on the NAV 3 page are in terms of the system time zone (except for the flight time and ETE, which are periods of time). Line 2: The time of departure.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.11.4.2 NAV 4 Page Format The NAV 4 page has a unique format unlike any other KLN 94 page (figure 3-117). The page bar is removed on the NAV 4 page to utilize the maximum screen height for the map. The page being displayed, NAV 4, is shown in the bottom right corner of the screen. Figure 3-117 Display segment one, on the far left side of the screen, now has five lines rather than four lines on the other pages.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.11.4.3. Selecting What Is Shown On The Map The aircraft’s present position symbol and route of flight are always selected for display on the map. The map range scale will determine how much of the route is displayed.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation • Nearest 20 user defined waypoints (USR) within 200 NM of the aircraft • Tower rings (TWR Rings). A tower ring is a 4 NM radius circle drawn around airports having a control tower that operates at least part time. Note that a tower ring is not Class D airspace which usually consists of a 3 to 7 NM radius ring plus additional extensions. Tower rings are not displayed for the primary airport associated with class B, class C, CTA, or TMA airspace.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 4. Rotate the right inner knob to select the desired range (figure 3-126). Range scales greater than that selected will not display the selected item. Range scales equal to or less than that selected will display the item. Figure 3-126 5. Use the right inner and outer knobs to finish configuring the rest of the aeronautical items for the map. 6. Press the R button or M button to return to the map. NOTE: Each aeronautical item has a factory set default range value.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation To configure land data for the map: 1. Press the M button while viewing the NAV 4 map page to bring up the map menu. 2. Turn the right outer knob clockwise to position the cursor over “Setup Land Data?” (figure 3127). 3. Press the F button. This brings up the SET 8 page (figure 3-128).
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.11.4.7.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation The heading up mode orients the map with the aircraft’s heading as up. The heading up orientation is not presented as a choice if heading is not provided to the KLN 94. If a heading input is available to the KLN 94 then heading up is usually the best map orientation to select. Otherwise, actual track up display is usually preferred for use in flight.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation scale. The scale may be changed from 1/2 NM to 1000 NM (or 1 km to 2000 km if km selected as distance unit on SET 12 page). In addition, an “AUTO” scale mode may be selected so that the map scale automatically changes to display the active waypoint and, if there is one, the next waypoint after the active waypoint (figure 3-136).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation When the KLN 94 goes into the approach active mode all land data, except for bodies of water, is automatically decluttered from the map. A “-L” is then annunciated. In the approach active mode the first press of the E button restores land data and subsequent presses work as described in the previous paragraph. 3.11.4.11.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3. (ORS 02 and higher) If the waypoint displayed in the scan field is actually displayed on the map, its map icon is encircled on the map (figures 3-141 and 3-142). Waypoints that are located close together on the map are easy to uniquely identify using this feature. In addition, a line is drawn from the aircraft symbol toward the waypoint even if the waypoint is not actually displayed on the map. 4.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation For example if an approach has three IAFs but only one of the IAFs utilizes a procedure turn, the procedure turn will only be displayed when the one IAF is selected. In addition it is necessary to select a maximum map range scale to display holding patterns and procedure turns on the SET 7 page (see section 3.11.4.4). CAUTION: Fly the published procedure for conducting procedure turns and holding patterns.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Appendix D. The right side of line 4 will read HELIPORT if applicable, MILITARY if it is a military airport (Figure 3-147), and PRIVATE if it is a private use airport. If the airport is being viewed as part of the nearest airports list (see section 3.9.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Line 2: The city where the airport is located. Line 3: The state if the airport is located in the U.S., the Province if located in Canada, or the country if outside the U.S. and Canada. A listing of the abbreviations used for States, Provinces, and countries is contained in Appendix D. The right side of line 3 displays HELIPORT, MILITARY, or PRIVATE as appropriate. Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the airport and the distance.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation MLS MLS approach ILS/MLS ILS and MLS approaches If the airport has a GPS approved non-precision approach included in the KLN 94 database, GPS will also be displayed on line 4. The lower right corner will display (R) if the airport has an approach/departure radar environment. 3.12.1.4.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Runway Lighting Abbreviations: L Sunset to sunrise LPC Pilot controlled lighting LPT Part-time or on-request lighting Lines 4-5: Runway information for the next shortest runway (if any), in the same format as lines 1 and 2. In the event that there is no runway information for an airport, the following message is displayed on the APT 4 page: No Runway Data 3.12.1.5. The Airport 5 (APT 5) Page See figure 3-153. Line 1: The ICAO identifier (see section 2.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation CL C CLR CTA CTAF CTR DEP DIR GCO GRND MCOM MF PCL PTAX RAMP RDO RDR TMA TWR UNIC class C airspace (VFR frequency) clearance delivery control area (VFR frequency used outside the U.S.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation and the 60° radial from KMCO (Orlando International Airport) for altitudes at and below 5500 feet. In a few cases, APR, DEP, CL B, CL C, CTA, and TMA frequencies are sectorized such that the restrictions cannot be displayed on a single page. When this occurs the following message is displayed on the APT 5 page: Text Of Freq Use Not Displayed 3.12.1.6. The Airport 6 (APT 6) Page The Airport 6 page is used to store and display user-entered remarks.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 6. Use the right inner and outer knobs to complete line 4. The F button must be pressed to approve line 4 separately. 7. Turn the cursor off when you are finished creating the remark (figure 3-159). Figure 3-159 NOTE: If there are already 200 waypoints with remarks and an attempt is made to enter a remark for a waypoint, a scratchpad message “Remarks Full” is displayed. It is then necessary to delete remarks using the AUX 13 page before new remarks can be entered.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation The APT 7 page is also used to load DPs and STARs into the active flight plan. This page may be accessed using the manual method of selecting pages using the right inner and outer knobs; however the preferred way of loading DPs and STARs is via the P (procedure) button. See section 6.3. 3.12.1.8. The Airport 8 (APT 8) Page See figure 3-162.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation The different types of IAPs and the abbreviations used on the APT 8 page are: Approach Abbreviation ILS & ILS DME ILS LOC & LOC DME LOC LOC BC & LOC DME BC LBC LDA & LDA DME LDA SDF SDF RNAV RNAV & RNV TACAN TACAN VOR/DME VOR/D VOR VOR NDB/DME NDB/D NDB NDB GPS GPS Helicopter HEL 3.12.2. VOR PAGES Two pages of information may be displayed for each VOR in the KLN 94. Sample VOR pages are shown in figures 3-164 through 3-166). 3.12.2.1. The VOR 1 Page See figure 3-164.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation If the VOR is being viewed as part of the nearest VORs list (see section 3.9.1), the VOR 1 page format will differ as follows (see figure 3-165). Line 1: After the VOR identifier, the Figure 3-165 number designating the VOR’s position in the nearest VOR list is displayed. In figure 3-165, LAX is the second nearest VOR.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation point. To the right of the identifier is the frequency of the NDB in kilohertz. If the NDB is being viewed as part of the nearest NDBs list (see section 3.9.1) the number designating the NDB’s position in the nearest NDB list is displayed after the NDB identifier. Line 2: The name of the NDB. Lines 3-4: The latitude and longitude of the NDB. Line 5: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the NDB and the distance.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Lines 2-3: The latitude and longitude of the intersection. Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the userdefined waypoint and the distance. Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and turning the right inner knob changes it between radial from and bearing to the station. 3.12.4.2. The Intersection 2 (INT 2) Page See figure 3-170. Line 1: The intersection identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.12.5.2. The User 1 (USR 1) Page See figure 3-173. Line 1: The user-defined waypoint identifier, preceded by an arrow if it is the active waypoint. Lines 2-3: The latitude and longitude of the user-defined waypoint. Figure 3-173 Line 4: The magnetic bearing to or the magnetic radial from the userdefined waypoint and the distance.Placing the cursor over the radial/bearing field and turning the right inner knob changes it between radial from and bearing to station. 3.12.5.3.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation lines of 16 characters each are available for the remarks. A combination of up to 200 user-defined waypoints and airports may include remarks. Letters, numbers, hyphens, and spaces may be used in the remark. If no remarks have been entered for the user-defined waypoint, line 2 will display [Remarks]. To enter a user-defined waypoint remark on the USR 3 page: 1. Turn on the cursor and move it until the cursor fills line 2 of the screen (figure 3-176). 2.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.13. SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE ALERTING The KLN 94 database contains the location of areas of special use airspace (SUA).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 2. Press the B button to turn on the cursor. 3. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor over the desired SUA group (figure 3-180). 4. Use the right inner knob to select ON or OFF. Figure 3-180 5. Turn the cursor off with the B button. The KLN 94 will normally alert you prior to entering one of these areas with a message prompt.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation If the altitude input to the KLN 94 is pressure altitude from an altitude encoder or air data computer, then you must manually update the KLN 94 with an altimeter setting (baro correction in order to receive accurate SUA alerting. You may easily update the altimeter setting by pressing the A button to display the Altitude 1 (ALT 1) page (figure 3-183) The right inner knob is used to change the altimeter setting.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation If the SUA alert feature has been enabled, the KLN 94 allows you to select a vertical buffer on the SET 5 page in order to provide an additional layer of protection from inadvertently entering an SUA. To select a vertical buffer, make sure the SUA alert feature has been enabled. Turn on the cursor (B) and use the right outer knob to position the cursor over the Figure 3-186 Buffer altitude field (figure 3-186).
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation Waypoint Alert: The remote waypoint alert annunciator is on whenever waypoint alerting is occurring. See sections 3.10.3. “Waypoint Alerting for Direct To Operation” and 4.2.2. “Turn Anticipation and Waypoint Alerting.” Message: The remote message annunciator is on whenever the message prompt is on. See section 3.5. “Message Page.” NAV/GPS: There may be a NAV/GPS switch/annunciator to switch a CDI or HSI indicator’s navigation source between the KLN 94 and a VOR/ILS system.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 2. Note what the default number is next to “Comm” and “Nav”. In figure 3-190, the default number is 1 for both Comm and Nav. 3. Press the B button to turn on the cursor. 4. Rotate the right inner knob to view the comms configured for QuickTune™. If only one number is displayed then it is the only comm configured for QuickTune™. 5. Rotate the inner knob if necessary to display the number that was displayed in step 2 above. 6.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation 3.15.2. QUICKTUNE™ OPERATION WITH MORE THAN ONE COMPATIBLE NAV/COMM In order to use QuickTune™ when there is more than one Nav/Comm configured with the KLN 94 it is necessary to specify a default QuickTune™ receiver for both comm and nav. This action is accomplished on the SET 14 page by turning on the cursor and selecting the desired default unit for both comm and nav. To use the QuickTune™ feature when the KLN 94 is configured for more than one Nav/Comm: 1.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation just as if it was actually functioning in an aircraft. Distances count down, waypoints sequence, and the deviation bar follows the progress of the simulated flight. Using the take-home mode is an excellent way to learn the operation of the KLN 94 without worrying about the engine running, other traffic, or even terrain.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation fier of the starting point of the trip (figure 3-197). 5. Press F once to view the waypoint page and a second time to approve the waypoint page. 6. Rotate the right outer knob to position the cursor over the groundspeed field (figure 3-198) and then turn the right inner knob to select the desired groundspeed (it must be above 30 knots). Figure 3-197 Figure 3-198 7. Press the F button. 8.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation that the ATIS frequency is 125.65 MHz, the pre-taxi clearance delivery frequency is 118.95 MHz, and the ground control frequency is 121.90 MHz. After listening to ATIS, we contact clearance delivery for our clearance out of the Little Rock Class C airspace. Next, we give ground control a call and receive our taxi clearance. 6. By this time the KLN 94 has reached a NAV ready status. We can verify this by turning to the NAV 2 page.
Chapter 3 Basic GPS Operation pages for Hope Municipal. We learn, for example, that it is located in Hope, Arkansas, and has two hard surface runways that are each 5500 feet in length. By pulling the right inner knob to the “out” position, you may now scan clockwise through the remaining 19 airports in the nearest airport list. 4. For the majority of the en route portion of the flight, you select the NAV 4 page’s moving map display by pressing the map range scale (R) button.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide 4. Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation FLIGHT PLAN OPERATION If you are going to use your KLN 94 for more than just flying VFR, direct from one airport to the next, it will be well worth your while to learn its flight plan capabilities. This section of the Pilot’s Guide describes how to create, edit, and fly flight plans. 4.1.
Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation are: KNEW (Lakefront airport), GPT (Gulfport VOR), SJI (Semmes VOR), CEW (Crestview VOR), MAI (Marianna VOR), SZW (Seminole VOR), CTY (Cross City VOR), and KPIE (St. Petersburg/Clearwater International airport). To create a flight plan: 1. Select the flight plan (FPL) pages with the right outer knob. 2. Select a flight plan page (preferably other than FPL 0) which does not contain a flight plan (figure 4-1).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation again. If no mistake was made but the waypoint identifier just entered isn’t in the database, a page allowing creation of a user defined waypoint will appear on the screen. Refer to section 5.4 for instructions on how to create a user-defined waypoint. 8. Press F again to approve the waypoint page being displayed. The cursor will move automatically to the second waypoint position (figure 4-5).
Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation first three waypoints will then be displayed followed by the last waypoint in the flight plan. Rotate the right outer knob to move the cursor and manually scroll to see the missing intermediate waypoints. 11. Turn off the cursor with the B button. Additional flight plans may now be created in the same manner. 4.1.2.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 2. Press B to turn on the cursor. It will appear over Use? (figure 4-11). If you haven’t left the numbered flight plan since creating this flight plan, rotate the outer knob counterclockwise to position the cursor over Use?. 3. Press F to activate the flight plan in the order shown (figure 4-12).
Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation position automatically jumps down to the next position. In this case, SJI automatically moves to waypoint 3 and KPIE changes to waypoint 8 (figure 4-15). 4. Complete the waypoint entry operation (figure 4-16). Figure 4-15 NOTE: If adding a waypoint or waypoints (such as adding DP/STAR/ Approach procedures) would exceed the capacity of FPL 0, KLN 94 will notify you that it is deleting waypoints from the beginning of FPL 0 to make room for the addition. Figure 4-16 5.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 4. Press F and the waypoint will be deleted from the flight plan. The other waypoints in the flight plan will be correctly repositioned (figure 4-21). 5. Turn off the cursor with the B button. 4.1.6. Figure 4-21 DELETING FLIGHT PLANS To delete a flight plan which is no longer required: 1. Display the flight plan (FPL 0, FPL 1, . . ., or FPL 25) which is to be cleared (figure 4-22). 2.
Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 2. Turn on the cursor with the B button. It will appear over the blank first waypoint position (figure 4-25). Figure 4-25 3. Rotate the right outer knob counterclockwise to position the cursor over Copy FPL 0? (figure 4-26). Figure 4-26 4. Press F to load the active flight plan into this numbered flight plan (figure 4-27). Figure 4-27 4.2. OPERATING FROM THE ACTIVE FLIGHT PLAN 4.2.1.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation ing GPS signals suitable for navigation. (Note: If the unit is in the take-home mode, it has been “tricked” into thinking it is receiving signals and therefore the symbol can be displayed). Also, the symbol will not be displayed if Direct To navigation is occurring and the Direct To waypoint is not in FPL 0. If in doubt as to whether or not Direct To operation is occurring, view the NAV 1 page.
Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 4.2.2. TURN ANTICIPATION AND WAYPOINT ALERTING Prior to reaching a waypoint in the active flight plan, the KLN 94 will provide navigation along a curved path segment to ensure a smooth transition between two adjacent legs in the flight plan. That is, the CDI or HSI left/right deviation will be referenced to the dashed line in figure 4-33. This feature is called turn anticipation.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation Although normally not recommended, turn anticipation may be disabled on the Setup 10 (SET 10) page by pressing the B button and then rotating the right inner knob to change back and forth between ENABLED (figure 4-36) and DISABLED (figure 4-37). If turn anticipation is disabled, navigation is provided all the way to the waypoint, and waypoint alerting occurs approximately 36 seconds prior to actually reaching the waypoint. Figure 4-36 Figure 4-37 4.
Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 4.2.4. COMBINING DIRECT TO AND FLIGHT PLAN OPERATION It is very common when using flight plan operation to use the Direct To function to proceed directly to a waypoint which exists in the active flight plan. For example, after takeoff on an IFR flight plan, it is common to receive vectors in the terminal area and then be given a clearance direct to the first waypoint in the flight plan that was filed. The KLN 94 makes this kind of operation very easy to accomplish.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 4.2.4.3 Direct To Operation From The FPL 0 Page If you are presently viewing the active flight plan page there is an easy method of selecting the Direct To waypoint. To fly direct to a waypoint in the active flight plan while viewing the FPL 0 page: 1. Select the FPL 0 page. 2. Turn on the cursor with the B button and use the left outer knob to position the cursor over the desired waypoint (figure 442). 3. Press D.
Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 4.2.5. VIEWING DISTANCE, ETE, ETA, OR DESIRED TRACK TO FLIGHT PLAN WAYPOINTS The right side of the active flight plan (FPL 0) page may be used to display (1) the cumulative distance (Dis) along the flight plan route from the present position to each flight plan waypoint, (2) the estimated time en route (ETE) to each waypoint, (3) the estimated time of arrival (ETA) at each waypoint, or (4) the magnetic desired track (DTK) for each waypoint.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 4 Flight Plan Operation 4.2.6 CHANGING THE SYSTEM TIME ZONE The ETA shown on the FPL 0 page is the for the system time zone. The system time zone may be changed from either the NAV 3 or SET 2 page. Section 3.2 gives a list of available time zones. To change the system time zone: 1. Select either the NAV 3 or SET 2 page. 2. Turn on the cursor with the B button and use the right outer knob to position the cursor over the time zone field (figure 4-50). Figure 4-50 3.
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KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide 5. Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation INTERMEDIATE OPERATION Many of the KLN 94’s advanced features and functions are covered in this section of the Pilot’s Guide. You may pick and choose which of these features are applicable to the type of flying you do. If you are a serious IFR pilot be sure to learn the information presented on the KLN 94’s navigation modes described in section 5.5. 5.1.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation right outer knob; turn the right inner knob to select the desired unit of measure; and turn the cursor off again. 2. Use the right inner knob to update the altimeter baro setting (figure 5-3). 3. Press A twice to return to the page previously being viewed. Figure 5-3 Line 3 displays the Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA) IMPORTANT: The minimum safe altitude displayed is the altitude defined by Jeppesen as “Grid Minimum Off-Route Altitude (Grid MORA)”.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation ESA (MSL) MSA (MSL) 1° LA T. 1° LONG. Figure 5-4 5.2. ADVISORY VNAV OPERATION The KLN 94’s advisory vertical navigation (VNAV) feature allows you to program a descent or ascent path, and then provides you with an advisory altitude to fly that will provide guidance along the vertical path.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation NOTE: There may be some difference (less than 100 feet) between the indicated altitude and the aircraft’s actual altitude if the altitude input to the KLN 94 is from an altitude encoder because these encoders only provide altitude in 100 foot increments. The identifier for the active waypoint (KDBQ) is automatically displayed on the ALT 2 page. Prior to programming a VNAV operation, the top of the page displays that the VNAV is inactive (Vnv Inactive). 2.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation vertical speed, use the outer knob to position the cursor over the vertical speed field (figure 5-10). VNAV operation is initiated by bringing the cursor over the vertical speed field. Or, by leaving the cursor off of this Figure 5-10 field, you may watch the required vertical speed increase as you fly toward your waypoint. When the desired vertical speed is reached, position the cursor over the vertical speed field and VNAV will commence.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation NOTE: During your descent, check your actual groundspeed to verify that it is similar to the one you entered on the ALT 2 page. If it is different, you should enter your actual groundspeed so that the VNAV function will work properly. If you make any changes to the “from” or “to” altitudes, the VNAV waypoint, or the waypoint offset once VNAV has been armed, or is actually in progress, the VNAV status will change to “Inactive”.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation NOTE: The altitude alerting function of the KLN 94 does not meet FAR Part 91 for turbojet-powered civil airplanes. NOTE: Before you use the altitude alerting function, it is a good idea to make sure that the KLN 94 baro setting is current. To do this, press the A button and use the right inner knob to modify the baro setting. To Use Altitude Alerting: 1. Select the Setup 13 (SET 13) page and turn on the cursor (B ).
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 6. Press the A button again to move on to the ALT 2 page (figure 5-17). Only line 2 of the ALT 2 page is used for altitude alerting. The remainder of the Figure 5-17 ALT 2 page is used only for vertical navigation, or VNAV. The first altitude displayed on line 2 is the current indicated altitude (9000 feet in figure 5-17). With the proper altimeter baro setting, the indicated altitude should be the same as the aircraft’s actual altimeter.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation and headphones. Or the KLN 94 may be interfaced with an external tone generator installed in the aircraft. In order to use altitude alerting, the KLN 94 must have an altitude input. If the altitude input is from an altitude encoder or from an air data computer not having a baro altitude output, then it will be necessary for you to manually input the proper altimeter setting in order to get accurate alerting.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.4.1. CREATING A WAYPOINT AT YOUR PRESENT POSITION Creating a waypoint at your present position is the simplest possible way to create a user-defined waypoint. This is nice for “remembering” a spot you are at. Let’s suppose you’re at a private strip that you want to name “VALLY” To create a user-defined waypoint at your present position: 1. Select the NAV 2 page (present position) and press the F button.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.4.2. CREATING A WAYPOINT AT A CERTAIN LATITUDE/LONGITUDE It is also possible to create a user-defined waypoint by manually entering a latitude and longitude. Let’s say you wanted to create a user waypoint over your hypothetical farm at N 42°56.32’, W 76°29.95’ To create a user-defined waypoint with latitude/longitude: 1. From any user waypoint (USR) page, turn on the cursor (B).
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 7. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor, and the right inner knob to select the proper numbers to complete the latitude entry (figure 5-31). 8. Press F. The cursor will move to the longitude field. Figure 5-31 9. Enter the longitude in the same manner as the latitude (figure 532). Figure 5-32 10. Press F to approve this position. The cursor will automatically turn off (figure 533). Figure 5-33 5.4.3.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5. Press F. The display will change to a format like figure 536 with the cursor over the reference waypoint field. 6. Use the right inner and outer knobs to select the identifier of the desired reference waypoint (figure 5-37). 7. Press F. The waypoint page for the waypoint you just entered will be displayed (figure 5-38). Figure 5-36 Figure 5-37 8. Press F again to approve the waypoint. You will be returned to the waypoint creation page. 9.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.5. NAVIGATION MODES The KLN 94 allows you to choose how the course to the active waypoint is defined. This is done by selecting between the two course modes, LEG and OBS. The LEG mode means that the course to the active waypoint is selected by the KLN 94, and is the default mode when the KLN 94 starts up. The other course mode, OBS, is the mode that allows you to select the course to or from the active waypoint.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation distance between two points located on the earth’s surface. In the case of Direct To operation, the “from” waypoint is not displayed but it is the point where Direct To operation was initiated. The course to fly while in this mode is referred to as the desired track (DTK). Knowing the proper course to be flown is so important that the desired track is displayed on the left side of the screen (third line) on every page except the message page.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation When this is done, the pilot must verify that the proper course has been selected by confirming the digital selected course readout displayed on the KLN 94. In the OBS mode the selected course is always displayed on line 3 of the left side of the KLN 94 screen (in place of DTK). In many installations, two or more navigation sources can be displayed on one indicator.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.5.4. SWITCHING FROM THE LEG MODE TO THE OBS MODE The following mode transition occurs if the KLN 94 is in the Leg mode and the mode is changed to the OBS mode: 1. The waypoint that was active in Leg mode prior to the mode change remains the active waypoint in OBS mode. 2. The selected course is defined by two different methods depending on the installation and the status of the unit. i.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.5.6. GOING DIRECT TO A WAYPOINT WHILE IN THE OBS MODE The direct-to function will select the OBS value that will take the aircraft from the present position direct to the active waypoint when the KLN 94 is not the displayed navigation source on the external indicator. If the KLN 94 is the displayed navigation source on an HSI or CDI it is not possible for the KLN 94 to change the OBS value.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 3. If the desired waypoint is not the one that was suggested by the KLN 94, enter the desired identifier. Press F. 4. Press F to approve the waypoint page and activate the waypoint (figure 5-49). The selected course does not change, therefore this method does not center the D-Bar like a Direct To operation does. 5.6. Figure 5-49 CHANGING THE CDI SCALE FACTOR The CDI scale factor can be changed by using the NAV 1 page.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.7. AVIONICS BUS VOLTAGE ALERTING The SET 9 page serves as a monitor of your avionics power bus. It gives you a digital readout of the voltage supplied to your avionics, down to tenths of volts. You will find this feature valuable as an extra layer of security in cases of electrical or charging system problems. A voltage alert feature is also available on this page, to warn you of an electrical system problem, regardless of whether you are viewing the SET 9 page or not.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide 5.8. Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation THE AUXILARY (AUX) PAGES The KLN 94 may have up to 21 Auxiliary pages which are used for a multitude of miscellaneous functions. The table below summarizes the function of these pages. Page Function AUX 1 and AUX 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .GPS Status AUX 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RAIM Prediction AUX 4 and AUX 5 . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation sufficient “geometry” exists to determine an accurate position. The satellite constellation geometry is continually changing as each satellite, “rises”, travels across the sky, and eventually “sets” relative to your position. The GPS satellites are not in geosynchronous orbits positioned over the same spot on earth at all times like some television communication satellites with which you may be familiar.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation WARNING: Do not use the GPS-derived altitude for navigation. Due to many factors, the GPS altitude may be 300 feet or more in error, which is unacceptable for navigation. Lines 4 and 5 of the AUX 1 page display the KLN 94’s estimated position error. The KLN 94’s position error depends upon such factors as the number of satellites being received, the strength of the GPS signals, and the geometry of the satellites presently being used for navigation.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation • The signal strength (Sg) for each satellite is displayed next and indicates the signal strength for each satellite in the range of 0 (zero) to 9 (nine). The higher the value the stronger the signal. • The elevation (El) above the horizon for each satellite is provided in the right column and will range from 5° to 90°. • The local azimuth (Az) of the satellite relative to your present position, referenced to true north (rather than magnetic north).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation To calculate distance, bearing, time, and ESA from present position to another waypoint: 1. From the AUX 4 page (figure 558), turn on the cursor (B). It will appear over a field that either displays Ppos, Fpl, or Wpts. 2. Turn the right inner knob to change this field to Ppos. Figure 5-58 3. Turn the right outer knob to move the cursor over the To waypoint field (figure 5-59) 4. Enter the desired “to” identifier Figure 5-59 and press F.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation played on line 3, and the distance will be displayed on line 4. 5. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor over the groundspeed field on line 5. 6. Select your estimated groundspeed for the trip. As you change it, the estimated time en route (ETE) calculation will be updated (figure 5-64). Figure 5-64 To calculate distance, time and ESA for a flight plan: 1. From the AUX 4 page, turn on the cursor (B) and use the right inner knob to select Fpl (figure 5-65). 3.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation To calculate fuel requirements: 1. The waypoints entered on the AUX 4 page are automatically brought forward on the AUX 5 page. You may also change the trip planning type and the specific waypoints on the AUX 5 page in the same way they were selected on the AUX 4 page. 2. Turn on the cursor with the B button and use the right outer knob to move the cursor to the groundspeed field on line 3. 3.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation NOTE: The altimeter baro set units may be changed between inches, millibars and hectopascals on the SET 12 page). 5.10.4. THE AUXILARY 7 (AUX 7) DENSITY ALTITUDE PAGE The AUX 7 page is used to determine density altitude. To calculate the density altitude: 1. Turn on the cursor (B). 2. The pressure altitude (Prs) displayed will be either the last entered pressure altitude on this page, or the last calculated pressure altitude from the AUX 6 page.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.10.5. THE AUXILARY 8 (AUX 8) TRUE AIRSPEED PAGE The AUX 8 page is used to determine the true airspeed (TAS) of the aircraft. To calculate the true airspeed (TAS): 1 Turn on the cursor (B). 2. Enter the aircraft’s calibrated airspeed by using the right inner knob (figure 5-75). If the calibrated airspeed isn’t known, use the indicated airspeed.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.10.6. THE AUXILARY 9 (AUX 9) WIND PAGE The AUX 9 page is used to determine the present wind direction and speed. In addition, the headwind or tailwind component of the wind is displayed. To calculate the winds aloft: 1. Turn on the cursor (B). 2. Enter the aircraft’s true airspeed by using the right inner knob (figure 5-77). If the AUX 8 page was previously used to calculate true airspeed, it will already be displayed. 3.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation To set the alarm: 1. Turn on the cursor (B). If necessary, change the system time zone to the desired one on line 2 of the AUX 10 page. 2. To set the alarm to activate at a certain time, move the cursor to the at: field on line 3. Select the desired hours, and then minutes (figure 5-79). Notice that as you change it, the interval from present time to alarm time is updated on line 4. 3.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 2. Turn on the cursor (B). 3. If desired, select another waypoint identifier using the right inner and outer knobs. Press F to view the waypoint page for the waypoint entered. Press F again to approve the waypoint page (figure 5-82). 4. If desired, select another date using the right inner and outer knobs. You must press F to enter the date (figure 5-83). 5. If desired, select another time zone.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation user-defined waypoints, you will have to scroll the cursor down the list. 2. Press E. The KLN 94 will ask if you wish to delete that userwaypoint (figure 5-87). If the waypoint is active or used in a flight plan, the deletion will not be allowed and you will receive a scratchpad message telling you this (figure 5-88). 3. Press F to approve the deletion (figure 5-89). Figure 5-87 Figure 5-88 Figure 5-89 5.11.2.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.12. VIEWING THE KLN 94 SOFTWARE STATUS (AUX 14 PAGE) The AUX 14 page (figure 5-93) shows the application software revision (line 1), the software status of the KLN 94 host computer (line 2), graphics engine computer (line 3), the GPS receiver (line 4), aeronautical database (line 5), and land – cartographic database (line 6). 5.13.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.13.1. THE AUXILARY 15 (AUX 15) FUEL MANAGEMENT PAGE NOTE: The AUX 15 – AUX 19 pages are only displayed when the KLN 94 is interfaced with a compatible fuel management system. The AUX 15 page displays the following information (figures 5-94): • The destination waypoint (the final waypoint in FPL 0 or a direct to waypoint if the waypoint is not included in FPL 0).
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation • The fuel required to reach the destination waypoint at the current rate of fuel flow and the present groundspeed (Fuel Reqd). • The landing fuel on board (Ldg Fuel OB) is the fuel presently on board minus the fuel required to reach the destination. 5.13.2 THE AUXILARY 16 (AUX 16) FUEL MANAGEMENT PAGE The AUX 16 page (figure 5-96) displays: • The desired fuel reserve. You may enter here the amount of reserve fuel you wish to have upon landing.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.13.4. THE AUXILARY (AUX 18) FUEL MANAGEMENT PAGE The AUX 18 page displays rate of fuel flow. It has two formats depending on whether the aircraft is a twin engine (figure 5-98) or a single engine (figure 5-99). Figure 5-98 Figure 5-99 5.13.5. THE AUXILARY (AUX 19) FUEL MANAGEMENT PAGE The AUX 19 page displays the amount of fuel used.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation The Auxiliary 20 and Auxiliary 21 (AUX 20 and AUX 21) pages are used to display air data information if both a fuel management system and an air data system are interfaced to the KLN 94. If there is no fuel management system, air data information is displayed on the AUX 15 and AUX 16 pages. If there is no air data system interface, these pages are not displayed. NOTE: These air data pages receive inputs from air data sensors and display real time air data information.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation SAT Static air temperature (the actual temperature of the surrounding air mass). TAT Total air temperature (the air temperature including heat rise due to compressibility. This is the temperature measured directly by the outside air temperature (OAT) probe. Prs Pressure altitude (to nearest 100 feet or 10 meters). Den Density altitude (to nearest 100 feet 10 meters). 5.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5. Move the flashing part of the cursor to the tens digit of the year field, and select the proper number (figure 5-108). 6. Repeat step 5 for the ones digit of the year field. Figure 5-108 7. Press F to start the KLN 94 using the newly entered date (figure 5-109). Figure 5-109 To set the time on the SET 2 page: 1. Select the SET 2 page if it is not already selected. 2. Turn on the cursor and move it to the time zone field (figure 5-110). 3.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation 5.16. MANUAL MAGNETIC VARIATION SELECTION The KLN 94’s primary coverage area is from N 74° to S 60° as was shown in figure 3-1. Magnetic variation is automatically computed within this coverage area when Mag Var is in the default AUTO mode on the SET 2 page. Navigation outside this area is automatically referenced to true North unless a manual input of magnetic variation is made on the SET 2 page.
Chapter 5 Intermediate Operation To enter the local magnetic variation manually on the SET 2 page: 1. Turn on the cursor (B). 2. Move the cursor over the field on line 4 (figure 5-114). 3. Turn the right inner knob to change the magnetic variation field from Auto to Manual if required (figure 5-115). Figure 5-114 4. Use the right outer knob to move the cursor over the numerical value on line 5. 5. Use the right inner and outer knobs to select the magnetic variation, from 0 to 99 degrees. 6.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 6. APPROACHES AND DP/STARS This is the last chapter on the operation of the KLN 94. In this chapter you will learn how to use the KLN 94 for non-precision approach procedures as well as departure (DP) and arrival (STAR) procedures. Note that only KLN 94s which are configured for IFR approaches are capable of performing the procedures discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs KLN 94 is configured for IFR en route only, pressing the P button allows access to DP and STAR procedures but not approaches (figure 6-4). Figure 6-4 6.2. NON-PRECISION APPROACH OPERATIONS Flying non-precision approaches using the KLN 94 is not in itself very difficult. However, the procedures are different than using traditional equipment such as VORs and NDBs.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 6.2.1. APPROACH MODE ANNUNCIATIONS In addition to the two course modes (Leg and OBS) described in section 5.5, there are also two approach related modes.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 6.2.2. GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR NON-PRECISION APPROACHES Non-precision approaches will all have the general flow of events as follows. Refer to figure 6-5. Load approach into flight plan (A) CDI Scale Factor ±5.0 nm (B) Approach automatically arms when within 30 nm of the airport and an approach is loaded into the active flight plan 30 nm CDI Scale Factor changing from ±1.0 nm to ±0.3 nm Approach Arm CDI Scale Factor ±1.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 2. Transition to the approach arm mode. This will occur automatically when the aircraft is within 30 NM of the airport and there is an approach loaded into the flight plan (position B in figure 6-5). The CDI scale factor will change to ±1.0 NM over the next 30 seconds and the annunciator will indicate APR ARM (or TERM - see first note in section 6.2.1). 3. Get established on the final approach course.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs situation. By default, the KLN 94 will nominate the first waypoint of the published missed approach procedure when you have flown past the MAP and the D button is pressed. Remember to always refer to the paper chart when conducting a missed approach. The OBS mode is often needed at some point during a missed approach and is always required to fly the holding pattern (position F in figure 6-5).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 3. The cursor will normally already be over the desired airport but if you wish to select another airport from the list use the right outer knob to move the cursor to the desired airport. Press F. NOTE: If the desired airport is not in the list, turn the right outer knob clockwise to move the cursor to the blank position at the end of the list. Enter the airport identifier of the airport where the approach is to be conducted.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs pressing F when the cursor is over MIFEV (figure 6-12). NOTE: If there is only one IAF for a procedure, then the KLN 94 will skip this step and go on to the next step Figure 6-12 6. The KLN 94 next presents a list of waypoints that make up the approach. If desired, review these waypoints to make sure that you have selected the correct IAF.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs After the approach has been entered into the flight plan the KLN 94 checks to make sure that the resulting flight plan “makes sense”. If the KLN 94 detects any waypoints that are in both the en route portion of the flight plan and the portion that makes up the approach, then the following message will be given: *Redundant Wpts in FPL Edit En Route Wpts As Necessary Examine the flight plan and delete those en route waypoints that are not necessary.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs Another item that you should notice in the flight plan is the line that has *NO WPT SEQ on it (figure 6-16). This is what is referred to as a fence and the purpose of this line is to tell you that the KLN 94 will not automatFigure 6-16 ically sequence past the waypoint that precedes the fence. The waypoint before the fence is always the missed approach point.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs • b will be a letter corresponding to the distance from the reference VOR. For example, G is the seventh letter of the alphabet so D234G would be a point on the 234° radial 7 NM from the reference VOR. DME arcs greater than 26 NM will have waypoints where the first two char acters are the first two letters of the DME identifier. The next three characters will be the radial that the arc way point is on.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs To replace an existing approach: 1. Press the P button. If necessary move the cursor over Select Approach? and press F to bring up the PROC 2 page. 2. The cursor will already be over the airport associated with the approach loaded in FPL 0. If you wish to select another airport for an approach move the cursor over the desired airport identifier in the list.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs procedure from the active flight plan. If the KLN 94 was in the approach arm or the approach active mode, then deleting the approach will cause the KLN 94 to change back to en route mode. This means that the CDI scale factor will change back to the default ±5.0 NM scale. 6.2.6.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs Figure 6-21 6-14
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs Figure 6-22 plate for this approach (figure 6-21) to see what the procedure looks like. For this example it is assumed that you are on an active flight plan from Lakefront airport (KNEW) in New Orleans, LA with the final destination being the New Century Aircenter (KIXD) in Olathe, KS. Approximately 40 NM southeast of the airport you are told to expect the RNAV 17 approach. 1. Load the RNAV 17 approach to KIXD as demonstrated in section 6.2.3.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs NOTE: When FPL 0 is modified in any way, the KLN 94 orients itself on the nearest leg of the modified flight plan. In this case the leg from KNEW to MIFEV has become active. Since we have not yet been cleared to MIFEV it is necessary to do a Direct To operation to KIXD. The easiest way to do this is normally using the waypoint scan feature of the map (see section 4.2.4.1.) 2.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs KLN 94 screen to verify that LEG sequencing is selected. If the KLN 94 shares an HSI or CDI with other NAV sources, it is also good to verify that the NAV/GPS switch is set to GPS. As you approach MIFEV, the KLN 94 will provide waypoint alerting as indicated by the flashing WPT annunciation on the right side of the screen and the flashing waypoint identifier on the left side of the screen (figure 6-27).
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs The following steps would need to be performed if a missed approach is required. 10. Upon reaching RW17 and not seeing the runway you decide to perform a missed approach. Remember, the KLN 94 will not automatically sequence past the missed approach point. This is shown on the NAV 4 page by not showing any lines connecting waypoints that are past the MAP.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs NOT FOR NAVIGATION Figure 6-29 6-19
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 6.2.8. APPROACH EXAMPLE 2: RADAR VECTORS When airports have an approach control that is in a radar environment it is likely you will receive radar vectors from the approach controller to intercept the course inbound to the final approach fix (FAF). The KLN 94 makes it easy to conduct approaches where vectors are provided. There is no need to change to OBS mode in order to get established inbound to the FAF.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs find out that vectors will be provided you can still easily activate the Vectors feature of the KLN 94 with the waypoint IAF loaded in FPL 0. 5. Press F to display the list of waypoints for the approach (figure 634). When Vectors is selected the first waypoint will be the FAF. 6. Press F to load the approach into FPL 0. As before, the approach waypoints are inserted prior to the airport identifier (figure 6-35).
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 3. Press F to activate vectors. Activating vectors makes the FAF the active waypoint with the proper inbound course to the FAF (figure 638). The VTF annunciation turns green when vectors has been activated. At this time the external Nav indicator should be set to 185° and the NAV/GPS switch checked to make sure it is Figure 6-38 set to GPS. 4. Fly the headings given by the controller in a normal manner and intercept the course to the FAF. 5.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 10. After a second missed approach you may select another approach at Lincoln or some other airport by pressing the P button to display the PROC 1 page. Since you don’t want to activate vectors this time use the right outer knob to move the cursor over Select Approach? and load an approach in the normal manner.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 6.2.9. APPROACH EXAMPLE 3: COURSE REVERSAL WITH OFFAIRPORT IAF In the previous two approach examples we were able to leave the KLN 94 in the Leg mode all the way to the missed approach point. However, when the approach procedure includes a course reversal in order to get established inbound to the FAF it is necessary to utilize the OBS mode.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs This message provides a reminder that to fly a course reversal the OBS mode needs to be selected. Note from the approach chart that there is a NoPT Arrival for this approach if arriving on airway radial 301. If you are approaching OCN along this airway radial there is no need to perform a course reversal and you need to ignore this message.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 7. When the aircraft is 2 NM from the FAF, the KLN 94 will verify that the proper integrity is available. If integrity monitoring is available for the approach, then the KLN 94 will change to the Approach Active mode. This will be annunciated on the right side of the KLN 94 by APR ACTV (or APR). The CDI scale factor will also start to change from ±1.0 NM to ±0.3 NM. 8. Upon reaching OCN, the KLN 94 will automatically sequence to MADTI, the missed approach point.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs NOT FOR NAVIGATION Figure 6-43 6-27
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs For this example assume that the aircraft is approaching KMSA from the southwest. 1. Approximately 40 NM from the airport, load the approach using the procedure described in section 6.2.3. 2. When the distance from the present position to the destination airport reaches 30 NM, the KLN 94 will automatically arm the approach mode. The CDI scale factor will transition to ±1.0 NM and the KLN 94 will provide tighter integrity monitoring.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs NOTE: For ORS 02 and higher units the procedure turn will be displayed on the map (figure 6-44a) if configured to do so on the SET 7 page. See section 3.11.4.12 for information on displaying procedure turns on the map. Figure 6-44a Allow enough distance past HOWFA to complete the procedure turn and still be 2 NM away before reaching the FAF. Remember to remain within 10 NM of MSA per the chart.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs missed approach procedure. In this case the waypoint N35HP is displayed. This is a point located on the outbound leg of the holding pattern. We will not use it in this example. Pull the right inner knob out and turn it to display MSAh, the missed approach holding point. Press F to activate MSA as the hold point. 11. Press H to put the unit in OBS mode and select 360° on the external Nav indicator.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs NOT FOR NAVIGATION Figure 6-45 6-31
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs and press F to display the list of approaches for KRWI. Move the cursor over VOR/D 22 and press F to bring up the list of IAFs (figure 6-47). Figure 6-47 2. There are four choices for the IAF including Vectors. Two of these choices you can recognize but the other two, D174G and D354G, are unfamiliar and not shown on this chart (however they shown on the respective Jeppesen chart).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 5. After the approach is loaded into the flight plan the KLN 94 may give the message: *Redundant Wpts In FPL Edit En Route Wpts As Necessary This message is given because very often it will be necessary to edit the active flight plan to ensure that proper waypoint sequencing occurs. Examine the flight plan and, if practical, observe the NAV 4 page to make sure that the sequence of waypoints does not have any unnecessary legs in it.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs • If F was pressed, then the KLN 94 will calculate an arc intercept point based on the point where the aircraft’s present track over the ground intercepts the DME arc. If necessary, do a Direct To operation to the new arc intercept point. NOTE: If the present track does not intercept the arc, then the KLN 94 will display No Intcpt in the scratchpad area of the screen. 8.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 13. Passing TYI the KLN 94 will sequence to CF22 which is depicted on the U.S. Government chart as 4 NM from TYI. The CF22 designation is shown on the Jeppesen chart. 14. After passing CF22 the KLN 94 will sequence to CRAKO the FAF. 15. When the aircraft is 2 NM from CRAKO, the KLN 94 will transition to the approach active mode.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs • When a non-approved approach is selected, a page as shown in figure 6-52 is displayed to remind you that the KLN 94 can only be used to Figure 6-52 provide situational awareness for monitoring the approach. You must acknowledge the page by pressing F. Approved navigation equipment such as VOR/ILS, DME, ADF, etc. must be used as the primary source of navigation.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs Figure 6-53 6.2.14. APPROACH PROBLEMS Very rarely there will be a problem with the integrity of the GPS system while you are conducting non-precision approaches with the KLN 94. In some cases the KLN 94 will determine that there will not be sufficient integrity monitoring for the leg between the FAF and the MAP, or RAIM is not currently available.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs To perform a RAIM prediction on the AUX 3 page three pieces of information are needed. The first is the location that the prediction will be for and the second is the time for the prediction. The destination waypoint will, by default, be the missed approach point of an approach loaded in the flight plan. If there is no approach in the flight plan, then the default waypoint is the last waypoint in the active flight plan.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 6. Turn the cursor off. 7. The RAIM calculation will usually take a few seconds before an answer is reached. During this time the AUX 3 page will be as shown in figure 6-55. Figure 6-55 8. Once the RAIM calculation is complete, the AUX 3 page will indicate the results of the test graphically in a bar graph format. The center of the graph represents the ETA. Each bar represents five minutes of time.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs procedures require pilot action to ensure that the proper path is flown over the ground. The main purpose of loading a DP or a STAR into the active flight plan is to provide you with a quick way of loading a potentially large number of waypoints. It is mandatory that you are comfortable with the operation of the KLN 94 before attempting to fly DP and STAR procedures. In particular, flight plan operation and the OBS mode should be second nature to you.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs NOTE: Normally, the desired departure airport will already be displayed with the cursor on it. In case it is not, move the cursor over the desired airport or, if necessary, enter the airport identifier in the blank field on the page and press F once to bring up the waypoint page for the airport and a second time to approve it. If an airport is entered that doesn’t have a DP the scratchpad message No DP at APT will be displayed. 4.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 6.3.2. SELECTING A STAR The steps required to select a STAR are very similar to those required to select a DP. The only difference is the order of the steps to define the STAR and where the STAR is loaded into the flight plan. The steps required to define the Glen Rose Five arrival (coded JEN5) with the Wink transition serve as an example of how to select a STAR. This STAR is to the Dallas/Fort Worth International airport (KDFW). To select a STAR: 1.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs runway 17R so move the cursor over RW17R (figure 6-69). Press F. If the STAR does not require a specific runway the KLN 94 skips this step. 8. The KLN 94 now presents a list of waypoints that make up the STAR (figure 6-70). Review these waypoints if desired and then press F to load the STAR into the active flight plan. 9. The KLN 94 will then add the STAR procedure before the airport identifier in the active flight plan (figure 6-71).
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 3. Use the right inner and outer knobs in the normal manner to define the desired waypoint. 4. Press F to display the waypoint page for this identifier. If the waypoint is correct, then press F a second time to confirm the waypoint page. The new waypoint is added to the waypoints that make up the DP or STAR procedure. To delete an individual waypoint in a DP or STAR procedure: 1. Use the right knobs to select the FPL 0 page. 2.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 3. When the list of DP or STAR waypoints is displayed, the bottom of the page will now show REPL FPL 0 DP? for a DP or REPL FPL 0 STAR? for a STAR. Press F to replace the DP or STAR in FPL 0. 6.3.4. EXAMPLE OF A DP PROCEDURE To illustrate the use of the KLN 94 with a DP, the Porte Three departure loaded into the flight plan in section 6.3.1 will be used.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs Figure 6-72 6-46
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs 8. Before reaching WAGES change to the Leg mode. This will allow automatic waypoint sequencing upon reaching WAGES. 9. Once the aircraft reaches FLW, proceed on with the rest of the flight plan as required. 6.3.5. EXAMPLE OF A STAR PROCEDURE To illustrate the use of the KLN 94 with STAR procedures the steps required to fly the Glen Rose Five arrival to Dallas/Fort Worth International will be shown in this section.
Chapter 6 Approaches and DP/STARs Figure 6-73 6-48
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix A Navigation Terms APPENDIX A - NAVIGATION TERMS ARC - Radial from reference VOR when executing an approach procedure with a DME arc.
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KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix B Message Page Messages APPENDIX B - MESSAGE PAGE MESSAGES XXXXX Deleted From FPL 0 - The displayed waypoint has been deleted from the active flight plan (FPL 0) when an approach, DP or STAR was added to FPL 0. The pre-existing waypoint was deleted because adding the APR/DP/STAR to the flight plan caused the same waypoint to be listed consecutively in FPL 0. If the APR/DP/STAR is later deleted from FPL 0 the original waypoint can only be restored by manual re-entry.
Appendix B Message Page Messages Arm GPS Approach — If the approach ARM mode has been disarmed with the optional external GPS Approach switch, the KLN 94 will remind you to arm the approach mode when the aircraft is 3 nautical miles from the Final Approach Fix (FAF). Arm the approach mode with the GPS Approach switch if it is desired to use the KLN 94 for conducting an approach.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix B Message Page Messages Database Error: AERO Data Not Useable - This message appears if the aeronautical database fails an internal test when the KLN 94 is turned on.
Appendix B Message Page Messages Internal Battery Low: Service Required to Prevent Data Loss— This message appears when the KLN 94’s internal battery is low and needs replacing at an authorized Bendix/King service center. The battery should be replaced within a week to prevent the loss of all user-defined data including waypoint, airport remarks, flight plans, etc. Typical battery life is approximately three to five years.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix B Message Page Messages Nav Data Referenced To User-Defined Mag Var - This message appears when a user-defined magnetic variation other than 0 degrees is being used for navigation data. NAV Super Flag Failure — This message appears when an internal test fails for a specific NAV flag output. The KLN 94 is still usable, but anything connected to the super flag (such as some HSIs and autopilots) should not be used with the KLN 94. No Database Card. LAND Data Removed On Map.
Appendix B Message Page Messages Press PROC Button Now For Navigation — This message appears after the NAV flag has been set due to a RAIM problem while the KLN 94 is in the approach mode. By pressing the Procedure (P) button, the KLN 94 may be able to restore navigation information so that you can conduct a missed approach based on navigation information provided by the KLN 94.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix B Message Page Messages Redundant WPTs In FPL Edit Enroute WPTs As Necessary — This message appears after the pilot inserts an approach, DP, or STAR in the flight plan and the KLN 94 determines that some waypoints that were in the flight plan are no longer needed. Examine the active flight plan and remove those waypoints that occur both in the en route and the approach/DP/STAR sections of the flight plan.
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KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix C Scratchpad Messages APPENDIX C - SCRATCHPAD MESSAGES Active Wpt - (Active Waypoint) Appears when you attempt to delete a userdefined waypoint on the AUX 12 page if the waypoint is the active waypoint (the waypoint you are navigating to). Another waypoint must be made the active waypoint before this waypoint can be deleted from the user-defined waypoint list.
Appendix C Scratchpad Messages Invalid Del - (Invalid Delete) Appears when an attempt is made to delete an approach waypoint. Individual approach waypoints cannot be deleted, you must delete or replace the entire approach. Invalid Ent - (Invalid Entry) Appears when you attempt to enter data which is not a valid entry. For example, trying to enter a date of 30 FEB 95.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix C Scratchpad Messages No Nrst - (No Nearest) Appears when the pilot selects a nearest list (APT, VOR, NDB, INT, USR, SUA, FSS or CTR), and there are no nearest items of that type within a 200 nm radius of the aircraft’s present position. No Such Wpt - (No Such Waypoint) Appears when there is no waypoint in the database corresponding to the entered identifier on the Supplemental Waypoint page.
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KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix D Abbreviations APPENDIX D - ABBREVIATIONS STATE ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION AK AL AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MS MT NC ND NE NH NJ NM NV NY OH OK STATE Alaska Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Iowa Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Massachusetts Maryland Maine Michigan Minnesota Missouri Mississippi Montana North Carolina North Dakota Nebraska New Hampshi
Appendix D Abbreviations STATE ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) OR Oregon PA Pennsylvania RI Rhode Island SC South Carolina SD South Dakota TN Tennessee TX Texas UT Utah VA Virginia VT Vermont WA Washington WI Wisconsin WV West Virginia WY Wyoming CANADIAN PROVINCE ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATION AB BC MB NB NF NS NT & NU ON PE PQ SK YK PROVINCE Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Northwest Territory Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS ABBREV
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix D Abbreviations COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) ANTARC ANTARCTICA (E. SPA REGION) ANTIGU ANTIGUA / BARBUDA ANTILL NETHERLANDS ANTILLES / ARUBA ARGENT ARGENTINA ARMENI ARMENIA / GEORGIA ASCENS ASCENSION ISLAND / ST.
Appendix D Abbreviations COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) CONGO CONGO COOK I COOK ISLANDS COSTA COSTA RICA CROATI CROATIA CUBA CUBA CYPRES CYPRESS CZECHO CZECHOSLOVAKIA DENMAR DENMARK DJIBOU DJIBOUTI DOM RE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOMINI DOMINICA ECUADO ECUADOR EGYPT EGYPT EL SAL EL SALVADOR EQ GUI EQUATORIAL GUINEA ERITRE ERITREA ESTONI ESTONIA / RUSSIA ETHIOP ETHIOPIA FALKLA FALKLAND ISLANDS FIJI FIJI / TONGA FINLAN FINLAND FRANCE FRANCE GABON GABON GAMBIA GAMBIA GAZA GAZA GBRIT UNITED KINGDOM GERMAN GERMANY GHA
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix D Abbreviations COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) HONG K HONG KONG HUNGAR HUNGARY ICELAN ICELAND IND OC BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY INDIA INDIA INDONE IRAN IRAQ IRELAN ISRAEL ITALY IVORY JAMAIC JAPAN JOHNST JORDAN KAZ KY KAZ RU KAZ TA KENYA KIRIBA KITTS KOR PR KOREA KUWAIT LAOS LATVIA LEBANO LESOTH LIBER LIBYA LUCIA LUXEMB MACAU MACEDO MADAGA MALAWI MALAYS INDONESIA IRAN IRAQ IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY IVORY COAST JAMAICA JAPAN / OKINAWA JOHNSTON ISLAND JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN / KYRGYZS
Appendix D Abbreviations COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) MALDIV MALDIVES MALI MALI MALTA MALTA MARIAN MARIANA ISLANDS MARSHA MARSHALL ISLAND MELILL MELILLA (SPAIN) MEXICO MEXICO MIDWAY MIDWAY ISLAND MOLDOV MOLDOVA MONSER MONSERRAT I.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix D Abbreviations COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) PORTUG PORTUGAL / AZORES / MADEIRA I. QATAR QATAR ROMANI ROMANIA RUSSIA RUSSIA RWANDA RWANDA S AFRI SOUTH AFRICA SAO TO SAO TOME / PRINCIPE SAUDI SAUDI ARABIA SC USA USA (AR,LA,OK,TX) SE USA USA (AL,FL,GA,MS,NC,SC,TN) SENEGA SENEGAL SEYCHE SEYCHELLES SIERRA SIERRA LEONE SINGAP SINGAPORE SLOVAK SLOVAKIA SLOVEN SLOVENIA SOLO I SOLOMON ISLANDS SOMALI SOMALIA SPAIN SPAIN SRI LA SRI LANKI STPIER ST.
Appendix D Abbreviations COUNTRY ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) VENEZU VENEZUELA VIETNA VIETNAM VINCEN ST. VINCENT VIR UK VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.K.) VIR US VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix D Abbreviations ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) ATH ATHENS ATL ATLANTA ATN ASTANA ATY ATYRAU AUC AUCKLAND AYA AYAGUS BAG BAGHDAD BAH BAHRAIN BAK BAKU BAL BALI BAN BANGKOK BAR BARCELONA BAS BALKHASH BAT BATAGAY BEI BEIJING BEL BELEM BER BERMUDA BIA BIAK BIS BISHKEK BLA BLAGOVESCHENSK BLG BELGRADE BLO BLOEMFONTEIN BOD BODO BOG BOGOTA BOM BOMBAY BOR BORDEAUX BOS BOSTON BRA BEIRA BRD BRINDISI BRE BREMEN BRI BRISBANE BRL BERLIN BRN BARNAUL BRR BARRANQUILLA BRS BRASILIA /UTA BRT BEIRU
Appendix D Abbreviations ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) BST BREST BUC BUCHAREST BUD BUDAPEST BUJ BUJUMBURA CAI CAIRO CAL CALCUTTA CAM CAMPO GRANDE CAM CENTRAL AMERICA CAN CANARIES CAP CAPE TOWN CAS CASABLANCA CHA CHAYBUKHA CHE CHELYABINSK CHI CHICAGO CHN CHENNAI CHO CHOKURDAKH CHR CHERSKY CHT CHITA CHU CHULMAN CLE CLEVELAND COC COCOS I COL COLOMBO COM COMODORO RIVADAVIA COP COPENHAGEN COR CORDOBA CRT CURITIBA CRZ CHARDZHEV CUR CURACAO DAK DAKAR DAM DAMASCUS DAR DARWIN DAS DASHKHOVUZ DEL DELHI DEN DENVER DES D
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix D Abbreviations ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) EDM EDMONTON EMI EMIRATES ENT ENTEBBE EZE EZEIZA FRA FRANKFURT FW FT WORTH GAB GABORONE GAN GANDER DOMESTIC GEN GENEVA GEO GEORGETOWN GUA GUANGZHOU GUY GUAYAQUIL HAN HANOI HAR HARARE HAV HAVANA HK HONG KONG HNR HONIARA HOC HOCHIMINH HON HONOLULU CERAP HOU HOUSTON IND INDIANAPOLIS IRK IRKUTSK ISL ISLA DE PASCUA IST ISTANBUL JAK JAKARTA JAX JACKSONVILLE JED JEDDAH JOH JOHANNESBURG KAB KABUL KAG KARAGANDA KAL KALININGRAD KAM KAMENNYI
Appendix D Abbreviations ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) KIG KIGALI KIN KINGSTON KIR KIRENSK KIS KISANGANI KK KOTA KINABALU KL KUALA LUMPUR KM KHANTY-MANSIYSK KNS KINSHASA KO KZYL-ORDA KO KYZYLORDA KOL KOLPASHEVO KOS KOSTANAY KOT KOTLAS KRA KRASNOVODSK KRK KARAKOL KRS KRASNOYARSK KRV KIROV KSH CHISINAU KSH KISHINAU KTM KHARTOUM KUN KUNMING KUR KURGAN KUW KUWAIT KYI KYIV LAH LAHORE LAP LA PAZ LAX LOS ANGELES LIL LILONGWE LIM LIMA LIS LISBON LJU LJUBLJANA LON LONDON LUA LUANDA LUB LUBUMBASHI LUS LUSAKA LVO LVOV
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix D Abbreviations ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) MAR MARSEILLE MAU MAURITIUS MAZ MAZATLAN MDR MADRAS MEL MELBOURNE MEM MEMPHIS MEN MENDOZA MER MERIDA MEX MEXICO MGD MAGDAGACHI MIA MIAMI MIL MILAN MIN MINNEAPOLIS MIR MIRNY MLM MALMO MLT MALTA MNC MONCTON NORTHERN MNS MANAUS MNT MONTERREY MOG MOGADISHU MON MONTREAL MOS MOSCOW MRM MURMANSK MS MYS SHMIDTA MS MYS KAMENNY MSK MINSK MTV MONTEVIDEO MUM MUN MUR MUS NAD NAH NAI NAS NDJ NIC NIK NMY NOR MUMBAI MUNICH MUREN MUSCAT NADI NAHA
Appendix D Abbreviations ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) NOV NOVOSIBIRSK NUK NUKUS NY NEW YORK NZE NEW ZEALAND OAK OAKLAND ODE ODESSA OKH OKHA OMS OMSK ORN ORENBURG OSH OSH OSK OKHOTSK OSL OSLO PA PUNTA ARENAS PAN PANAMA PAP PORT-AU-PRINCE PAR PARIS PAV PAVLODAR PE PORT ELIZABETH PEC PECHORA PEM PERM PEN PENZA PEP PETROPAVLOVSK PER PERTH PET PETERSBURG PET SAINT PETERSBURG PET SANKT PETERSBURG PEV PEVEK PHN PHNOM PENH PIA PIARCO PM PORT MORESBY PMT PUERTO MONTT PRA PRAGUE PRM PARAMARIBO /UTA PTR PETROPAVLOVSK-
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix D Abbreviations ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) RMS REIMS ROB ROBERTS ROC ROCHAMBEAU ROM ROME ROS ROSTOV ROV ROVANIEMI SAI SAINSHAND SAL SAL SAM SAMARA SAN SANTIAGO SAR SARAJEVO SCO SDO SEA SEM SEY SHA SHE SHN SHW SHY SIM SIN SJU SKO SLC SLK SM SMR SNA SOF SON STA STO SUK SUN SUR SWI SYD SYK SCOTTISH SANTO DOMINGO SEATTLE SEMIPALATINSK SEYCHELLES SHANGHAI SHENYANG SHANNON SHANWICK SHYMKENT SIMFEROPOL SINGAPORE SAN JUAN SKOPJE SALT LAKE CITY SALEKHARD SANTA MARIA SAMARKAND SANAA
Appendix D Abbreviations ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) SYM SEYMCHAN TAE TAEGU TAH TAHITI TAI TAIPEI TAL TALLINN TAM TAMPERE TAR TARAZ TAS TASHKENT TAZ TASHAUZ TBI TBILISI TEH TEHRAN TEL TEL AVIV TIK TIKSI TIL TILICHIKI TIR TIRANA TKB TURKMENABAT TOK TOKYO TOR TORONTO TRI TRIPOLI TRO TRONDHEIM TUK TURKMENBASHI TUN TUNIS TUR TURUKHANSK TYU TYUMEN UFA UFA UJU UJUNG PANDANG ULA ULAANBAATAR UND UNDERHAAN URA URALSK URU URUMQI VAN VANCOUVER VAR VARNA VEL VELIKIYE LUKI VIE VIENNA VIL VILNIUS VLA VLADIVOSTOK VLO VOL
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix D Abbreviations ARTCC ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) WAS WASHINGTON WEL WELLINGTON WIN WINNIPEG WND WINDHOEK WUH WUHAN YAK YAKUTSK YAN YANGON YEK YEKATERINBURG YEN YENISEYSK YER YEREVAN YS YUZHNO-SAKHALINSK ZAG ZAGREB ZHA ZHAMBYL ZHK ZHEZKAZGAN ZHY ZHIGANSK ZUR ZURICH ZYR ZYRYANKA OTHER ABBREVIATIONS USED ON KLN 94 PAGES A A/C ACQ ACT ADJ AKD AKS ALT APT ATD ATS BRG CAL CDT CHAR CRS CRSR CST DB DEGRD DIS Airport waypoint Aircraft Acquisition Active flight plan waypoints Adjust Alas
Appendix D Abbreviations OTHER ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) DTK Desired track DUP Duplicate E East EDT Eastern Daylight Time ELE Elevation ENT Enter EST Eastern Standard Time ETA Estimated time of arrival ETE Estimated time en route FAILR Failure of receiver FPL Flight plan FPM Feet per minute FR From GDT Greenland Daylight Time GS Groundspeed GST Greenland Standard Time HAD Hawaii Daylight Time HAS Hawaii Standard Time HLT Health of space vehicle signal IDENT Identifier INIT Initialization KM Kilometers KT Knots
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix D Abbreviations OTHER ABBREVIATIONS (Cont’d) P.
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KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix E Lat/Lon Conversions APPENDIX E - LAT/LON CONVERSIONS The KLN 94 utilizes latitude and longitude expressed in degrees, minutes, and hundredths of a minute. You may occasionally see a document expressing latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds. This table may be used to convert seconds to hundredths of a minute. SECONDS (“) HUNDREDTHS OF A MINUTE (‘) 00 .00 01 .02 02 .03 03 .05 04 .07 05 .08 06 .10 07 .12 08 .13 09 .15 10 .17 11 .18 12 .20 13 .22 14 .23 15 .
Appendix E Lat/Lon Conversions LAT/LON CONVERSIONS (Cont’d) SECONDS (“) HUNDREDTHS OF A MINUTE (‘) 33 .55 34 .57 35 .58 36 .60 37 .62 38 .63 39 .65 40 .67 41 .68 42 .70 43 .72 44 .73 45 .75 46 .77 47 .78 48 .80 49 .82 50 .83 51 .85 52 .87 53 .88 54 .90 55 .92 56 .93 57 .95 58 .97 59 .98 For example: 35° 46’ 24” is the same as 35° 46.40’ 32° 15’ 58” is the same as 32° 15.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix F GPS Primer APPENDIX F - GPS PRIMER BACKGROUND The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that was originally conceived and implemented by the United States Department of Defense (DoD). The system is, however, available to all civilian users free of charge. GPS provides extremely precise position, velocity, and time information. The satellites are not geosynchronous, as is the case with many weather and television satellites.
Appendix F GPS Primer quickly lock on to the satellites in view. Otherwise, the receiver would have to look for each of the 24 satellites to determine which ones could be used. Almanac data is very crude data which describes the approximate orbital position of the satellites. Each of the 24 satellites transmits the almanac data for all satellites, so a GPS receiver has only to listen to one satellite in order to know which satellites are “visible” (in the sky) at that particular time.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix F GPS Primer RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) is a function that every IFR-certified GPS receiver must continuously perform to assure an accurate position. One characteristic of the GPS Space and Control Segments is that they can’t instantly fix a satellite if it begins sending misleading positioning information. For this reason, a GPS receiver can’t rely on the GPS satellites to tell it when there is a possible error.
Appendix F GPS Primer • Improved position accuracy. • The ability of the GPS receiver to perform the RAIM calculations is enhanced without degrading position tracking.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix G KLN 89B Operational Comparison APPENDIX G - OPERATIONAL COMPARISON: KLN 94 VS. KLN 89B If you are an experienced user of the KLN 89B GPS this appendix is for you. It identifies most of the significant operational enhancements of the KLN 94 compared to the KLN 89B. Not only have new features been added to the KLN 94, but shortcut methods have been added to make existing features even easier to use.
Appendix G KLN 89B Operational Comparison • QuickTune™ Comm and Nav frequencies into KX 155A and KX 165A (section 3-15). Note: Additional wires must be installed between the KLN 94 and the KX 155A or KX 165A for QuickTune™ to be operational. • Manually from cursor over frequency and press ENT • Automatically when ILS, LOC, VOR approach loaded into active flight plan • A new dedicated Map Range (RNG) button • To change map range scale (section 3.11.4.9). • A quick way to select “auto” map range (section 3.
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Appendix G KLN 89B Operational Comparison • “AUTO” is shown next to the map scale when automatic range scaling has been selected (section 3.11.4.9). • Added waypoints from the “nearest list” to the active flight plan waypoints on the NAV 4 (map) scan list (section 3.11.4.11). • Rotatable aircraft symbol on map in place of diamond symbol for North-up and DTK-up map orientations (section 3.11.4.8).
Appendix G KLN 89B Operational Comparison • Procedure turns and holding patterns associated with approaches, DPs, and STARs are displayed on the map (section 3.11.4.12). • New airport map icons now distinguish between airports having hard surface runways vs. soft surface runways and show the orientation of the longest runway if available (section 3.11.4.7). • New highway map icons are used for the Atlantic International and Pacific International databases (section 3.11.4.7).
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Index KLN 94 INDEX A Abbreviations Airport names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-24, 3-51 Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-60 ARTCC/FIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-8 Canadian Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D-2 Communication frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index Alerting Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-6 Special Use Airspace (SUA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-66 Voltage, avionics bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-20 Waypoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-36, 4-10 Almanac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-19, 5-22, F-2 Altitude Alerting . . . . . . . . .
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Index AUX 1 GPS status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-21 AUX 2 GPS status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23 AUX 3 RAIM prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-37 AUX 4 Trip planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-24 AUX 5 Trip planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index Cities on map display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-44 City of airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-51 Clear button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-0 Communication frequencies Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-55 Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Index Data entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-14 Date and time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4, 5-39 Decluttering map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-43, 3-45, 3-48 Default first waypoint identifier character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-16 Deleting Airport and user waypoint remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-33 Approach . . . . . . .
Index E Editing Flight plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-5, 4-6 DP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-43 STAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-43 Emergency nearest airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-27 Enter (ENT) button and prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-11 Entering Airport remarks . .
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Index Frequencies, QuickTune™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-70 Frequencies for airport communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-55 FSS frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-31 Fuel availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-53 Fuel management pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-7, 5-34 Fuel on board . . . . . . . . .
Index K KA 92 antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1 Kilometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-14 KLN 89B Operational comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-1 L Lakes on map display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-44 Land data on map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Index OBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-15, 6-18, 6-26, 6-29, 6-34, 6-45 Leg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-14 Selecting Leg or OBS mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-14 MOVE? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-33 MSA; See Minimum safe altitude N Name of navaid or airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index ORS (Operational Revision Status) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cover, 3-2 Outer markers (OM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3, 3-61, 3-62 Overzoom icon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-48 P Page bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9, 3-13 Page number on display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-10 Page organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Index Scanning waypoint names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23 Scratchpad messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-18 Screen organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9 Selected course, See “OBS mode” Selecting Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-6 DP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index Sunrise / Sunset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-31 Surface, runway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-54 System components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-0, 1-1 T Take-Home mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2, 3-72 Take-Home warning page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2 Terminal mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KLN 94 Pilot’s Guide Index VOR 2 page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-61 VOR data Bearing and distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-61 Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-60 Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-60 Latitude / longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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