900 Series HP 3000 Computer Systems MPE/iX Shell and Utilities Reference Manual Volume 2 HEWLETT PACKARD HP Part No. 36431-90003 Printed in U.S.A.
MKS and InterOpen are trademarks of Mortice Kern Systems Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of Unix Systems Laboratories, Inc. in the U.S.A. and other countries. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
Printing History The following table lists the printings of this document, together with the respective release dates for each edition. The software version indicates the version of the software product at the time this document was issued. Many product releases do not require changes to the document. Therefore, do not expect a one-to-one correspondence between product releases and document editions. Edition Date Software Version First Edition Second Edition October 1992 ??? A.00.
Preface MPE/iX, Multiprogramming Executive with Integrated POSIX, is the latest in a series of forward-compatible operating systems for the HP 3000 line of computers. In HP documentation and in talking with HP 3000 users, you will encounter references to MPE XL, the direct predecessor of MPE/iX is a superset of MPE XL. All programs written for MPE XL will run without change under MPE/iX.
Chapter 3 Miscellaneous Information provides details on miscellaneous topics not covered in other chapters. Appendix A MPE/iX Implementation Considerations provides an overview of implementation considerations you need to understand when using MPE/iX Shell and Utilities on a 900 Series HP 3000 computer system.
Conventions Throughout this manual, the following conventions help you to distinguish between different elements of text and to learn about MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. Convention Description courier Literal user input, directory names, file names, and path names are expressed in normal Courier font (that is, typewriter font). bold courier Commands and command line options in a synopsis line or embedded in regular text are in bold Courier font.
Table of Contents Volume 1 Chapter 1. Commands and Utilities intro .......................................................................................................introduction to man pages 1-2 alias .........................................................................................display or create command aliases 1-8 ar .........................................................................................create and maintain library archives 1-11 asa .........................................
diff.......................................................................compare two text files and show differences diffh.....................................................................compare two text files and show differences bdiff.....................................................................compare two text files and show differences diff3 .......................................................................................................compare three text files diffb..................
lex......................................................................................................lexical analyzer generator line ............................................................................................copy one line of standard input ln.................................................................................................create a link to an existing file logname ..........................................................................................................
rmdir.................................................................................................................remove directory sccs2rcs...................................................................................SCCS to RCS conversion utility sed..............................................................................................stream editor (non-interactive) set ...............................................................................
write ...........................................................................................................write to another user xargs...............................................................................construct and execute command lines yacc ...................................................................................................parser generator language zcat ...............................................................................................
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Tables 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10 1-11 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 3-1 3-2 3-3 A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 Escape Sequences in awk Literal Strings ............................................................................ 1-20 awk Order of Operations ...................................................................................................... 1-23 bc Operators ..........................................................................................................................
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nice(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities nice(1) NAME nice — run a command at a different priority SYNOPSIS nice [–n number] command-line nice [–number] command-line DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. nice runs a command at a different priority than usual. Normally, nice lowers the current priority by 10.
nice(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities 126 nice could not invoke command-line. 127 nice could not find the utility specified in command-line. nice(1) Message Message: Cause: Action: command: not executable: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Not able to read/write process information For some reason, the underlying MPE/iX routines were unable to read or write process information. Contact your system manager. Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.
nl(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities nl(1) NAME nl — number lines SYNOPSIS nl [–btype] [–dxy] [–ftype] [–htype] [–in] [–ln] [–nfmt] [–p] [–ssep] [–v[n]] [–w[n]] [file] DESCRIPTION nl is a filter that numbers lines in a single file. If a file is not specified on the command line, the standard input is used. The input is viewed as a stream of text lines, possibly divided by separators into logical pages. In turn, each page may consist of a header, body, and/or footer in that order.
nl(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities nl(1) -htype Specifies the page header numbering type (see the –b option). The default type is n (no lines numbered). –in Sets the line increment to n rather than the default value of 1. –ln When the page numbering type is a (all), blank lines are treated specially. Every nth consecutive blank line is numbered. When this option is not specified, n defaults to 1 and, hence, every blank line is numbered.
nl(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities nl(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: bad number format "fmt" You specified an unrecognized number format with the –n option. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid number formats that you can use with the –n option. Message: Cause: Action: bad type specifier "type" You specified an unrecognized type specifier with the –b, –h, or –f option. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid type specifiers.
nl(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities nl(1) Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for nl. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid nl options. PORTABILITY x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. UNIX System V. SEE ALSO awk(1), pr(1), regexp(3) MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
od(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities od(1) NAME od — formatted file dump SYNOPSIS od [–bcDdhOoSsXx] [file] [[+]offset[.][b]] od [–v] [–A addr_fmt] [–j num [bkm]] [–N num] [–t type_string] [file ...] DESCRIPTION od (octal dump) dumps a file to the standard output in a format specified by command line options. The default format is octal words. You can use combinations of options to generate multiple formats with the requested representation of each byte vertically aligned.
od(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities od(1) –j num skips num bytes from the beginning of the file. If you precede num with 0X or 0x, od interprets it as hexadecimal. If you precede it with 0, od interprets it as octal; otherwise, od assumes it is decimal. You can also append b, k, or m to num to indicate 512-byte blocks, kilobytes, or megabytes instead of bytes. –N num processes a maximum of num bytes. –t type_string specifies the output format. type_string may contain the following format characters.
od(1) MPE/iX Shell u od(1) unsigned decimal. A one-digit number may follow u telling od how many bytes to use. This must correspond to the size of a char, short, int, or long. The default size is the size of an int. A symbolic size character may follow u, rather than the number of bytes.
od(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities od(1) Message: Cause: Action: Invalid size modifier for "char" format You specified an invalid size modifier for the char format character. Check the DESCRIPTION section for the valid size modifiers for each format character. Message: Cause: Action: Missing argument for "–opt" option. You specified the –opt option but did not follow it with the expected argument. Provide the expected argument.
od(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities od(1) MPE/iX NOTES On MPE/iX systems, a word is the same as a C language int, that is, it is 32 bits in length. For more information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
pack(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pack(1) NAME pack — compress files by Huffman encoding SYNOPSIS pack [[–] [–f] [–o file] file] ... DESCRIPTION pack compresses argument files using a Huffman minimal redundancy code on a byte basis. By default, each file is compressed in place, and the resulting file has a .z extension appended to the file name, but keeps the same owner and permissions. For example, abc is compressed into abc.z. The times of last access and last modification are also preserved.
pack(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pack(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. n Indicates that n files could not be packed properly. For example, if three out of six files could not be packed properly, the exit status is 3. Messages Message: Cause: cannot create filename When pack attempted to append the .z extension to the input file name, it resulted in a name that was longer than the maximum indicated by the configuration variable PATH_MAX.
pack(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pack(1) Message: Cause: Action: filename: no saving You specified a file that was too small or uniform to benefit from packing. You can force filename to be packed with the –f option. Message: Cause: Action: filename: write error An error occurred while writing the output file. Check that filename exists, was named properly, and that you have appropriate permissions to write to the file. Message: Cause: Action: output file "filename": system error See syserror(3).
paste(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities paste(1) NAME paste — horizontally concatenate lines SYNOPSIS paste [–s] [–d list] file ... DESCRIPTION paste concatenates lines of all the specified input files onto the standard output. If you specify – (dash) instead of a file, paste uses the standard input. Normally, an output line consists of the corresponding lines from all the input files.
paste(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities and file X contains: x y z then the command paste A X produces: a b c x y z and the command paste –s A X produces: a x b y c z DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure due to any of the following: — missing input files — too many files specified — inability to open a file 2 Unknown command line option. Messages 1-406 Message: Cause: Action: file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
paste(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities paste(1) Message: Cause: Action: Option –option argument missing You did not provide an argument for –option. Provide the missing argument. Message: Cause: too many files at "filename" You specified more files than paste can handle. The filename given in the error message is the name of the first file that paste was unable to open. The number of files that paste can open depends on the number of files that other processes have open.
patch(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities patch(1) NAME patch — change file using diff output SYNOPSIS patch [–bceflNnRsv] [–B prefix] [–D symbol] [–d dir] [–F n] [–i patchfile] [–o outfile] [–p n] [–r rejectfile] [file] DESCRIPTION patch reads a patchfile which contains output from diff describing changes from an old text file to a new text file. patch then applies those changes to another text file. Typically, you use patch if you are keeping parallel versions of a file.
patch(1) MPE/iX Shell • and Utilities patch(1) If patch still cannot find a match, it writes the unmatching portion to the reject file. It then tries to process the next section of changes. Thus the reject file contains the sections that patch is not able to change. Line numbers on sections in the reject file may be different than those in the patchfile, since patch adjusts them using the adjustment that patch calculated for preceding sections.
patch(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities patch(1) –D symbol marks changes with the C preprocessor construct #ifdef symbol ... #endif When you compile the resulting (patched) file, you get the original file if symbol is not defined, and the changed file if symbol is defined. –d dir changes the current directory to dir before processing the patch. –e interprets the patchfile as an ed script (the output of diff when –e is specified). You cannot use this option with –c or –n.
patch(1) MPE/iX Shell –R and Utilities patch(1) reverses the sense of the patch script. In other words, patch behaves as if the patch script shows the changes that make the new version into the old version. You cannot use –R if the patchfile is in ed script format. With –R, patch attempts to reverse each change recorded in the script before applying the change.
patch(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: patch(1) Action: Can’t seem to get enough memory. There were not enough free system resources for patch to allocate the buffers it needed to do its job. Free up some system resources and try again. Message: Cause: Action: can’t write temp file: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: creating temporary file filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: filename is not a normal file -- can’t patch.
patch(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. and Utilities patch(1) You may not change to a different patch file. You specified more than one patch file with the –i option. You can specify only one file with the –i option. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. The –B, –F, –f, –s, and –v options are not part of the POSIX standard. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT patch was written by Larry Wall.
pathchk(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pathchk(1) NAME pathchk — check path names SYNOPSIS pathchk [-p] pathname... DESCRIPTION pathchk checks one or more pathnames for validity and portability (based on the underlying file system). A pathname is valid if you can use it to create or access a file without causing a syntax error. A pathname is portable if the file system does not truncate the name when it tries to use it.
pathchk(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities pathchk(1) pathname: Nonportable character ’char’ found. You were using the –p option and you specified a pathname containing the character char which is not in the portable character set. Specify a pathname that contains only characters found in the portable character set. Message: Cause: Action: pathname: Not searchable. You specified a pathname that could not be searched. Specify a new pathname.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pax(1) NAME pax — archiver for data interchange and file backup SYNOPSIS pax [–cdnqvz] [–f archive] [–s substitute] ... [pattern ...] pax –r [–cdiknuvz] [–f archive] [–o options] ... [–p string] ... [–s substitute] ... [–V volpat] [pattern ...] pax –w [–diLqtuvXz] [–b block] [[–a] [–f archive]] [–o options] ... [–s substitute] ... [–V volpat] [–x format] [pathname ...] pax –r –w [–diklLnquvX] [–p string] ... [–s substitute] ... [pathname ...
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pax(1) pax stores extracted components under the current directory. Extracted directories become subdirectories of the current directory. Ownership and permissions of the extracted files are discussed under the –p option. • If you specify –w but not –r, you are in write mode. In this mode, pax writes out an archive file that contains the specified pathnames as components.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pax(1) –c selects all those files which do not match any of the patterns given on the command line; this is the opposite of the usual behavior. –d does not traverse directories. A pattern matching a directory only extracts the directory itself. When creating an archive, a directory name only stores the directory itself.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pax(1) where keyword is either to or from and value is the name of a code set. Sample code sets include: IS8859 IS646 CP1047 ISO/IEC 8859-1 (8-bit ASCII) ISO 646 (7-bit ASCII) Codepage 1047 For a complete list of code sets, see iconv(3). Note: It is possible that the –o may be expanded in future releases to accept other keywords and values. Currently, specifying an unknown keyword results in a warning message from pax. You can omit either the to or from keyword.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pax(1) On systems with fixed length records, this might mean padding with blanks to the record length. On UNIX and POSIX-compliant systems, pax removes all carriage return characters (\r) and retains only the newline (\n) characters. It might be desirable to have this option work when creating output to convert text to a system-independent format; however, due to the format of an archive file, this would (unacceptably) require all files to be read twice.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pax(1) In write mode, –u checks to see if the file being added has the same name as a file already in the archive. If so, and if the file being added is newer than the one in the archive, pax leaves the old file in the archive and appends the new one at the end. In this case, –u automatically implies –a, which means that pax adds new files to the end of the archive. –V volpat provides automatic multi-volume support.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pax(1) indicates that linkname is a hard link for pathname. The next nine characters are in three groups of three; they describe the permissions on the file. The first group of three describes owner permissions; the second describes group permissions; the third describes other (or world) permissions.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pax(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: allocating compress buffer: system error See syserror(3). Run the archive through the uncompress program, and pipe the output into this program. Message: Cause: Action: allocating I/O buffer: system error See syserror(3). Try using a smaller archive blocking factor. Message: Cause: Action: archive file name >number characters The archive contained a path name that was longer than that permitted on the local system.
pax(1) 1-424 MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pax(1) Message: Cause: Action: blocking factor of 0 not allowed You specified the –b option with an argument that evaluated to zero. Specify a non-zero value as the argument to the –b option. Message: Cause: Action: can not read archive from terminal You attempted to extract or list an archive from a tty device. Specify a non-tty file name to pax.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities pax(1) Existing file "filename" is newer filename was not extracted from the archive because an existing file with the same name was newer. If you really want to extract filename, use the –u option. fifo special file "filename": fifo not supported by local o/s You attempted to extract an archive file containing a FIFO file, and the host operating system does not support FIFOs.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: 1-426 and Utilities pax(1) filename: shrank in size While writing filename to an archive, the file shrank in size, probably due to some other process truncating it while this utility was running. The file written to the archive was padded with binary zeroes to fill it out to the number of bytes indicated in the header. If possible, avoid accessing filename while it is being written to an archive.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities pax(1) Missing blocking factor after "b" You specified the –b option without providing an argument that indicated the size of an output block. Provide the missing block size. Action: Missing file characteristics after "p" You specified the –p option without providing an argument that indicated the file characteristics to be preserved. Provide the missing argument.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: pax(1) Action: non-USTAR header in USTAR archive at "filename" When reading a USTAR format archive, pax encountered a header without the USTAR magic number Check to see if your archive has been corrupted. Message: Cause: Action: Option –option argument missing You did not provide an argument for –option. Provide the missing argument. Message: Cause: Action: out of memory for link tables There were not enough free system resources to create the needed link tables.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities pax(1) pathname: Unable to split name to fit in tar header The USTAR format extends the old tar file name limit from 100 to 256 bytes; however, this requires breaking up the file name into one piece of 156 bytes or less and another piece of 100 bytes or less. The break occurs between directory components (that is, at a slash). In this case, the characteristics of pathname would not allow it to be broken up in such a manner.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell pax(1) Message: Cause: Action: symbolic link filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: tape read: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: try "c" option for ASCII archive The magic number in the cpio archive header appeared to be in ASCII. Try using the –x cpio option instead of –x cpiob.
pax(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. and Utilities pax(1) write error on file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. The –L, –q, –V, and –z options are extensions to the POSIX standard. MPE/iX NOTES The current MPE/iX implementation of pax has the following limitations: • It displays file owner names as 17 character fields and group names as 8 character fields.
pcat(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pcat(1) NAME pcat — display Huffman packed files on standard output SYNOPSIS pcat file ... DESCRIPTION pcat uncompresses argument files which were compressed by pack(1) using a Huffman minimal redundancy code. The uncompressed data is sent to the standard output. This is handy for packed text files, but inappropriate for binary files, since the standard output is treated as a text stream. Binary files can be decoded in place by unpack(1).
pr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pr(1) NAME pr — display and format files SYNOPSIS pr [–adFmprtW] [–e[char][gap]] [–H header-fmt] [–h header] [–i[char][gap]] [–l n] [–n[char][n]] [–o n] [–s[char]] [–w n] [+n] [–n] [file ...] DESCRIPTION pr displays the specified files on the standard output in a paginated form. If you do not specify any files or you specify a file name of –, pr reads the standard input. By default, pr formats the given files into single-column 66-line pages.
pr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pr(1) –H header_fmt lets you customize your header line by specifying a format with the string header_fmt.
pr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pr(1) –o n precedes each line of output with n spaces. –p pauses between pages if output is to a terminal device. pr sounds the bell and waits for a carriage return from the controlling terminal (not the input files). –r suppresses error messages due to failures when opening files. –s[char] separates text columns with the single character char instead of the appropriate number of spaces. This character is never replaced by the output tab character.
pr(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities pr(1) Missing header. You specified the –h option without specifying a header string as its argument, or you specified the –H option without specifying a header_fmt string. Provide the missing header or header_fmt string. Action: Too many files for merge(-m) option; limit num You specified too many files for the –m option to handle. The limit was num files. Specify fewer files.
print(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities print(1) NAME print — display arguments from the shell SYNOPSIS print [–npRrs] [–u[descriptor]] [argument ...] DESCRIPTION Calling print without options or with only the – option outputs each argument to the standard output using the same escape conventions as echo(1). In this case, print and echo have the same functionality; see echo(1). The options accepted by print increase its functionality beyond that of echo.
print(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities print(1) NOTES This command is built into the shell. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
printf(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities printf(1) NAME printf — display a formatted string SYNOPSIS printf format [argument ...] DESCRIPTION printf writes the argument operand(s) to standard output, formatted according to the format operand. format is a format string composed of conversion specifications that convert and add the next argument to the output. These conversions are similar to those used by the ANSI C standard. Conversion specifications have the form %[flag][width][.
printf(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities printf(1) The conversion character char is one of the following: a string which may contain a backslash-escape sequence. Valid escape sequences are those described on the echo(1) man page, \0ddd where ddd is a zero- to three-digit octal number, and \c which causes printf to ignore the remainder of that argument, any other arguments, and the remainder of the format string. single character of an integer value; the first character of a string. decimal integer.
printf(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. and Utilities printf(1) unused argument at "arg" You specified a format string without any conversion specifications. Add at least one conversion specification to your format string. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.. UNIX System V. The %F format and the handling of * as a width or precision argument are extensions to the POSIX standard. WARNING The POSIX.
ps(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ps(1) NAME ps — display process status SYNOPSIS ps [–Aacdefjln] [–Gg grouplist] [–n name] [–o format] ... [–p proclist] [–s idlist] [–t termlist] [–Uu userlist] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page.
ps(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ps(1) displays information as if the user specified –l –o flags,state,ruid=UID,pid,ppid,pcpu=C, pri,nice,addr,vsz=SZ,wchan,tty=TTY,atime, comm=COMD –o format displays information according to the given format specifications. For further information, see Format Specifications. –n name specifies the name of the executable containing the kernel symbol table. –p proclist displays information for processes with process numbers in proclist with commas.
ps(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ps(1) args displays the command that is executing, with all its arguments. [COMMAND] comm displays the name of the command that is executing. This string is padded on the right if necessary. [COMMAND] etime displays the amount of real time that has elapsed since the process began execution. ps shows the time in the form: [[dd-]hh:]mm:ss where dd is the number of days, hh is the number of hours, mm is the number of minutes, and ss is the number of seconds.
ps(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ps(1) atime displays the abbreviated CPU time of the process. [TIME] flags displays the process flags. [F] gid displays the effective group ID of the process. [EGID] pri displays the process priority. [PRI] rgid displays the real group ID of the process. [GID] ruid displays the real user ID of the process. [UID] sid displays the session ID of the process. [SID] state displays the process state. [S] stime displays the start time of the process.
ps(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ps(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: 1-446 bad numeric ID at "–option list" You specified a numeric identifier for a process, group, or session that was not a valid number. Make sure that all numeric IDs are valid numbers. Message: Cause: Action: badly constructed format string "format" The output format string was not correct. Check the DESCRIPTION section of the ps man page for a list of possible format specifications.
ps(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ps(1) Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "option" You specified an option that is not valid for this command. Check the Options section of the command’s man page for a list of valid options. Message: Cause: unknown user ID at "–u userlist" You specified an unknown login name or a bad user ID as an argument to the –u option. Check the arguments to the –u option carefully. Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.
ps(1) MPE/iX Shell Abbrev.
ps(1) MPE/iX Shell Abbrev.
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pwd(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities pwd(1) NAME pwd — display working directory SYNOPSIS pwd DESCRIPTION pwd displays the absolute pathname of the current working directory to standard output. If the current directory is a symbolic link to another directory, the pathname displayed depends upon the setting of the shell’s logical flag; see set(1) for more information. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 pwd cannot determine the current working directory.
pwd(1) MPE/iX Shell SEE ALSO set(1), sh(1) 1-452 Commands and Utilities and Utilities pwd(1)
r(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities r(1) NAME r — edit and re-execute previous command SYNOPSIS r [old=new] [specifier] DESCRIPTION The r command re-executes a command you ran previously, possibly editing the command first. Commands are obtained from your command history file; see fc(1) and sh(1) for more details. The specifier tells which command you want to re-execute. It can have any of the following forms: An unsigned number r run the command with that number.
r(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities r(1) Compare this with cp file1 /dir/file1 r 1=2 which is equivalent to cp file1 /dir/file1 cp file2 /dir/file1 Since r only replaces the first occurrence of the old string 1, the second 1 does not change. This shows that you have to be careful when you use the substitution feature. r is a built-in alias, defined with alias r=’fc -s’ ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES r uses the following environment variables: HISTFILE contains the pathname of the history file.
r(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities r(1) MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcs(1) NAME rcs — change RCS file attributes SYNOPSIS rcs [–Aoldfile] [–alogins] [–B] [–b[rev]] [–cstring] [–e[logins]] [–Ffile...] [–G] [–I] [–i] [–K] [–k] [–L] [–l[rev]] [–Nname[:rev]] [–nname[:rev]] [–O] [–orange] [–q] [–Rdiff_exec] [–sstate[:rev]] [–T] [–t[txtfile]] [–U] [–u[rev]] [–Yfile] file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes.
rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcs(1) –Ffile... provides an alternate way to specify file names. The given file is a text file containing a list of file names, one file name per line. rcs changes all the files named in file, using the options specified on the command line. Multiple –F options may be specified on the command line, and can either be grouped together or interspersed between options. –G sets the RCS file date to the current date.
rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcs(1) and including rev; rev – means from revision rev to the end of the branch containing rev; and – with no range specified, means that all revisions of the file are automatically outdated. None of the outdated revisions may have branches or locks. –q quiet mode; diagnostics are not printed. –Rdiff_exec specifies the path name of the diff command to use. This allows you to use your own system diff for everything but RCS.
rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcs(1) Files rcs creates a semaphore file in the same directory as the RCS file to prevent simultaneous update. For changes, rcs always creates a new file. On successful completion, rcs deletes the old one and renames the new one. This strategy makes links to RCS files useless. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. The RCS file name and the revisions outdated are written to the diagnostic output.
rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell rcs(1) Message: Cause: Action: Can’t find delta for revision rev The rcs command could not find the edit script for the revision rev. The RCS file is corrupt. Find a revision that is not corrupted and rebuild from there. Message: Cause: Action: Can’t lock an empty tree You attempted to use the –l option to lock an RCS file that does not contain any revisions. None. Until an initial revision is created, no locks are possible.
rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcs(1) Message: Cause: Action: Can’t unlock nonexisting revision rev You tried to use the –u option to unlock a revision that does not exist. Make sure that the revision you specified is correct, and try again. Message: Cause: Could not allocate in strdup There were not enough free system resources to copy the environment variable MAILER. Check to see if MAILER is set to a large amount of text. If so, assign a shorter string to the variable.
rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell rcs(1) Message: Cause: Action: Login name missing after –a You specified the –a option without providing a login name as its argument. Provide the missing login name. Message: Cause: Missing ’:’ after state in option –s You specified the –s option and provided, as its argument, a string that appears to be a state followed by a revision; however, you did not separate the state from the revision with a colon (:). Provide the missing colon.
rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcs(1) Message: Cause: Action: Missing file name after –A You specified the –A option without providing a file name as its argument. Provide the missing file name. Message: Cause: Action: Missing head in rcsfile The RCS file rcsfile does not contain the keyword head. Manually edit rcsfile to insert the required head keyword and the number of the head revision. See rcsfile(3) for the format of the RCS file.
rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: 1-464 and Utilities rcs(1) Option –L overrides –U You specified both the –L option and the –U option. These two options are mutually exclusive. The command behaves as though only the –L option was specified. If you do not want the behaviour described under CAUSE, specify only one of the two options. Message: Cause: Action: Redefinition of –t option You specified the –t option more than once on the command line.
rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities rcs(1) There are no locks set. You attempted to use the –u option to unlock an RCS file, but that file was not locked by anyone. None. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for rcs. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid rcs options. Message: Cause: Action: unterminated string in rcs encrypt routine The encrypted RCS file has been truncated. Data has been lost.
rcsclean(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsclean(1) NAME rcsclean — clean up working files SYNOPSIS rcsclean [–Ffile...] [–K] [–k] [–O] [–q[rev]] [–r[rev]] [–x] [–Yfile] file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. rcsclean removes working files that were checked out and never modified.
rcsclean(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsclean(1) ignores any default options found in the configuration file. –O –q[rev] quiet mode; suppresses diagnostics. See –r for the handling of rev. –r[rev] specifies the revision that is compared to the working file. The chosen revision is the latest one with a revision number is less than or equal to rev. If rev indicates a branch rather than a revision, the latest revision on that branch is used.
rcsclean(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsclean(1) Message: Cause: Action: Can’t unlink filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: co failed: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: No filename present for –F option. You specified the –F option, but did not provide a file name as its argument. Provide the missing file name. Message: Cause: Action: No input file. You failed to specify an input file on the command line.
rcsclean(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsclean(1) For more information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
rcsdiff(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsdiff(1) NAME rcsdiff — compare RCS revisions SYNOPSIS rcsdiff [–befHhiKkmntwx] [–C n] [–c[n]] [–Dname] [–Ffile...] [–O] [–q] [–Rdiff_exec] [–rrev1] [–rrev2] [–Yfile] file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. rcsdiff compares two revisions of each given file. Files may be either RCS files or working files.
rcsdiff(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsdiff(1) –rrev1 –rrev2 specifies revisions being compared. rcsdiff compares revision rev1 to rev2. If both rev1 and rev2 are omitted, rcsdiff compares the latest revision on the default branch (normally the highest branch on the trunk) with the corresponding working file. This is useful for determining what you changed since the last check-in.
rcsdiff(1) and Utilities rcsdiff(1) Message: Cause: Action: Can’t open filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: co failed: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Missing #ifdef symbol after –D You specified the –D option without providing a #ifdef symbol as its argument. Provide the missing #ifdef symbol. Message: Cause: Action: Missing number after –C You specified the –C option without providing a number as its argument.
rcsdiff(1) Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsdiff(1) Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for rcsdiff. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid rcsdiff options. For a list of error messages common to all RCS utilities, see rcserror(3). PORTABILITY All UNIX systems. The –F, –K, –O, –q, –R, –x, and –Y options are extensions to traditional implementations of rcsdiff.
rcsmerge(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsmerge(1) NAME rcsmerge — merge RCS revisions SYNOPSIS rcsmerge [–h] [–O] [–p] [–q] –rrev1 [–rrev2] [–Yfile] file DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. rcsmerge incorporates the changes between rev1 and rev2 of an RCS file into the corresponding working file. By default, the result overwrites the working file.
rcsmerge(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsmerge(1) EXAMPLES Suppose you have released revision 2.8 of f.c. Also, assume that you have just finished revision 3.4 when you receive updates to 2.8 from someone else. To combine the updates to 2.8 and your changes between 2.8 and 3.4, put the updated 2.8 into file f.c and run rcsmerge -p -r2.8 -r3.4 f.c >f_merged.c If there were any overlaps reported you will want to examine f_merged.c. Alternatively, if you want to save the updates to 2.
rcsmerge(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsmerge(1) Message: Cause: Action: no base revision number given You specified one or more invalid revision numbers on the command line. Check the syntax of the command line options. Message: Cause: Action: No input file. You failed to specify an input file on the command line. Provide the missing file name. Message: Cause: Action: no revisions present You specified a file which has an associated RCS file that does not contain any revisions.
rcsmerge(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsmerge(1) with the command’s operation. For this reason, RCS archives should not be placed in an MPE/iX group, but rather should be located elsewhere in the hierarchical file system where the restriction does not apply. For example, the default RCSPATH places the archives in a subdirectory named RCS in the current working directory.
read(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities read(1) NAME read — input a line to the shell SYNOPSIS read [–prs] [–u[d]] [variable?prompt] [variable ...] DESCRIPTION When you call read without options, it reads one line from the standard input, breaks the line into fields, and assigns the fields to each variable in order. To determine where to break the line into fields, read uses the built-in variable IFS (Internal Field Separator).
read(1) MPE/iX Shell –u[d] and Utilities read(1) reads input from the single digit file descriptor d, rather than from the standard input. The default file descriptor is 0. EXAMPLE while read firstword junk do echo $firstword done
read(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities read(1) NOTE This command is built into the shell. MPE/iX NOTES On MPE/iX, the end-of-file sequence is :eod followed by ENTER. For more information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
readonly(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities readonly(1) NAME readonly — mark variable as readonly SYNOPSIS readonly [–p] [name[=value] ...] DESCRIPTION readonly prevents subsequent changes in the value of any of the name arguments. Parameters of the form name=value assign value to name as well as marking name readonly.
readonly(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities NOTE This is a special built-in command of the shell.
renice(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities renice(1) NAME renice — set priorities of running processes SYNOPSIS renice [–n increment] [–g–p –u] ID ... renice priority [–p] pid ... [–g pgrp ...] [–p pid ...] [–u user ...] renice priority –g pgrp ... [–g pgrp ...] [–p pid ...] [–u user ...] renice priority –u user ... [–g pgrp ...] [–p pid ...] [–u user ...] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes.
renice(1) MPE/iX Shell priority and Utilities renice(1) a number that indicates an absolute priority value (higher numbers reflect higher priorities). If no –p, –g, or –u option appears on the command line, renice assumes –p. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion.
renice(1) PORTABILITY POSIX.2. MPE/iX Shell x/OPEN Portability POSIX considers and Utilities renice(1) Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. all but the first form of the renice command to be obsolescent. MPE/iX NOTES Normally, the priority of an MPE/iX process undergoes cyclical degradation. When the process begins running, it has a high priority. As the process continues to run, this priority is lowered until it hits the lowest point in the cycle.
return(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities return(1) NAME return — return from shell function or . (dot) script SYNOPSIS return [expression] DESCRIPTION return returns from a shell function or . (dot) script. The exit status is the value of expression. The default value of expression is the exit status of the last command executed. DIAGNOSTICS The current function or script returns the value of expression. If no expression is given, the exit status is the exit status of the last command executed.
rev(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rev(1) NAME rev — reverse character order of input lines SYNOPSIS rev [file ...] DESCRIPTION rev processes each line read from each input file, or from the standard input when no file is specified. Output consists of each line with the characters in reverse order except that the newline character (if present) remains at the end of each output line.
rlog(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rlog(1) NAME rlog — display info about RCS files SYNOPSIS rlog [–b] [–ddates] [–Ffile...] [–H] [–h] [–L[lockers]] [–l[lockers]] [–O] [–R] [–rrevisions] [–sstates] [–T] [–t] [–w[authors]] [–Yfile] file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. rlog prints information about RCS files.
rlog(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rlog(1) –H displays information about the head revision only. –h displays only RCS file name, working file name, head, default branch, access list, locks, symbolic names, and suffix. –L[lockers] ignores RCS files that have no locks set. If the comma-separated list of login names lockers is given, rlog ignores all RCS files not locked by someone on the list. If lockers is not specified, an RCS file is ignored if no revisions of the file are locked.
rlog(1) MPE/iX Shell –Yfile and Utilities rlog(1) specifies file as the local configuration file. rlog displays the intersection of the revisions selected by –d, –l, –s, and –w, with the union of the revisions selected by –b or –r. EXAMPLES rlog rlog rlog rlog –L –R RCS/* –L –h RCS/* –L –l RCS/* RCS/* The first command displays the names of all RCS files in the subdirectory RCS which have locks.
rlog(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities rlog(1) Error in RCS file, delta text is damaged Something in the RCS header is corrupt. An end-of-file character was encountered while parsing past the header to get to the RCS info. Remove the end-of-file character in the RCS header. Inconsistent date/time: date You specified an argument with the –d option that was not a valid date/time string.
rlog(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: rlog(1) Missing log entry While parsing the RCS file, rlog could not find the log entry. The RCS file is corrupt. Retrieve an earlier revision of the RCS file and build from there. Action: Missing revision or branch number after -r You specified the –r option without providing a revision or branch number as its argument. Provide the missing revision or branch number.
rlog(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities rlog(1) Too many delta texts, RCS files may be damaged The named revision of an RCS file is built by applying a number of diffs to a base revision. In this case, RCS found more diffs than expected when building the named revision. The RCS file is corrupt. Retrieve an earlier revision of the RCS file and build from there.
rm(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rm(1) NAME rm — remove files SYNOPSIS rm [–fiRr] file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. rm removes each specified file argument (provided that it is a valid path name). If you specify either . or .. as the final component of the path name for a file, rm displays an error message, and moves onto the next file.
rm(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rm(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: cannot open directory "pathname": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: cannot remove directory "pathname": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: cannot stat entry "pathname": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: cannot unlink entry "pathname": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
rm(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rm(1) MPE/iX NOTES Although groups and accounts are treated as directories in the hierarchical file system, the current MPE/iX implementation of rm does not allow you to remove the root directory, account directories, or group directories. Do not attempt to use the –r or –R options to remove them. In addition, this release of MPE/iX does not provide the lstat() API. As a result, this command cannot return information on the link itself.
rmdir(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rmdir(1) NAME rmdir — remove directory SYNOPSIS rmdir [–p] directory ... DESCRIPTION The rmdir command removes each requested directory. Each directory must be empty for rmdir to be successful. Options rmdir accepts the following option: removes all intermediate components. For example, –p rmdir -p abc/def/ghi is equivalent to rmdir abc/def/ghi rmdir abc/dec rmdir abc DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion.
rmdir(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rmdir(1) MPE/iX NOTES Although groups and accounts are treated as directories in the hierarchical file system, the current MPE/iX implementation of rmdir does not allow you to remove the root directory, account directories, or group directories. For more information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
sccs2rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sccs2rcs(1) NAME sccs2rcs — SCCS to RCS conversion utility SYNOPSIS sccs2rcs [–Ffile...] [–O] [–v] [–Yfile] file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. sccs2rcs takes SCCS files as input and produces equivalent RCS files as output. UNIX revision control system. Each input file must be an SCCS file.
sccs2rcs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sccs2rcs(1) Options sccs2rcs accepts the following options: –Ffile... provides an alternate way to specify file names. The given file is a text file containing a list of file names, one file name per line. sccs2rcs converts all the files named in file, using the options specified on the command line. Multiple –F options may be specified on the command line, and can either be grouped together or interspersed between options.
sccs2rcs(1) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sccs2rcs(1) bad control f line in SCCS file filename The SCCS file has become corrupted in some way, and cannot be converted by sccs2rcs. Recover a clean copy of the SCCS file from backups and try again.
sccs2rcs(1) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: 1-502 MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sccs2rcs(1) filename in m flag of SCCS file filename is too long The file name associated with the m flag in the SCCS file was longer than the maximum file name length allowed by the file system.
sccs2rcs(1) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sccs2rcs(1) missing control g, m, c or e line in SCCS file filename The SCCS file has become corrupted in some way, and cannot be converted by sccs2rcs. Recover a clean copy of the SCCS file from backups and try again.
sccs2rcs(1) Message: Cause: and Utilities sccs2rcs(1) Action: missing username in SCCS file filename The SCCS file has become corrupted in some way, and cannot be converted by sccs2rcs. Recover a clean copy of the SCCS file from backups and try again. Message: Cause: Action: No filename present for –F option. You specified the –F option, but did not provide a file name as its argument. Provide the missing file name. Message: Cause: Action: No input file.
sccs2rcs(1) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sccs2rcs(1) unable to write branch of revision rev in file filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). unable to write text for revision rev in file filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
sed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sed(1) NAME sed — stream editor (non-interactive) SYNOPSIS sed [–En] [script] [file ...] sed [–En] [–e script] ... [–f scriptfile] ... [file ...] DESCRIPTION The sed command applies a set of editing commands contained in script to each input file. If you did not specify a file, sed reads the standard input. sed reads each input line into a special area known as the pattern buffer. Certain commands [gGhHx] use a second area called the hold buffer.
sed(1) MPE/iX Shell $ and Utilities sed(1) This address matches the last input line. /regexp/ This address selects an input line matching the specified regular expression regexp. You can use a character other than the slash (/) to delimit the regular expression by putting a backslash (\) before the first one. For example, to use % to enclose the regular expression, write \%regexp%.
sed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sed(1) a,bH holds a copy of the text in the pattern buffer by appending it to the end of the hold buffer after appending a newline. ai\ inserts text. This command is similar to the a command, except that its text is output immediately. a,bl lists the pattern buffer (input line) onto the standard output so that non-printable characters are visible. This command works analogously to the l command in ed.
sed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sed(1) p executes the print (p) command only if a successful substitution occurs. w file writes the contents of the pattern buffer to the end of file, if a substitution occurs. a,bt [label] branches to the indicated label if any successful substitution has occurred since either reading the last input line or executing the last t command. If you do not specify label, sed branches to the end of the script.
sed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sed(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: badly formed file name for "cmd" command You specified the cmd which requires a file name as an argument, but the given argument does not have the syntax of a file name. Specify a valid file name. Message: Cause: Action: cannot allocate buffer: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
sed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sed(1) Message: Cause: Action: End of file in "cmd" command sed encountered an end of file while parsing the command cmd. Check the script file for missing closing quotes, missing regular expression delimiters, and other syntactical errors. Message: Cause: Action: garbage after command You specified invalid characters after a script command. Remove the surplus commands.
sed(1) MPE/iX Shell sed(1) Message: Cause: Action: Missing script You specified the –e option but did not provide a script as its argument. Provide the missing script. Message: Cause: newline or end of file found in pattern sed encountered a newline or end of file character when reading a pattern from the script or script file. Check the pattern for a missing delimiter.
sed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sed(1) Message: Cause: Action: script file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: unknown command You specified a command that sed does not recognize. Check the Commands subsection for a list of valid sed commands. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for sed. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid sed options.
sed(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities SEE ALSO awk(1), diff(1), ed(1), grep(1), vi(1), regexp(3) 1-514 Commands and Utilities sed(1)
set(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities set(1) NAME set — set shell flags and positional parameters SYNOPSIS set [±abCefhiKkmnpstuvx–] [±Aname] [±o[ flag]] [parameter ...] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page.
set(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities set(1) –h makes all commands used tracked aliases. –i makes the shell interactive. –K tells the shell to use Korn-compatible behavior in any case where the POSIX.2 behavior is different from the behavior specified by Korn. –k allows assignment parameters anywhere on the command line and still includes them in the environment of the command. –L makes the shell a login shell. Setting this flag is effective only at shell invocation.
set(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities set(1) markdirs adds trailing / to file name generated directories. monitor same as –m option. noclobber same as –C option. noexec same as –n option. noglob same as –f option. nolog does not record function definitions in the history file. notify same as –b option. nounset same as –u option. privileged same as –p option. trackall same as –h option. verbose same as –v option. vi specifies vi style in-line editor for command entry.
set(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities set(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure due to an invalid command line argument. Messages Because this utility is built into the MPE/iX Shell, see the sh(1) man page for a complete list of error messages that you may receive when using it. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. set is a built-in command of the Bourne Shell and KornShell on only has the –a, –e, –h, –k, –n, –t, –u, –v, and –x flags. UNIX.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) NAME sh, rsh — POSIX-compliant (Korn) shell and command interpreter SYNOPSIS [r]sh [–abCefhiKkLmnprtuvx] [–o option] [cmd_file [argument...]] [r]sh –c cmdstring [–abCefhiKkLmnprtuvx] [–o option] [cmd_name [argument...]] [r]sh –s [–abCefhikLmnprtuvx] [–o option] [argument...] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) If you invoke the shell with a name that begins with the – character, it is a login shell. (You can also get a login shell if you invoke the shell with the –L option.) A login shell begins by executing the file /etc/profile It then executes $HOME/.profile using the . command (see dot(1)). If $HOME is not set, the shell searches the current directory for .profile and executes this file with the . command if it exists.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) –L makes the shell a login shell as described earlier. –r invokes a restricted shell. (As noted earlier, you can also invoke a restricted shell by using the name rsh). In a restricted shell, you cannot do the following: use the cd command; change the values of the variables ENV, PATH, or SHELL; use > or >> to redirect output; or specify command names containing /. These restrictions do not apply during execution of your profile files.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) command && command command || command command & command command & command |& command ; command command ; command The following table gives the order of precedence of the preceding operators. Highest priority operators are listed first and operators on the same line have equal priority. () | && & |& || ; The meaning of these operations is as follows: (command) executes command in a subshell.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) |& executes the command that precedes it as a co-process. The command runs asynchronously, as with the & operator, but command’s standard input and standard output are connected to the shell by pipes. The shell sends input to command’s standard input with the print –p command, and reads from command’s standard output with the read –p command. The command should not buffer its output.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) for variable [in word ...] do command done The for statement sets variable to each word argument in turn, and executes the set of commands once for each setting of variable. If you omit the in word part, sh sets variable to each positional parameter. You may divert the flow of control within the loop with the break(1) or continue(1) statements.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) positional parameters. sh then displays the value of the variable PS3 to prompt the user to enter a numerical reply. If the reply is an empty line, sh displays the menu again; otherwise, sh assigns the input line to the variable REPLY, sets variable to the word selected, then executes the commands. sh does this over and over until the loop is terminated by interrupt, end-of-file, or an explicit break(1) statement in the commands.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) 2. sh performs word expansion on variable assignments. If there is no command or the command is a special built-in command (see Built-in Commands), variable assignments affect the current environment; otherwise, variable assignments affect the execution environment of the command. 3. sh does redirection, performing word expansion on any file names (see File Descriptors and Redirection). sh next searches for the command name and executes the command.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) Word Expansion sh performs word expansion for simple commands, some reserved word commands, redirection file names, some shell variables (ENV, MAILPATH, PS1, and PS4), and unquoted here documents. There are four steps to expansion: substitution, word splitting, path expansion, and quote removal. Directory substitution, parameter substitution, command substitution, and arithmetic substitution are each described in the appropriate section of this man page.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) Quoting To let you override the special meaning of certain words or special characters, the shell provides several quoting mechanisms. In general, you can turn off the special meaning of any character by putting a backslash (\) in front of the character. This is called escaping the character. For example, you can tell the shell to disregard the special meaning of the newline character by putting a backslash at the very end of a line.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) Quoting can override the special meanings of reserved words and aliases. For example, in "select" program the quotes around select tell the shell not to interpret select as a shell reserved word. Instead, sh does a normal command search for a command named select.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) A special parameter is represented with one of the following characters: * @ # ? ! - $ 0 The values to which special parameters expand are listed later in this section. Variables are named parameters. For details on naming and declaring variables, see Variables. The simplest way to use a parameter in a command line is to enter a dollar sign ($) followed by the name of the parameter.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) $? expands to the exit status of the last command executed. $$ expands to the process number of the original parent shell. $! expands to the process number of the last asynchronous command. These constructs are called parameters of the shell. They include the positional parameters, but are not restricted to the positional parameters. We have already mentioned that you can expand a parameter by putting a $ in front of the parameter name.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) ${parameter–word} is similar to the preceding construct, except that the parameter is expanded if defined, even if the value is empty. ${variable:=word} expands word with parameter expansion and assigns the result to variable, provided that variable is not defined or has an empty value. The result is the expansion of variable, whether or not word was expanded.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) ${parameter%%pattern} is similar to the preceding construct, except that sh deletes the longest part that matches pattern if it finds such a match. Arithmetic Substitution Arithmetic substitution is available with the syntax: $((arithmetic expression)) or $[arithmetic expression] sh replaces this sequence with the value of arithmetic expression. Arithmetic expressions consist of expanded variables, numeric constants, and operators.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) Summary of Operators Unary Operators – unary minus ! logical negation + ˜ identity, bitwise negation Multiplicative Operators * / % multiplication, division, remainder Additive Operators + – addition, subtraction Bitwise Shift Operators << >> bitwise shift right, bitwise shift left Relational Operators < > less than, greater than <= >= less than or equal, greater than or equal == != equal to, not equal to Bitwise And Operator & and Bitwise Exclusive Or Operator ˆ e
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) To process this command line, sh first executes the cat command and collects its standard output. The shell then breaks this output into arguments and puts the result into the command line of the ls command. The previous command therefore lists the attributes of all files, the names of which are contained in the file list. This syntax is easy to type, but is not useful if you want to put one command substitution inside another (nesting command substitutions).
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) File Descriptors and Redirection The shell sometimes refers to files using file descriptors. A file descriptor is a number in the range 0 through 9. It may have any number of digits. For example, the file descriptors 001 and 01 are identical to file descriptor 1. Various operations (for example, exec) can associate a file descriptor with a particular file. Some file descriptors are set up at the time the shell starts up.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) number<<[–]name lets you specify input to a command from your terminal (or from the body of a shell script). This notation is known as a here document. The shell reads from the standard input and feeds that as input to file descriptor number until it finds a line that exactly matches the given name. If you omit number, the default is the standard input.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) Note: The shell performs the implicit redirections needed for pipelines before performing any explicit redirections. File Name Generation The characters *?[ are called glob characters or wild card characters. If an unquoted argument contains one or more glob characters, the shell processes the argument for file name generation. The glob characters are part of glob patterns which represent file and directory names.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) Variables The shell maintains variables and can expand them where they are used in command lines; see Parameter Substitution for details. A variable name must begin with an uppercase or lowercase letter or the underscore (_). Subsequent characters in the name, if any, may be upper or lowercase letters, underscores, and/or digits 0 through 9.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) shell environment. The shell sets up a shell utility’s environment to include the following: • • • • • open files, subject to redirection current working directory (see cd(1)) file creation mask (see umask(1)) traps; traps caught by the shell are set to default values and traps ignored by the shell are ignored by the utility variables defined inside the shell and having the export attribute Built-in Commands The following commands are built into the shell.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) EXAMPLES Software distributed over computer networks such as Usenet is often distributed in a form known as a shell archive. In essence, a shell archive is a shell script containing the data of one or more files, plus commands to reconstruct the data files and check that the data was transmitted correctly. The following shows a sample shell archive. # This is a shell archive. # It contains the one file "frag.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) The following implements the basename(1) utility as a shell function. # basename utility as shell function function basename { case $# in 1) ;; 2) eval set \${1%$2} ;; *) echo Usage: $0 pathname ’[suffix]’ return 1 ;; esac echo ${1##*/} return 0 } ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES sh uses the following environment variables: _ (underscore) expands to the last argument from the previously executed command.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) FCEDIT contains the name of the default editor for the fc command. If this variable is not set, the default is the ed command. HISTFILE contains the path name of a file to be used as the history file. When the shell starts, the value of this variable overrides the default history file. See FILES. HISTSIZE contains the maximum number of commands that the shell keeps in the history file.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) OLDPWD contains the name of the previous directory. The cd command sets this variable. PATH contains a list of directories which constitute the search path for executable commands. Directories in this list are separated with colons. sh searches each directory in the order specified in the list until it finds a matching executable.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) TMOUT contains the number of seconds before user input times out. If user input has not been received within this length of time, the shell terminates. VISUAL overrides the EDITOR variable in setting vi, emacs, or gmacs editing modes (see shedit(3)). FILES sh uses the following files: .sh_history default history storage file. .profile profile for login shell. /etc/profile system-wide profile for login shells.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: sh(1) <
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) Message: Cause: Action: cannot continue job: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: cannot create temporary file sh or one of its built-in utilities needs a temporary file to perform some operations. It was unable to create this file, for example, because the disk was full. Free up more disk space. Action: Message: Cause: Action: cannot fork: system error The system refused a shell request to fork, despite several attempts.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities sh(1) error in arithmetic expression "expr" near substr " An error occurred in the arithmetic expression expr near the substring substr. error is one of the errors listed in this section. See the error listing for possible causes. See the error listing for suggested actions. error in arithmetic expression "expr" An error occurred in the arithmetic expression expr.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) Message: Cause: Action: Insufficient memory There were not enough free system resources to perform the specified operation. Free up more resources. Message: Cause: Action: job [job-id] not job controlled You specified the job identifier of a job which was not being job controlled. Use the jobs command to get a list of jobs currently being job controlled.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: sh(1) name: not a function You tried to declare the given name as a function, but the name already referred to something that was not a function (for example, a variable). Make sure that name is a function and spelled correctly. name: parameter null or not set You specified a ${name?} construct where name was not set and no message followed the ?. Set name and specify a message after the ?.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities sh(1) Action: no file descriptor available You attempted to redirect a file descriptor but none were available. When a file descriptor is redirected, the old value is remembered by the shell by duplicating it to yet another file descriptor. The total number of file descriptors is limited by the system and hence the shell may run out while it looks like your command is using far fewer than the maximum number of descriptors. Free up a file descriptor.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell sh(1) Message: Cause: Action: pipe for coprocess: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: reading: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: reading script: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: recursion too deep You have defined a function that has too many levels of recursion. Simplify the function to use fewer levels of recursion.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) Message: Cause: Action: strcoll error, cannot malloc space. There are not enough free system resources to allocate string space. Free up more resources. Message: Cause: Action: syntax error A syntax error occurred. Correct the syntax. Message: Cause: syntax error: got string1, expecting string2 When processing your input, the shell encountered string1 when it was expecting string2.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities Unknown option "option" When using the set command, you specified an unknown option after the –o option. Check the DESCRIPTION section of the set(1) man page for a list of options that you can specify with –o.
sh(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sh(1) MPE/iX NOTES Due to limitations in the current implementation of MPE/iX, there are a number of limitations in the behavior of the sh command. • You cannot currently use sh as your login shell. To invoke the MPE/iX Shell from the MPE/iX CI so that it performs all of the actions associated with a login shell, run the following commands: CHGROUP SH.HPBIN.
shift(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities shift(1) NAME shift — shift positional parameters SYNOPSIS shift [expression] DESCRIPTION shift renames the positional parameters so that i+nth positional parameter becomes the ith positional parameter, where n is the value of the given arithmetic expression. If you omit expression, the default value is 1. The value of expression must be between zero and the number of positional parameters ($#), inclusive.
sleep(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sleep(1) NAME sleep — suspend execution for a specified time SYNOPSIS sleep seconds DESCRIPTION The sleep command continues running until the specified number of seconds has elapsed. sleep can delay execution of a program or produce periodic execution in conjunction with shell commands. The seconds argument can be either a number of seconds, or a more general time description of the form nhnmns, with the nh, nm, and the s being optional.
sleep(1) MPE/iX Shell SEE ALSO date(1) 1-558 Commands and Utilities and Utilities sleep(1)
sort(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sort(1) NAME sort — sort/merge utility SYNOPSIS sort [–cmu] [–o outfile] [–t char] [–y[n]] [–zn] [–bdfiMnr] [-k startpos[,endpos]] ... [file ...] sort [–cmu] [–o outfile] [–t char] [–yn] [–zn] [–bdfiMnr] [+startposition [–endposition]] ... [file ...] DESCRIPTION The sort command implements a full sort and merge facility. sort operates on input files containing records which are separated by the newline character.
sort(1) MPE/iX Shell –n and Utilities sort(1) assumes that the field contains an initial numeric value. sort sorts first by numeric value and then by the remaining text in the field according to options. This option treats a field which contains no digits as if it had a value of zero. –o outfile writes output to the file outfile. By default, sort writes output onto the standard output. The output file can be one of the input files.
sort(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sort(1) Sorting Keys By default, sort examines entire input records to determine ordering. By specifying sorting keys on the command line, you can tell sort to restrict its attention to one or more parts of each record. You can indicate the start of a sorting key with –k m[.n][options] where m and the optional n are positive integers.
sort(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sort(1) which when preceded with +m[.n] is equivalent to –k m+1[.n+1],p.0[options] if q is specified and is zero or –k m+1[.n+1],p+1[.q][options] otherwise. For example, +1.2 -3.5 defines a sorting key with a starting position that sort finds by skipping the first field and then the first 2 characters of the next field and an ending position that sort finds by skipping the first three fields and then the first five characters of the next field.
sort(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sort(1) ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES sort uses the following environment variable: TMPDIR contains the path name of the directory to be used for temporary files. FILES sort uses the following file: /tmp/stm∗ temporary files used for merging and –o option. You can specify a different directory for temporary files using the TMPDIR environment variable. For further information, see environ(3). DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion.
sort(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: sort(1) insufficient memory for mapping table There were not enough free system resources for sort to allocate to a character mapping table for use with a –d, –f, or –i option. Free up more resources. line too long -- truncated A record in your input file was longer than the maximum specified by the –z option (or the default of LINE_MAX) and was truncated to that length. This message does not stop execution.
sort(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sort(1) Message: Cause: Action: Only one "–option" option allowed You specified –option more than once on the command line. Specify –option only once. Message: Cause: Option "–option" unknown in field "field" You specified an option as part of the sort key definition field that is not a valid ordering option. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid sort ordering options.
sort(1) MPE/iX Shell PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability and Utilities sort(1) Guide 4.0. Available on all UNIX systems, with only UNIX System V.2 or later having the full functionality described here. The –M, –y, and –z options are extensions to the POSIX standard. The POSIX.2 standard regards the historical syntax for defining sorting keys as obsolete. Therefore, you should use only the –k option in the future. NOTES The sortgen AWK script is a useful way to handle complex sorting tasks.
split(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities split(1) NAME split — split a file into manageable pieces SYNOPSIS split [–a n] [–l n] [file [prefix]] split –b n[bkm] [–a n] [file [prefix]] split [–n] [–a n] file [prefix] DESCRIPTION split breaks a file up into a set of files. By default, split starts a new file every time it has copied 1000 lines. split names the files that it creates as a prefix followed by a suffix. x is the prefix unless you specify a different prefix on the command line.
split(1) MPE/iX Shell split(1) Message: Cause: Action: input file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Invalid byte count specification "-b n" You specified an argument with the –b option that was not a valid count specification (that is, a number optionally followed by one of b, k, or m, the unit size modifiers. Specify a valid count specification with the –b option.
split(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities split(1) Message: Cause: Action: read error on file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: too many names generated, use -a split generated more files than could be named with the suffix length specified. Use the –a option to specify a longer suffix, thus allowing more file names to be generated.
strings(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities strings(1) NAME strings — display printable strings in binary files SYNOPSIS strings [–aopx] [–n number] [–t format] file ... strings [–] [–opx] [–t format] [–number] file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. If the command line specifies a file name of –, strings reads the standard input.
strings(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities strings(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Insufficient memory: system error There were not enough free system resources for strings to allocate space for a single string of the length requested. Ask for shorter strings. Action: Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2.
strip(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities strip(1) NAME strip — remove debug information from executable files SYNOPSIS strip file ... DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. strip removes debug and other information not required for execution from an executable file with a view to conserving disk space for production (that is, already debugged) programs.
strip(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities strip(1) Action: cannot overwrite original file: filename strip writes to a temporary file first. If all goes well, it overwrites the existing program file. If it cannot purge and overwrite the existing file, there may be a permission problem. Check permission bits on original file. Message: Cause: Action: cannot read header for filename strip cannot read the som header for the specified filename Check the specified program file. It may be corrupt.
strip(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. and Utilities strip(1) Warning! Som should be the last item in the file Copying file end as is strip expected the som at the end of the file but found something else instead. strip will copy the end of file as is. Verify that the program file was compiled/linked on a PA-RISC system. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. MPE/iX NOTES On MPE/iX, this command is implemented as a script-driven front end.
stty(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities stty(1) NAME stty — set or display terminal options SYNOPSIS stty [–ag] [operand] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. stty sets or reports the terminal I/O characteristics for the standard input device. stty, entered without options or operands, reports only the terminal I/O characteristics that differ from the defaults.
stty(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities stty(1) cs6 Select character size CS6. cs7 Select character size CS7. cs8 Select character size CS8. number Set the input and output baud rates to number. A number of zero hangs up the modem line. ispeed number Set the input baud rate to number. A number of zero sets the input baud rate to the same value as the output baud rate. ospeed number Set the output baud rate to number. A number of zero hangs up the modem line.
stty(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities stty(1) –ignpar Do not ignore parity errors. parmrk Mark parity errors. –parmrk Do not mark parity errors. inpck Enable input parity checking. –inpck Disable input parity checking. istrip Strip input characters to seven bits. –istrip Do not strip input characters to seven bits. inlcr Map newline to carriage return on input. –inlcr Do not map newline to carriage return on input. igncr Ignore carriage return on input.
stty(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities –isig Disable character checking against the special control characters and SUSP. icanon Enable canonical input mode (ERASE and KILL processing). –icanon Disable canonical input mode (ERASE and KILL processing). iexten Enable any custom special control characters. –iexten Disable any custom special control characters. echo Echo every character typed. –echo Do not echo every character typed.
stty(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities kill char Set KILL character to char. quit char Set QUIT character to char. susp char Set SUSP character to char. start char Set START character to char. stop char Set STOP character to char. stty(1) Combination Mode Operands The valid operands for setting combination modes are: saved-settings Set the terminal I/O characteristics to the saved settings produced by the –g option. evenp Enable parenb and cs7; disable parodd.
stty(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: and Utilities stty(1) Action: badly formed operand character "char" You specified char as the argument to operand but char is not a valid control character. Specify a valid control character. Message: Cause: Action: error setting termios attributes: system error A call to tcsetattr() failed. See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: missing character after "operand" You did not specify a control character as the argument of operand.
stty(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities stty(1) systems currently behave as though these operands have not been set or have been set to the opposite settings. MPE/iX • The character on MPE/iX is always CTRL-Q and the STOP character is always The ability to change these characters with the start and stop operands is not currently implemented. START CTRL-S. • Only the baud rates of 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, and 19200 are currently implemented. These can be set with the number operand.
sum(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sum(1) NAME sum — compute checksum and block count for file SYNOPSIS sum [–ciprt] [file ...] DESCRIPTION The sum command calculates a checksum for each input file. It also displays the number of 512-byte blocks in each file. If you do not specify any files or you specify – as the file name, sum reads the standard input. The checksum is useful as a quick way to compare a file or files that have been moved from one system to another to ensure that no data have been lost.
sum(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities sum(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure due to any of the following: — inability to open input file — error reading the input file 2 Unknown command line option. Messages Message: Cause: Action: input file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for sum.
tabs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tabs(1) NAME tabs — set terminal tab stops SYNOPSIS tabs [+m[margin]] [–T term] [– number] tabs [+m[margin]] [–T term] –t tablist tabs [+m[margin]] [–T term] num1[,num2,...] tabs [+m[margin]] [–T term] tabspec DESCRIPTION tabs outputs a series of characters to the standard output, designed to clear the terminal hardware’s tab stops and then set new ones. The characters that tabs outputs depends on your type of terminal.
tabs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tabs(1) num1[,num2,...] sets tab stops to the given numbers. The numbers in the list should be positive decimal integers in strictly increasing order. Except for the first number, any number in the list may be preceded by a plus sign (+), in which case the number is considered to be an increment on the previous setting rather than a column position. For example, tabs 4,8,12 tabs 4,+4,+4 are equivalent.
tabs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tabs(1) TERMINFO contains the path name of the terminfo database. DIAGNOSTICS tabs may return the following status values: 0 Successful completion. 1 Missing definition in terminfo database. 2 Usage error. 3 Unknown terminal or can’t find terminfo database. 4 Illegal tabs. 5 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: "tablist" are not in ascending order. You specified a list of tab stops that was not in ascending order.
tabs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tabs(1) Message: Cause: Action: Missing tab list after -t. You specified the –t option but did not provide a tab list as its argument. Provide the missing tab list. Message: Cause: Action: No terminfo database. tabs was unable to find the terminfo database. Set the environment variable TERMINFO to point at a valid database of terminal information. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for tabs.
tail(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tail(1) NAME tail — display last lines of file SYNOPSIS tail [–f] [–bcklmn [±]number] [file] tail [–f] [±number[bcklmn]] [file] DESCRIPTION Calling tail without options displays the last 10 lines of file This is useful for seeing the most recent entries in log files and any file where new information is added on the end. Options tail accepts the following options: +number skips to line number, then displays the rest of the file.
tail(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tail(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: Badly formed line/character count "string" You specified a line/character count string that was not a valid integer. Make sure that the line/character count is a valid integer. Message: Cause: Action: filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Missing number after "option" option You specified option but did not provide the required numeric argument. Provide the missing number.
tar(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tar(1) NAME tar — USTAR-compatible tape archiver to copy and back up files SYNOPSIS tar –c[#sbfvwlzU] [–V volpat] [tapefile] [blocksize] file ... tar –r[#sbfvwlzU] [–V volpat] [tapefile] [blocksize] file ... tar –t[#sbfvzU] [–V volpat] [tapefile] [blocksize] [file ...] tar –u[#sbfvwlzU] [–V volpat] [tapefile] [blocksize] file ... tar –x[#sbfvwpmozU] [–V volpat] [tapefile] [blocksize] [file ...
tar(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tar(1) –u updates an archive. This works like the –r form of the command, except that tar adds files to the end of the tape archive only if they are not already there, or they have been modified since the copy already in the archive. This option is not currently implemented but will be included in a future release. –x extracts files from an archive. tar extracts each named file to a file of the same name.
tar(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tar(1) o when writing files to an archive, does not record owner and modes of directories in the archive. If this is specified when extracting from an existing tar archive, tar does not restore any owner and group information in the archive. The default is to record this information when creating a tar archive, and to restore it when extracting from the archive. p when extracting, restores the three high-order file attribute bits, exactly as in the archive.
tar(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tar(1) EXAMPLES The compression option provides a more efficient way of expressing: tar -cvf - directory | compress >archive as the one command line: tar -cvzf archive directory To identify all files that have been changed in the last week (7 days), and to archive them to a file on diskette, you might type: find directory -mtime -7 | tar -cvf a:archive DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred.
tar(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: tar(1) Missing file name after "f" You specified the f option but you did not specify the name of an archive file as its argument. Provide the missing file name. Message: Cause: Must specify one of ’c’, ’r’, ’t’, ’u’, or ’x’ tar requires that you specify one of the c, r, t, u, or x options as the first character of its option string. You failed to do this. Specify one of the required options at the beginning of the option string.
tar(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities tar(1) "z" (compress) option unavailable with "option" You cannot use the compression option (z) with the update (u) or replace (r) options. Do not use compression on archives that you plan on updating. tar may also produce several of the error messages listed on the pax(1) man page. See that man page for more details. PORTABILITY 4.2 BSD UNIX. The –U option is an extension to provide POSIX USTAR format compatibility.
tee(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tee(1) NAME tee — clone output stream SYNOPSIS tee [–ai] [file ...] DESCRIPTION The tee command clones an output stream. It copies the standard input to each output file as well as to the standard output. Options tee accepts the following options: –a appends to (rather than overwrites) each output file. –i ignores interrupt signals, making it suitable for use as a background process.
tee(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tee(1) Message: Cause: Action: I/O buffer allocation: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: opening file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: read error on file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for tee.
test(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities test(1) NAME test — test for condition SYNOPSIS test expression [ expression ] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. The test command checks for various properties of files, strings and integers.
test(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities test(1) –s file true if the size of the file is non-zero –t fd true if the numeric file descriptor fd is open and associated with a terminal –u file true if the setuid attribute of the file is on –w file true if the file is writable –x file true if the file is executable –z string true if the length of the string is zero string true if string is not a null string string1 = string2 true if string1 and string2 are identical string1 != string2 true if string
test(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities expr1 –a expr2 logical AND; true if both expr1 and expr2 are true expr1 –o expr2 logical OR; true if either expr1 or expr2 is true ! expr ( expr ) logical negation; true if expr is false binding; true if expr is true The precedence of the operators, in descending order, is: • • • • unary operators comparison operators logical AND logical OR The second form of the test command [ expression ] is synonymous with the first.
test(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities test(1) Message Message: Cause: Action: bad number "string" Invalid string given where a number was expected. (MAILCHECK, TMOUT, OPTIND, HISTSIZE, and COLUMNS (DOS only) environment variables, or array subscript.) Specify a decimal number (containing only the digits ’0’ through ’9’) to the appropriate environment variables or subscripts. Message: Cause: Action: expression syntax error You specified an expression that did not have a valid syntax.
test(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities test(1) MPE/iX NOTES This release of MPE/iX does not provide the lstat() API. As a result, this command cannot return information on the link itself. It attempts to determine when a symbolic link has been referenced, but can only return the information on the target of the link, rather than the link itself. For more information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
tobyte(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tobyte(1) NAME tobyte — convert MPE record files to byte stream files SYNOPSIS tobyte –at mpe_file [hfs_filename] DESCRIPTION The tobyte utility reads the file specified as mpe_file and writes it to the file specified as hfs_filename in byte stream form. mpe_file must be either an MPE file.group.acct style name or an HFS (Hierarchical File System) name with a leading slash (that is, /name) or dot-slash (that is ./name) hfs_filename must be an HFS name.
tobyte(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tobyte(1) Message: Cause: Action: output file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: read error on input file "filename" tobyte failed in attempt to read the next record from the input file. Make sure that you still have access to the file. Message: Cause: Action: unable to open input file "filename" The utility was unable to open the file.
touch(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities touch(1) NAME touch — change file modification date SYNOPSIS touch [–acm] [–f agefile] [–r agefile] [–t time] file ... touch [–acm] time file ... DESCRIPTION The touch command changes certain dates for each file argument. By default, touch sets both the date of last file modification and the date of last file access to the current time.
touch(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities touch(1) touch -r oldfile newfile sets the modification time of newfile to that of oldfile. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES TZ contains the time zone that touch is to use when interpreting times. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages 1-606 Message: Cause: Action: Bad date conversion You specified an invalid date string on the command line. Specify a valid date string.
touch(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. and Utilities touch(1) stat: age file "filename" inaccessible You specified a filename that either does not exist, or one for which you do not have appropriate permissions. Check that filename exists, was named properly, and that you have appropriate permissions. Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for touch. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid touch options.
tput(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tput(1) NAME tput — change terminal characteristics SYNOPSIS tput [–T type] action ... tput [–T type] –S action ... DESCRIPTION tput lets you change your terminal’s characteristics. The action arguments indicate how you want to change the characteristics. Possible actions are: clear clears the screen. init initializes your terminal. reset resets your terminal. An additional action is supported for System V: longname returns the long descriptive name of the terminal.
tput(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tput(1) ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES tput uses the following environment variables: TERM contains the current terminal type. TERMINFO can be used to override the default database. DIAGNOSTICS tput may return the following status values: 0 tput successfully wrote an appropriate character sequence to change the terminal’s characteristics or a boolean terminfo variable is TRUE. 1 A boolean terminfo variable is FALSE.
tput(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities tput(1) Unknown terminfo capability "action". You specified a value for action that tput did not recognize as valid terminfo capability. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid terminfo capabilities. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. All UNIX systems. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
tr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tr(1) NAME tr — translation filter SYNOPSIS tr [–cs] string1 string2 tr –s [–c] string1 tr –d [–c] string1 tr –ds [–c] string1 string2 DESCRIPTION tr copies data read from the standard input to the standard output, substituting or deleting characters as specified by the options and string1 and string2. string1 and string2 are considered to be sets of characters.
tr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tr(1) String Elements You can use the following conventions to represent elements of string1 and string2. character Any character not described by the conventions that follow represents itself. An octal representation of a character with a specific coded value. It can consist of one, two, or three octal digits. \ooo \character The \ (backslash) character is used as an escape to remove the special meaning of characters.
tr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tr(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure because of unknown command line option, or too few arguments. Messages Message: Cause: Action: [x*0] construct may only occur once You attempted to fill the string using the [x*0] construct more than once. Remove the second fill request. Message: Cause: Collation string is not supported in [=equiv=].
tr(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tr(1) PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. Backward compatible with both the UNIX Version 7 and System V variants of this command, but with extensions (C escapes, handles ASCII NUL, internationalization). MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
trap(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities trap(1) NAME trap — intercept abnormal conditions and interrupts SYNOPSIS trap [’handler’] [event ...] DESCRIPTION trap intercepts certain kinds of exception conditions. Any signal may be intercepted by specifying an event corresponding to the signal number. With an event of ERR, trap invokes the handler upon any command having a non-zero exit status. The exception to this is conditions in if, while, and until statements. This trap is not inherited within a function.
trap(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities trap(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure due to any of the following: — invalid signal name — invalid signal number 2 Failure due to an invalid command line argument. Messages Because this utility is built into the MPE/iX Shell, see the sh(1) man page for a complete list of error messages that you may receive when using it. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.
true(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities true(1) NAME true — do nothing, successfully SYNOPSIS true [argument ...] DESCRIPTION The true command simply yields an exit status of zero (success). It ignores any arguments given on the command line. This can be surprisingly useful, for example, when you are evaluating shell expressions for their side effects. DIAGNOSTICS Since this command always succeeds, the only possible exit status is: 0 Successful completion. PORTABILITY POSIX.2.
tty(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tty(1) NAME tty — display terminal name SYNOPSIS tty [–s] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. tty displays the file name of the terminal device associated with the standard input.
tty(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tty(1) MPE/iX NOTES The current MPE/iX implementation of tty uses the CI variable HPLDEVNO to get the LDEV number of your terminal (for example, ldev20). For more information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
type(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities type(1) NAME type — tell how shell interprets name SYNOPSIS type name ... DESCRIPTION type identifies the nature of one or more names. Names can be shell reserved words, aliases, shell functions, built-in commands, or executable files. For executable files, the path name of the file is given. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 2 Failure due to an invalid command line argument.
typeset(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities typeset(1) NAME typeset — assign attributes and values to variables SYNOPSIS typeset ±f[tux] name name ... typeset [±lprtuxH] [±iLRZ[number]] [variable[=value] ...] DESCRIPTION Invoking typeset with no options displays a list of all variables, and their attributes. This list is sorted by variable name and includes quoting so that it can be re-input to the shell with the built-in command eval.
typeset(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities typeset(1) converts lowercase characters to uppercase in any value assigned to a variable. If the –l option is currently turned on, this option turns it off. –u When used with –f, –u indicates that the functions named in the command line are not yet defined. The attributes specified by the typeset command are applied to the functions once they are defined. sets each variable for automatic export. See export(1).
typeset(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities typeset(1) NOTE This is a special built-in command of the shell. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
umask(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities umask(1) NAME umask — get or set the file mode creation mask SYNOPSIS umask [–S] [mode] DESCRIPTION umask sets the file mode creation mask of the invoking process to the given mode. You can specify the mode in any of the formats recognized by chmod; see chmod(1) for more information. The file mode creation mask (often called the umask) determines the default permissions for any file created by the process.
umask(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities umask(1) SEE ALSO chmod(1) Commands and Utilities 1-625
unalias(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities unalias(1) NAME unalias — remove alias definitions SYNOPSIS unalias name... unalias –a DESCRIPTION unalias removes each alias name from the current shell execution environment. Options unalias accepts the following option: removes all aliases in the current shell execution environment. –a DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. >0 A name was not an alias or an error occurred.
uname(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uname(1) NAME uname — display system name information SYNOPSIS uname [–amnrsv] DESCRIPTION The uname command lets shell scripts and other programs determine configuration information about the machine upon which the shell is running. Options uname accepts the following options: –a displays all fields (equivalent to –mnrsv). –m displays the CPU or machine type. –n displays the node name of this particular machine.
uname(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uname(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: uname: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for uname. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid uname options. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. UNIX System V.
uncompress(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uncompress(1) NAME uncompress — Undo Lempel-Ziv compression of a file SYNOPSIS uncompress [–cDfVv] [file] DESCRIPTION uncompress uncompresses data written by the Lempel-Ziv compression program compress(1). Data is read from file or the standard input. On UNIX systems, uncompress looks for file with a .Z extension to uncompress. It places the uncompressed output in a file with the same name but without the .Z extension.
uncompress(1) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: 1-630 MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uncompress(1) compressed with num1 bits, can only handle num2 bits You specified a file to be uncompressed that was compressed with num1 bits, but this version of uncompress handles a maximum of num2 bit compression. Request a copy of the file compressed using num2 bit compression.
uncompress(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uncompress(1) Message: Cause: Action: output file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: reading file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: stderr: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: unknown error An unknown decompression error occurred. Contact your system manager.
unexpand(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities unexpand(1) NAME unexpand — compress spaces into tabs SYNOPSIS unexpand [–a] [–t tablist] [file ...] DESCRIPTION unexpand replaces spaces with tabs in the data from each file argument. If you do not specify any files, unexpand reads the standard input. The result is sent to standard output. Backspace characters are preserved. By default, unexpand compresses only leading spaces into tabs; tab stops are set every eight positions.
unexpand(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. and Utilities unexpand(1) Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for unexpand. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid unexpand options. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. 4.2 BSD UNIX. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
uniq(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uniq(1) NAME uniq — display unique lines of sorted file SYNOPSIS uniq [–c–d–u] [–f number1] [–s number2] [input_file [output_file]] uniq [–cdu] [–number] [+number] [input_file [output_file]] DESCRIPTION uniq manipulates lines which occur more than once in a file. The file must be sorted, since uniq only compares adjacent lines. When you invoke this command with no options, it writes only one copy of each line in input_file to output_file.
uniq(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uniq(1) uniq -f 2 -s 1 compares lines starting with the 2nd character of the 3rd field. uniq -d outputs one instance of each repeated line in the input (and omits all unique lines). DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: characters skip not a number in "string" You specified an argument to the + option or the –s option that was not a valid number.
uniq(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. and Utilities uniq(1) Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for uniq. Check the DESCRIPTION section for a list of valid uniq options. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
unpack(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities unpack(1) NAME unpack — decode Huffman packed files SYNOPSIS unpack file ... DESCRIPTION unpack uncompresses argument files compressed by pack(1) using a Huffman minimal redundancy code. By default, unpack looks for file with a .z extension to decompress. It places the decompressed output in a file with the same name, but without the .z extension. The times of last access and last modification are also preserved. Packed files can be identified by file(1).
unpack(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities unpack(1) Message: Cause: Action: rename filename1 to filename2: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: setting time on file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: tempfile error on "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: tempfile error An error occurred while writing the unpacked file.
unset(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities unset(1) NAME unset — remove shell variable or function SYNOPSIS unset name... unset –fv name... DESCRIPTION Calling unset with no options removes the value and attributes of each variable name. unset cannot remove names which have been set read-only. Options unset accepts the following options: –f removes the value and attributes of each function name. –v is equivalent to calling unset with no options.
unset(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities unset(1) MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
uudecode(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uudecode(1) NAME uudecode — decode transmitted binary file SYNOPSIS uudecode [file] DESCRIPTION uudecode decodes data that was encoded by uuencode(1). If a file is specified on the command line, uudecode decodes that file; if no file is specified on the command line, input is read from the standard input. Output is written to the file name that was specified when the file was encoded; see uuencode(1) for more details.
uudecode(1) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities uudecode(1) line line_num: Line too short (n1 bytes, expecting n2) The length of a line did not match the length indicated by the first character in the line; perhaps the input file was corrupted. Check that the input is valid uuencoded data. Action: line line_num: Bad length The length of a line did not match the length indicated by the first character in the line; perhaps the input file was corrupted.
uudecode(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. and Utilities uudecode(1) Warning: no such user as "username" You specified a file name that used tilde () expansion, but there no user with the given username exists on the local system. Specify the file name without using tilde expansion, or specify a username that does exist. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. Generally found on most UNIX systems.
uuencode(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uuencode(1) NAME uuencode — encode a file for safe transmission SYNOPSIS uuencode [file] remote DESCRIPTION When files are transmitted over a network or over phone lines, non-printable characters (for example, control characters) may be interpreted as commands, telling the network to do something. In general, therefore, it is not safe to transmit a file if it contains non-printable characters.
uuencode(1) PORTABILITY POSIX.2. MPE/iX Shell x/OPEN Portability and Utilities uuencode(1) Guide 4.0. Generally found on most UNIX systems. MPE/iX NOTES For information on how the current MPE/iX implementation may affect the operation of this utility, see Appendix A, MPE/iX Implementation Considerations.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) NAME vi — display-oriented interactive text editor SYNOPSIS vi [–eRrsvx] [–c command] [–t tag] [–w size] [file ...] vi [–eRrsvx] [+command] [–t tag] [–w size] [file ...] CONVENTIONS Throughout this document the following symbols are used: CTRL-L CTRL followed by a single letter indicates the control character transmitted by holding down the CTRL key and the letter key at the same time. BACKSPACE This indicates the real backspace key.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) Vi and Ex work on text files. If a file contains the NUL character (value 0 or \0); it is turned into the value 0x7F. The newline character is interpreted as a line delimiter. Each line is limited to a maximum length of {LINE MAX}-1 bytes, including the newline. If any lines exceed that length, they are truncated at that length. If the last line in the file does not end in a newline, a newline is added.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) Current Position Pointer The current position pointer indicates a position in the text that is currently being edited (or has just been edited). In Ex mode, the current position pointer is just the line number of the line being edited. In Vi mode, the pointer gives this line number plus the position of the cursor within the line. The line indicated by the current position pointer is always on the screen.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) Vi scrolling and movement commands may be preceded by a decimal integer which serves as a count, as in: [count] command count means different things with different commands. If you type count, it is not displayed anywhere on the screen. Scrolling CTRL-B scrolls text back a page, less two lines. The cursor is placed on the bottom line of the screen. count specifies a number of pages to scroll. The default value for count is 1.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) If type is a minus sign (–), the current line is placed at the bottom of the window. If n is given, the current position pointer is first set to that absolute line number; then the screen is positioned according to type. If you omit n, it defaults to the current line. If you omit m, it defaults to window (see Set Option Variables).
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) – moves the cursor to the first non-space character on the previous line. Scroll the screen up one line if needed. | moves the cursor to the column number specified as count. This is a screen column number, not a line offset. If count is greater than the length of the current line, vi moves the cursor to the last character on the line. If the column indicated is spanned by a tab, vi moves the cursor to the first character after the tab.
vi(1) 1-652 MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) e moves the cursor forward to the end of the current word. If the cursor is already at the end of a word, vi moves it to the last character of the next word. Fc searches backward in the line for the single character c and positions the cursor on top of it. When count is given, the editor searches back for the countth such character. fc searches forward in the line for the single character c and positions the cursor on top of it.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) [[ moves back to the beginning of a section. A section begins on lines starting with a formfeed (CTRL-L); starting with an open brace {; a text formatter macro in the sections variable; or begin or end of file. ]] moves to the beginning of the next section. See [[ for the definition of a section. % finds the balancing character to that under the cursor. The character should be one of [{(< or ]})>. ; repeats the previous F, f, T, or t command.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) Objects that are deleted or otherwise manipulated have their original values placed in a buffer, an area of computer memory that can hold text. There are several ways this can be done: (a) You can use a named buffer. Buffers are named with single lowercase letters.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) d deletes the object. y yanks the object to the appropriate buffer; the original object is not changed. This may be used to duplicate or copy objects. < shifts the object left by the value of the variable shiftwidth. This operator always works on a line basis. This command replaces existing blanks and tabs at the beginning of the line with the minimum number of tabs and spaces required to create the new indent amount. count shifts count lines.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) Inserting Text vi supports the following commands for inserting text: A enters insert mode at end of line. This is equivalent to the $a command. a enters insert mode after the current cursor position. I enters insert mode before first non-blank character on line. This is equivalent to the ˆi command. i enters insert mode before the current cursor position. O opens up a new line before the current line and enters insert mode on it.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) p is similar to P except that text is pasted after the cursor instead of before it. Q switches to Ex mode. You leave Vi mode and the Ex prompt is shown on the bottom line of the screen. U undoes all changes to current line. As soon as you move off a line or invoke an Ex command on the line, the original contents of the line are forgotten and U is not successful. u undoes last change.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) CTRL-R redraws the screen, removing any deleted lines flagged with the @ convention. CTRL-Z stops the editor and returns you to system level. You can return to the editor with the fg command; however, when you resume a Vi session in this way, all of the session’s buffers are empty. The jobs command lists all the stopped vi jobs. The amount of available memory limits the number of Vi sessions that may be stopped at one time; see fg(1), jobs(1).
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) CTRL-W deletes the word preceding the cursor and blanks. Even though the characters are not removed from the screen, they are no longer in your file. CTRL-@ when this is the first character typed after entering insert mode, the previously typed insert mode contents are repeated; after this, you exit insert mode. Only up to the first 256 characters from the previous insertion are inserted. @ deletes inserted line.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) address An address refers to a line in the text being edited. An address may be an expression involving the following forms: . The value of the current line indicator. n A line number indicating an absolute line in the file; the first line has absolute line number 1. $ The last line in the file. +[n] n lines forward in the file. If you omit n, it defaults to 1. –[n] n lines backward in the file. If you omit n, it defaults to 1. ´x The value of the mark x.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell flags and Utilities vi(1) indicate actions to be taken after the command is run. It may consist of leading plus (+) and minus (–) signs to adjust the value of the current line indicator; followed by p, l, or # to display, list or number a line. Thus .+5 delete 6 ++# deletes starting five lines down from the current line; six lines are deleted; the current line indicator is set to the following line, then incremented by two; and that line is displayed with its line number.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) [string] matches any of the characters in the class of characters defined by string. For example, [aeiouy] matches any of the vowels. You can put a range of characters in a class by specifying the first and last characters of the range, with a hyphen (-) between them. For example, in ASCII [A–Za–z] matches any upper or lowercase letter. If the first character of a class is the caret (ˆ), the class matches any character not specified inside the square brackets.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) Ex Commands These commands can be entered as shown in Ex mode. In Vi mode, they must be preceded by the colon (:) character. ab[breviate] [lhs rhs] indicates the string lhs is to be interpreted as an abbreviation for rhs. If you enter lhs surrounded by white space in Vi INSERT mode, it is automatically changed into rhs. If you do not specify any arguments for the ab command, it displays the abbreviations that are already defined. [.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) [.,.] d[elete] [buffer ] [count ] [flags] deletes the specified line range. After deleting the line range, the current line indicator points to the line after the deleted range. A buffer may be specified as a letter a–z; if so, deleted lines are saved in the buffer with that name. If an uppercase letter is specified for buffer, the lines are appended to the buffer of the corresponding lowercase name.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) ed in the command list, and the trailing period (.) may be omitted at the end of the list. For example, g/rhino/a\ hippo appends the single line hippo to each line containing rhino. The total length of a global command list is limited (see LIMITS). You can use any non-alphabetic character to delimit pat instead of the slash (/). [.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) n[ext][!] [+command] [file ...] begins editing the next file in the file list (where the file list was either specified on the command line or in a previous next command). If the current file has been modified since the last write, Ex normally prevents you from leaving the current file; you can get around this by specifying an exclamation mark (!). If autowrite is set, the current file is written automatically and you go to the next file.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) [.] r[ead][!] [file] reads the contents of file and inserts them into the current file after the given line number. If the line number is 0, the contents of the given file are inserted at the beginning of the file being edited. If the current file name is not set, a file must be given, and it becomes the current file name; otherwise, if a file is given, it becomes the alternate file name.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) sh[ell] invokes a subshell. The environment variable SHELL is used to find the name of the shell to run. so[urce] file runs editor commands from file. A file being run with source may contain source commands of its own. st[op] suspends the editor session and returns to system level. For further information, see the description of the Vi command CTRL-Z. [.,.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) All characters in tag names are significant unless the variable taglength is nonzero; in this case, only the given number of characters are used in the comparison. una[bbreviate] lhs The abbreviation lhs previously created by abbreviate is deleted. u[ndo] undoes the last change or set of changes which modified the buffer. Global changes and Vi macros are considered single changes that can be undone. A second undo undoes the undo restoring the previous state.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) [1,$] wq[!] [>>] [file] is similar to write, except that it exits the editor immediately afterwards (if the write is successful). [1,$] x[it][!] [file] if you have modified the current file since the last write, performs a write command using the specified range and file name and terminates. [.,.] y[ank] [buffer ] [count ] copies the given line range to the specified buffer (a letter from a through z). If a buffer is not specified, the unnamed buffer is used.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) Substitutions are made in command before it is run. Any occurrences of an exclamation mark (!) are replaced by the previous command line, while occurrences of percentage (%) and hash mark (#) characters are replaced with the path names of the current and alternate files, respectively. If any such substitutions actually take place, the new command line is displayed before it is run.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) When an Ex command contains the hash mark (#), the character is replaced by the name of the alternate file. The name of the alternate file may be set with the read command as described previously. Thus a command like e # tells Ex to edit the alternate file. Using an alternate file can be particularly convenient when you have two files that you want to edit simultaneously. The command just given lets you flip back and forth between the two files.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) autowrite, aw When this option is on, the current file is automatically written out if it has been changed since it was last written and you have run any of the following commands: next, rewind, tag, CTRL-ˆ (Vi), and CTRL-] (Vi). Using an exclamation mark (!) with any of these commands stops the automatic write. The default is noautowrite. beautify, bf When this option is on, the editor discards all non-printing characters from text read in from files.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) When this option is on, tabs are displayed as a control-I (ˆI) rather than being expanded with blanks, and the ends of lines are indicated with a dollar sign ($). list The default is nolist. magic When this option is off (nomagic), regular expression characters ˆ \ and $ become the only ones with special meanings. All other regular expression metacharacters must be preceded by a backslash (\) to have their special meaning. The default is magic.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) quiet When this option is on, vi does not display file information messages. The default is set by the –s option. readonly When this option is on, vi does not let you write to the current file. The default is based on the permissions of the current file. If you do not have write permission on this file, the default is readonly; otherwise the default is set by the –R option.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) shiftwidth, sw This sets the width of indent used by shift commands and autoindent. The default is shiftwidth=8. showmatch, sm If this option is on and you type a closing parenthesis ()) or closing brace (}) in input mode, the cursor moves to the matching open parenthesis or brace. It stays there for about one second and then moves back to where you were. This lets you note the relationship between opening and closing parentheses/braces. The default is noshowmatch.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell warn and Utilities vi(1) When this option is on, commands with an exclamation mark (!) display a warning message if the current file has been modified. When off, no message is displayed. The default is warn. window This variable gives the number of text lines available in Vi mode or the default number of lines to display for the z command. The default is given by the –w option.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) (c) If the EXINIT variable or the $HOME/.exrc file sets the option variable exrc and there is a file named .exrc under the current directory, it is assumed to hold initialization code. vi runs this code using an Ex source command. (d) vi executes any commands given by the –c or + options. vi reads the .exrc file as if it were a sequence of keystrokes typed at the beginning of an Vi session. As a result, the contents of .
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) TERM contains the name of the terminal type. TERMINFO contains the path name of the terminfo database. TMP contains the path name that MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uses as the directory for temporary files, if TMPDIR is not defined. TMPDIR takes precedence over TMP. TMPDIR contains the path name that MPE/iX Shell and Utilities uses as the directory for temporary files. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: vi(1) Action: Argument list too long You specified an argument list that, after file name generation, exceeded the editor’s limit. Specify an argument list that expands to fewer arguments. Message: Cause: Action: Bad tag You attempted to reference more than one tag with a command. Specify only one tag name for a command.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities vi(1) command where? You attempted to use command to move or copy a range of lines without specifying a target address. Provide the missing target address. Message: Cause: Action: Command too long You entered a command line that exceeded the input buffer size. Break the command line in smaller workable components. Create macros or source scripts if the task is going to be performed many times.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) :set noreadonly or you can use the w! command to force the write. Message: Cause: Action: "filename": File not found You specified the name of a file that does not exist. Ensure that you spelled the file name correctly, and that you have appropriate permissions to access the file. Message: Cause: Action: Filename too long You specified a file name that exceeded the maximum length allowed. Use a shorter name.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities vi(1) Insufficient memory for GLOB argument table. There were not enough system resources to remember the argument list, during file name generation. Specify an argument list that expands to fewer arguments. Insufficient memory for mapping. There was not enough dynamic storage space to record the mapping, macro, or abbreviation.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities vi(1) missing lhs You attempted to unmap or unabbreviate a mapping without providing the necessary left-hand-side. Check the Ex Commands subsection of this man page for a description of the unmap and unabbreviate commands and their syntax. Missing filename You specified a command that required a file name as an argument without providing the file name. Provide the missing file name.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities vi(1) No more space for mapping. vi reached its limit on the number of mappings, macros, and abbreviations allowed. Use the map and abbreviate commands to view the current list of mappings and abbreviations, the use the unmap and unabbreviate commands to remove those that are not currently required.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell vi(1) Message: Cause: Action: No tags file You specified a tags file with the tags variable that vi was unable to find. Check the Ex Commands subsection for information on using the set command to set the tags variable, or the man page for ctags(1) for information on generating a tags file. Message: Cause: Action: No write since last change (command! overrides) You attempted to run a command before you saved any changes to a file.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) Message: Cause: Action: Restricted environment You tried to use an operation that is not permitted in a restricted environment. Use an unrestricted version of the editor. Contact your system manager if you do not have access to an unrestricted editor. Also, once the set variable restrict is enabled, it cannot be disabled during the editor session.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: vi(1) Temporary file i/o error--DANGER--write file somewhere else and exit ASAP! A serious error occurred while performing I/O on the temporary files. Save the work space to a different work file name, exit the editor and re-enter using the recently saved work file. If the error persists, contact your system manager.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities vi(1) What? In Vi mode, you attempted to use one of the Ex commands that are not permitted in this mode. Do not use this command in Vi mode. Message: Cause: Action: Write error (out of space?) A write error occurred. It is possible that there was no disk space left. Make room on the current disk, or save to another disk that you know has space available.
vi(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities vi(1) • The cursor keys do not work. • Although the current MPE/iX implementation of the vi command can read non-byte stream files, it can only write byte stream files. As a result, if you edit a non-byte stream file with vi and save it, that file is now a byte stream file. File characteristics like file code, record size, and so forth are not preserved by this conversion.
wait(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities wait(1) NAME wait — wait for process to complete SYNOPSIS wait [pidjob-id...] DESCRIPTION wait waits for the termination of one or more jobs or child processes in the background. If you specify job-ids, wait waits for all processes in each job to terminate. If you specify a pid, wait waits for the child process with that process ID to terminate. If no child process has that process ID, wait returns immediately.
wall(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities wall(1) NAME wall — write to all logged in users SYNOPSIS wall DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. The wall utility reads a message from the standard input until an end-of-file is reached. This message is then prefixed with Broacast Message ...’ and sent to all users that are currently logged in.
wall(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities PORTABILITY x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. UNIX System V. wall(1) MPE/iX NOTES The wall command is currently implemented as a call to the MPE/iX CI command TELL to send messages to all users. As a result, users receive each line of the message prefixed with the session number and the name of the user who sent the message. If an error occurs while using TELL to contact a user, the message is displayed on $STDLIST.
wc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities wc(1) NAME wc — count of newlines, words, bytes, and characters SYNOPSIS wc [–c–m] [–lw] [file ...] DESCRIPTION wc counts the number of newlines, words, characters and bytes in text files. If you specify multiple files, wc produces counts for each file, plus totals for all files.
wc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities wc(1) Messages Message: Cause: Action: file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: insufficient memory There were not enough free system resources to perform the specified operation. Free up more resources. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option that is not valid for wc. Check the DESCRIPTION section of this man page for a list of valid wc options. PORTABILITY POSIX.2.
whence(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities whence(1) NAME whence — tell how shell interprets command name SYNOPSIS whence [–v] name ... DESCRIPTION whence tells how the shell would interpret each name if used as a command name. Shell keywords, aliases, functions, built-in commands, and executable files are distinguished. For executable files, the full path name is given unless the file is in the current directory, in which case, a relative path name is given.
whence(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities whence(1) SEE ALSO command(1), sh(1), which(1) Commands and Utilities 1-697
which(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities which(1) NAME which — display path name for executable command SYNOPSIS which [–a] command ... DESCRIPTION The MPE/iX Shell sh(1) uses the PATH environment variable to determine which directories are searched to find programs. For each command, which looks through the directories in the PATH variable, and displays the path name of the first executable file that matches command.
which(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities which(1) SEE ALSO command(1), sh(1), whence(1) Commands and Utilities 1-699
who(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities who(1) NAME who — display information about current users SYNOPSIS who [–AabdilmprsTtuw] file who am i DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. The who command displays information about users that are currently logged into the system.
who(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities who(1) –t displays all time change entries (both old and new time). –u displays only entries associated with logged-in users. who enables this option when you do not provide any options on the command line. –w displays the terminal state; this indicates whether or not the terminal is writable. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 Failure because of an invalid command line option, or because of too many command line arguments.
write(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities write(1) NAME write — write to another user SYNOPSIS write user_name [terminal] DESCRIPTION Note: The MPE/iX implementation of this utility does not function exactly as this man page describes. For details, see the MPE/iX NOTES section at the end of this man page. write sends a message directly to the terminal of another user logged in to the system. The user_name argument indicates the user to whom you want to send your message.
write(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities write(1) The mesg command lets you refuse write messages. With mesg n you can tell the system that you don’t want to be interrupted by write messages. If people try to write to you, they are denied immediately; the system does not inform you about such attempts. For further details, see mesg(1).
write(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities write(1) Message: Cause: Action: user not logged in You tried to write to user’s terminal but user was not logged in. Send e-mail to user. Message: Cause: user not logged in on that tty You tried to write to user at a specific terminal but user was not logged in on that terminal. Retry your write command without specifying terminal. Action: PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0. All UNIX systems.
xargs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities xargs(1) NAME xargs — construct and execute command lines SYNOPSIS xargs [–iplaceholder] [–lnumber] [–n number] [–ptx] [–eeofstr] [–s size] [command [argument ...] ] DESCRIPTION The xargs command line typically contains the skeleton or template of another command. This template looks like a normal command, except that it is lacking some arguments. xargs adds arguments from the standard input to complete the command, then executes the resulting command.
xargs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities xargs(1) With this option, a line must contain at least one non-blank character; blank lines are skipped and do not count towards the number of lines being added to the template. xargs considers a line to end at the first newline character, unless the last character of the line is a blank or a tab, in which case, the current line is considered to extend to the end of the next non-empty line.
xargs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities xargs(1) If no command template appears on the command line, xargs uses echo by default. When xargs executes a command, it uses your search rules to find the command; this means that you can run shell scripts as well as normal programs. Note that the command you want to execute should be in your search PATH. xargs terminates prematurely if it cannot execute a constructed command or if an executed command returns a non-zero status value.
xargs(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities xargs(1) EXAMPLES The following displays file names in three columns: ls | xargs -n 3 echo ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES xargs uses the following environment variable: PATH contains a list of directories that constitute your search path. DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion of all commands. 1-125 An error occurred. 126 xargs found command but could not invoke it. 127 xargs could not find command.
xargs(1) MPE/iX Shell Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities xargs(1) more than num bytes of arguments The resulting command line that was constructed was larger than the maximum allowed. Specify arguments and options that produce a shorter command line. Action: size for –option must be
yacc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities yacc(1) NAME yacc — parser generator language SYNOPSIS yacc [–dhlmqstv] [–b file.prefix] [–D file.h] [–o file.c] [–p prefix] [–P yyparse.c] [–S statesfile] [–V stats] gram.y DESCRIPTION yacc converts a context-free LALR(1) grammar found in the input file gram.y into a set of tables that together with additional C code constitute a parser to recognize that grammar. If you specify an input file named -, yacc reads the grammar from the standard input.
yacc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities yacc(1) –p prefix prefixes all variables and defined parameters in the generated parser code with the string prefix in place of the default yy (or YY). This allows you to have more than one yacc-generated parser in a single program with each parser having unique variable names. prefix should be entirely in lowercase because yacc uses an uppercase version of the string to replace all YY variables.
yacc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities yacc(1) DIAGNOSTICS Possible exit status values are: 0 Successful completion. 1 An error occurred. Messages Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: %union declaration started at line num never ends Your grammar contained a %union { declaration that lacked an ending }. Provide the missing }. Message: Cause: Action: cannot create temporary file: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
yacc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities yacc(1) Message: Cause: Action: file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: file I/O error: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: grammar file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: header file "filename": system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: listing file "filename": system error See syserror(3).
yacc(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities yacc(1) Message: Cause: Action: Undefined nonterminal ’name’. No parser produced Your grammar attempted to use a variable (nonterminal) that was not defined. Check the spelling of the variable name. All variables must be properly defined. Message: Cause: Action: Unknown reserved word: %word Your grammar contained a % keyword that YACC did not recognize, most likely due to a misspelling in word. Correct the spelling of word.
zcat(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities zcat(1) NAME zcat — uncompress and display data SYNOPSIS zcat –DVv [file ...] DESCRIPTION zcat takes one or more compressed data files as input. The data files should be compressed with the compress command. If no data files are specified on the command line, zcat reads the standard input. You can also pass the standard input to zcat by specifying – as one of the files on the command line.
zcat(1) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities zcat(1) MPE/iX NOTES The current MPE/iX implementation of compress converts non-byte stream files to byte steam files before compressing them. File characteristics like file code, record size, and so forth are not preserved by this conversion. When zcat decompress the compressed file, it is written as a byte stream file.
2 File Formats This chapter gives more detailed information on the formats of files used by the various commands and utilities described in Chapter 1.
cpio(2) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cpio(2) NAME cpio — format of cpio archives DESCRIPTION This document describes the format of archives read and written by the cpio utility. A cpio archive consists of the concatenation of one or more member files. Each member file contains a header (as described later in this man page) optionally followed by file contents as indicated in the header. The end of the archive is indicated by another header describing an (empty) file named TRAILER!!.
cpio(2) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities cpio(2) Binary headers contain the same information in 2 byte (short) and 4 byte (long) integers as shown in Table 2-2. Bytes 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 Field Name magic dev ino mode uid gid nlink rdev mtime namesize filesize Table 2-2: Binary Header Format for cpio File After this information comes the file name (with namesize rounded up to the nearest 2 byte boundary). Then the file contents appear as in the ASCII archive.
magic(2) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities magic(2) NAME magic — format of the /etc/magic file DESCRIPTION The file command uses /etc/magic in its attempt to identify the type of a binary file. Essentially, /etc/magic contains templates showing what different types of files look like. The magic file contains lines describing magic numbers which identify particular types of files. Lines beginning with a > character represent continuation lines to the main entry.
magic(2) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities magic(2) EXAMPLES Here are some sample entries: 0 0 0 0 >14 0 0 >2 short short string short long string string byte&0x1F 0x5AD4 0xFDF0 AH 0x601A >0 \037\036 \037\235 ? DOS executable DOS library Halo bitmapped font file Atari ST contiguous executable - not stripped packed file compressed file - with %d bits SEE ALSO file(1), environ(3) File Formats 2-5
pax(2) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities NAME pax — format of pax archives DESCRIPTION pax uses the USTAR archive format described in the tar(2) man page. PORTABILITY POSIX.2. x/OPEN Portability Guide 4.0.
tags(2) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tags(2) NAME tags — format of tags file DESCRIPTION When you use the vi or ex :tag command, the more :t command, or the ex, more, or vi –t option, that utility looks for a file called tags in the current directory. This lets you quickly locate various points of interest in a C program which may span more than one source file. These points of interest are tags. Typically, you use the ctags command to construct a tags file.
tar(2) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tar(2) NAME tar — format of tar archives DESCRIPTION This document describes the format of archives read and written by the tar(1) utility. The tar utility of MPE/iX Shell and Utilities actually supports both the older UNIX-compatible TAR formats, and the new USTAR format defined by the POSIX (IEEE P1003.1) standards group. The new USTAR format allows more information to be stored, and supports longer file path names.
tar(2) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tar(2) For the new USTAR format, headers take on the format shown in Table 2-4. Note that tar can determine that the USTAR format is being used by the presence of the null-terminated string "ustar" in the magic field. All fields before the magic field correspond to those of the older format described earlier, except that the typeflag replaces the link field.
tar(2) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities Type Flag File Type 0 or null 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A-Z Regular file Link to another file already archived Symbolic link Character special device Block special device Directory FIFO special file Reserved Available for custom usage tar(2) Table 2-5: Type Flag Values for USTAR Format Files In USTAR format, the uname and gname fields contain the name of the owner and group of the file respectively. See also passwd(3).
3 Miscellaneous Information This chapter describes miscellaneous topics not covered in the other chapters including general overviews, tables, and system error messages.
ascii(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ascii(3) NAME ascii — table of ASCII collating sequence DESCRIPTION Table 3-1 gives hexadecimal values and their corresponding visual appearance (or interpretation, for control codes) for standard ASCII characters: Standard 7-bit ASCII Representation 00 nul 01 soh 02 stx 03 etx 04 eot 05 enq 06 ack 07 bel 08 bs 09 ht 0A nl 0B vt 0C np 0D cr 0E so 0F si 10 dle 11 dc1 12 dc2 13 dc3 14 dc4 15 nak 16 syn 17 etb 18 can 19 em 1A sub 1B esc 1C fs 1D gs 1E rs 1F us 20 sp 21
environ(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities environ(3) NAME environ — standard environment variables SYNOPSIS export NAME=value echo $NAME DESCRIPTION When a process is executed, it inherits a set of strings called the environment. It is conventional for these strings to have the form: NAME=value The export command built into the MPE/iX Shell can be used to set the variable NAME into the environment of every child process.
environ(3) PATH MPE/iX Shell and Utilities environ(3) This variable is set to a default value when you start the MPE/iX Shell. Normally, it is also set in your profile file. It lists the directories that are to be searched to find commands, as described in sh(1). SHELL This variable contains the full path name of the shell being used. TERM This variable contains the terminal type. TMPDIR By default, MPE/iX Shell and Utilities commands store temporary files under /tmp.
iconv(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities iconv(3) NAME iconv — Available code sets for conversion DESCRIPTION The iconv(3) function converts characters from any available single byte code set to any other available single byte code set. Table 3-2, Available Code Sets, contains a complete list of available single byte code sets. It also gives the code that you can use to identify a given code set when using the pax command, or the iconv_open() function.
lex(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities lex(3) NAME lex — functions used with lex SYNOPSIS #define YYLMAX 100 char yytext [YYLMAX]; int yyleng; int yylineno; FILE *yyin = stdin; FILE *yyout = stdout; #define yygetc() getc(yyin) int input(void); int unput(int c); int yywrap(void); void yyerror(const char *format, ...
lex(3) MPE/iX Shell yygetc and Utilities lex(3) is a macro called by yylex() to obtain characters. Currently, this is defined as #define yygetc() getc(yyin) A new version can be defined for special purposes, by first using #undef to remove the current macro definition. input is a function which returns the next character from the LEX input stream. (This means that LEX does not see it.) This function properly accounts for any look-ahead that LEX may require.
lex(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities ECHO is a statement that copies the matched input token yytext to the lex output stream yyout. REJECT is a statement that causes the current match to be discarded and the next possible match, if any, to be examined. yymore is a function that causes the next token to be concatenated to the current token in yytext. The current token is not rescanned. yyless is a function that shrinks the matched input in yytext to n characters.
rcsedit(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsedit(3) NAME rcsedit — RCS editing facilities for descriptions and log messages DESCRIPTION Whenever RCS asks you to enter a description or log message, you may make use of editing commands to help you enter the message. Editing commands must be on a separate line and the first character of the line must be a tilde ˜ character. Below we list the recognized commands. ˜? Displays a summary of editing commands.
rcsedit(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsedit(3) ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES The RCS editing facilities use the following environment variables: EDITOR contains the name of the editor invoked by the ˜e command. VISUAL contains the name of the editor invoked by the ˜v command. MESSAGES See rcserror(3) for a list of error messages that may occur while entering log messages. PORTABILITY These facilities are extensions to traditional implementations of RCS and are non-portable.
rcserror(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcserror(3) NAME rcserror — RCS error messages DESCRIPTIONS The following error messages are common to all RCS utilities: Message: Cause: Action: Ancestor for rev1 and rev2 undefined When performing a join operation as specified by the –j option, co was unable to find a common ancestor for rev1 and rev2. This can occur, for example, if both rev1 and rev2 are on the main branch. Ensure that you have entered the revision numbers or symbolic names correctly.
rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities rcserror(3) Can’t create semaphore file for RCS file filename: system err or" See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Can’t find char to terminate string before end of file An RCS utility was unable to find the ending string terminator (usually ) for a string that was being read from a file. Insert the ending string terminator at the appropriate place in the file.
rcserror(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: Can’t open file filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Can’t open source file filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Can’t open working file filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcserror(3) command too long to execute You specified a command string with the ˜! command that was longer than the editor was able to handle. Use ˜!sh or ˜!command to get a command prompt, and perform the necessary action there. 3-14 Message: Cause: Action: Could not generate temporary name An RCS utility was unable to create a working file that it needed.
rcserror(3) Message: Cause: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcserror(3) Action: end of file detected in interactive input A line beginning with a dot was not found before the end of the input file when the –I option was specified. The file was properly checked in; no action is necessary. Message: Cause: Action: error in compression checking for filename Something is wrong with the RCS file. Recover a clean copy of the RCS file from your backups.
rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: and Utilities rcserror(3) Insufficient memory for operation There were not enough free system resources for the command to perform the requested operation. Try a less complex operation or free up more system resources. Identifier name does not start with a letter You specified an identifier (such as a login name or a state) that did not start with a letter. Correct the identifier.
rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcserror(3) Missing ’:’ in symbolic name definition The RCS file was missing the required colon (:) between the symbolic name and its associated revision number in the list of symbolic names. Manually edit the RCS file to insert the required colon (:).
rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: 3-18 MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcserror(3) Missing ’;’ after next The RCS file contained a line which began with the keyword next; however, this line was not terminated by the required semicolon (;). Manually edit the RCS file to insert the required semicolon (;). See rcsfile(3) for the format of the RCS file.
rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcserror(3) Missing keyword value You attempted to check in a file using ci –k; however, the working file contained an RCS keyword followed by a colon, but without a value following the colon. Insert the missing value in the working file. Message: Cause: Action: Missing locks In the RCS file, the keyword locks does not appear in the proper place. Manually edit the RCS file to insert the missing keyword.
rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: and Utilities rcserror(3) No side branches present for rev You specified a revision number that should exist on a side branch from rev; however, rev is not a branchpoint. Specify a valid revision number. Option –p is set; ignoring output file filename Conflicting options on the command line specified both an output file and attempted to send the output to the standard output.
rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcserror(3) Revision number too long: rev The specified revision rev expands to a revision number that is long for RCS to handle. There are too many levels of branching. Reorganize the revisions in the RCS file to require fewer levels of branching. Revision number rev too low A component of the revision number rev is too low.
rcserror(3) and Utilities rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: unable to edit message A ˜v command was read from the input, but the input is not a terminal. You can only use the ˜v command when the input is a terminal. Message: Cause: Action: unable to open temporary file for decryption: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: unable to open temporary file for edit: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
rcserror(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: write error: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: write failed on filename: system error See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: you already locked rev; only one lock allowed per person. You attempted to lock the same file twice. Remove the existing lock using the –u option of rcs.
rcsfile(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsfile(3) NAME rcsfile — format of RCS file DESCRIPTION The content of an RCS file is described by the grammar given in this section. The text is freeformat: spaces, tabs and newlines have no significance except in strings. Strings are enclosed by @. For a string to contain a @, it must be doubled.
rcsfile(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsfile(3) ::= { _}* ::= A B ... Z a b ... z ::= Any printing ASCII character except space, tab, carriage return, new line, and . ::= ;:,@ ::= @{any ASCII character, with @ doubled}∗@ Identifiers are case-sensitive. Keywords are in lowercase only. The sets of keywords and identifiers may overlap.
rcsfile(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities rcsfile(3) Example: Head 1.2.2.1.1.1 2.1 1.2.1.3 1.2.2.2 1.3.1.1 1.3 1.2.1.1 1.2.2.1 1.2 1.
references(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities references(3) NAME references — related books and articles DESCRIPTION The following is a selection of books and articles dealing with topics found in the reference manual for MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. Some entries contain comments, enclosed in square brackets [...], on the particular strengths of that reference. Please note that this list does not represent all good sources of information on these topics, but represents our particular favorites.
references(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities references(3) Alfred V. Aho, Peter J. Weinberger, and Brian W. Kernighan. AWK – A Pattern Scanning and Processing Language. Computer Science Technical Report no. 118. AT&T Bell Laboratories: June 1985. [This is an excellent manual which describes the latest features in awk and contains a plethora of useful sample scripts.] Jon Bentley, ‘‘Programming Pearls’’ in Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery Volume 28, 6-7 (June, July 1985), pp.
regerror(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities regerror(3) NAME regerror — regular expression error messages DESCRIPTION MPE/iX Shell and Utilities generates the following regular expression error messages Message: Code: Cause: Action: Message: Code: Cause: Action: Message: Code: Cause: Action: Message: Code: Cause: Action: Message: Code: Cause: Action: Message: Code: Cause: Action: { } or \{ \} imbalance REG_EBRACE You specified a regular expression that contained a {} or \{\} imbalance.
regerror(3) and Utilities Message: Code: Cause: Action: internal error Message: Code: Cause: invalid character class type Action: Message: Code: Cause: Action: Message: Code: Cause: Action: Message: Code: Cause: Action: Message: Code: Cause: Action: Message: Code: Cause: Action: 3-30 MPE/iX Shell regerror(3) REG_EFATAL An internal error occurred. Contact your system manager. REG_ECTYPE You specified a regular expression that contained a reference to an invalid character class.
regerror(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities regerror(3) Message: Code: Cause: Action: success Message: Code: Cause: Action: syntax error Message: Code: Cause: Action: trailing \ in pattern Message: Cause: Action: unknown regex error The error code that was passed to regerror() is not a known error. Check your program to verify that errcode was retrieved from regexec() or regcomp(). REG_OK A match was found for the specified regular expression. No action is required.
regexp(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities regexp(3) NAME regexp — syntax of regular expression patterns DESCRIPTION Many MPE/iX Shell and Utilities commands match strings of text in text files using a type of pattern known as a regular expression. Simply stated, a regular expression lets you find strings in text files not only by direct match, but also by extended matches, similar to, but much more powerful than the file name patterns described in glob(1) and sh(1).
regexp(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities regexp(3) a) If the initial character is a circumflex ˆ, then this bracket expression is complemented. It shall match any character or collating-element except for the expressions specified in the bracket expression. For pattern matching, as performed by the fnmatch() function, this initial character is instead ! (the exclamation mark).
regexp(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities regexp(3) [:punct:] Any printable character that is not white space or alphanumeric. [:cntrl:] Any non-printable character. For example, given the character class expression [:alpha:] you need to enclose the expression within another set of square brackets, as in: /[[:alpha:]]/ f) Character ranges are specified by a dash (–) between two characters, or collating sequences.
regexp(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities regexp(3) regexp∗ A regular expression regexp followed by * matches a string of zero or more strings that would match regexp. For example, A* matches A, AA, AAA and so on. It also matches the null string (zero occurrences of A). regexp+ A regular expression regexp followed by + matches a string of one or more strings that would match regexp.
regexp(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities regexp(3) Several regular expressions can be concatenated to form a larger regular expression. Ex and Vi The metacharacters available in the Ex and Vi editors are: ˆ $ . * \( \) [ \ \< \> The regular expressions accepted by Ex and Vi are similar to Basic regular expressions, except that the \{ and \} characters are not special, and the [: :] character class expression are not available.
regexp(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities regexp(3) Table 3-4 summarizes which features apply to which MPE/iX Shell and Utilities commands. EXAMPLES The following patterns are given as illustrations, along with plain language descriptions of what they match: abc matches any line of text containing the three letters abc in that order. a.c matches any string beginning with the letter a, followed by any character, followed by the letter c. ˆ.
shedit(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities shedit(3) NAME shedit — interactive command and history editing in the shell SYNOPSIS set –o editmode EDITOR=editprog VISUAL=editprog DESCRIPTION POSIX uses a number of keys for such things as erase and kill processing. By default, the shell leaves command line editing to POSIX, using these familiar editing keys. However, these functions are not particularly powerful or friendly.
shedit(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities shedit(3) The command sequences recognized are listed in functional groups. The notation s-2METArepresents s-2ESC followed by the letter The terminology is historical. Many commands accept an optional preceding count which is entered in decimal as s-2META-igits, or as CTRLwhich multiplies the current count (initially 1) by 4. The command is executed that number of times. Cursor Movement nCTRL- Move the cursor back n characters.
shedit(3) nCTRL-D MPE/iX Shell and Utilities shedit(3) Delete n characters to the right of the cursor. If the current line is empty, then terminate the shell. nMETA-CTRL-H nMETA-h Delete to the nth beginning of word before the cursor. nMETA-d Delete to the nth beginning of word after the cursor. nCTRL-K Delete from the cursor to the end of line. If n is zero, then delete from the beginning of line to the cursor. kill (line kill character) Delete entire current line.
shedit(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities shedit(3) Miscellaneous CTRL-J CTRL-M ENTER Execute current command line. CTRL-L Re-display current command line. CTRL-O Remember the next command line, execute the current command line, then select the remembered line. CTRL-U Multiply the count on the following command by 4 (for each CTRL-U). CTRL-V Display the version of the shell. \ Take the next character literally. Thus command and control characters can be entered in a command line or search string.
shedit(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities shedit(3) ESC Switch from input mode to command mode (see below). CTRL-V Take the next character literally; useful for entering any of these action keys as text. \ Escape the following action key. If the next character is any action key except CTRL-J, CTRL-M, or ENTER, the \ is erased and the escaped character is entered literally; otherwise the \ is entered, and the next character is treated normally.
shedit(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities shedit(3) nTc Move to the character after the nth previous character c. n; Repeat the previous f, F, t, or T command. n, Repeat the previous f, F, t, or T command, but in the opposite direction. Line Search The following change the current (displayed) command line. nj n+ Select the nth next command line from history. nk n– Select the nth previous command line from history. nG Select the command with history number n, or the latest command if n is omitted.
shedit(3) 3-44 MPE/iX Shell and Utilities shedit(3) dd Delete entire command line. D Delete from cursor to end of line (d$). nx Delete n characters to right of cursor (ndl). nX Delete n characters to left of cursor (ndh). ncm Change text block; deletes block of text and enters input mode. If n is given, it is applied to the movement. cc S Change entire command line. ns Change next n characters from cursor.
shedit(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities shedit(3) added after the complete path name. If there are several matching path names, the shell expands what you’ve typed by adding all the characters that are common to all matching path names. = Lists all path names matching the current word. Miscellaneous nym Yank text block into the delete buffer. Does not alter the command line or cursor position, but makes the text block available to subsequent put (p or P) commands.
syserror(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities syserror(3) NAME syserror — system error messages DESCRIPTION Many error messages produced by commands in MPE/iX Shell and Utilities contain within them, an error message generated by the operating system, which gives more details on what actually caused the error. Several of the MPE/iX system error messages have multiple causes and as a result, each of these causes requires a different action to correct the error.
syserror(3) Message: Cause: MPE/iX Shell and Utilities syserror(3) Action: File too large You attempted to write to a file or directory that would cause it to exceed its MPE/iX file limit. Contact your system administrator for assistance. Message: Cause: Filename too long One of the following: 1. Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: You specified a path name with a length that exceeds the limit imposed by the PATH_MAX configuration variable. 2.
syserror(3) Action: MPE/iX Shell syserror(3) One of the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Message: Cause: and Utilities Do not attempt to modify the UID, GID, or access permissions of the root directory, an account directory, or a group directory. Do not attempt to remove either these directories or the dot or dot-dot directories. Do not specify path names that begin with two slash characters. If you are the file owner, use the MPE/iX CI command ALTSEC to give yourself RACD access to the file.
syserror(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities syserror(3) Message: Cause: Action: No such file or directory You specified a file or directory that does not exist. Specify an existing file or directory. Message: Cause: Action: No such process The process ID associated with the action you attempted to perform does not match an existing process or process group. No action required. Message: Cause: Action: Not a directory You specified a path name where a component is not a directory.
syserror(3) Action: MPE/iX Shell 2. 3. Action: Message: Cause: Action: Message: Cause: Action: 3-50 syserror(3) 2. The file you attempted to execute is not an executable file of type NMPROG. 3. You attempted to access a file that has an MPE/iX lockword. One of the following: 1. Message: Cause: and Utilities Ensure that you have the proper access permissions to all components of the path name. MPE/iX Shell and Utilities allows only files of type NMPROG to be executed.
timezone(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities timezone(3) NAME timezone — setting local time zone SYNOPSIS TZ=standardHH[:MM[:SS]][daylight[offset][,startdate[starttime], enddate[endtime]]] DESCRIPTION The time kept by the local machine should be a universal standard representation such as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) — hereafter referred to as the universal reference time.
timezone(3) MPE/iX Shell • and Utilities timezone(3) For Mm.n.d the dth day (0 <= d <= 6) of week n of month m of the year (1 <= n <= 5, 1 <= m <= 12 where week 5 is the last d day in month m, which may occur in either the fourth or fifth week). In addition, week 1 is the first week in which the dth day occurs, and day zero is Sunday. Neither starttime nor endtime are required, and when omitted, their values default to 02:00:00.
timezone(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities timezone(3) PORTABILITY This interpretation of the TZ variable is a superset of that supported by UNIX System V.
tsmail(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tsmail(3) NAME tsmail — mail delivery program SYNOPSIS tsmail DESCRIPTION tsmail is a mail delivery program that delivers mail to all specified users on the local machine. It leaves each target mailbox in a state that allows the owner of that mailbox to read the mail inside. If tsmail cannot deliver a mail message, it sends a mail message to the sender, stating that it could not deliver the message.
tsmail(3) MPE/iX Shell and Utilities tsmail(3) Message: Cause: Action: temporary file "filename" See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: Unknown option "–option" You specified an option but tsmail does not accept any options. Do not specify an option for tsmail. Message: Cause: Action: writing mailbox "filename" See syserror(3). See syserror(3). Message: Cause: Action: writing temporary file "filename" See syserror(3). See syserror(3).
3-56 Miscellaneous Information
A MPE/iX Implementation Considerations This appendix describes important MPE/iX implementation details you should understand when using MPE/iX Shell and Utilities.
Invoking the MPE/iX Shell from the CI Prompt does not currently implement MPE/iX Shell as a system login shell. As a result, you must specify the –L option when invoking the MPE/iX Shell from the system prompt. This ensures that the shell reads and executes the required configuration information files. MPE/iX At startup time, the MPE/iX Shell searches for a .profile file in the directory specified by the HOME environment variable.
Path Name Syntax Rules When you specify a path name to an actual system object, the operating system resolves it using either the hierarchical (HFS) name syntax or the MPE name syntax. The syntax used depends upon the upon the interface you are using or name the object. A name syntax is a set of rules that define the structure of valid names for that syntax. The hierarchical (HFS) name syntax used by MPE/iX Shell and Utilities conforms to object name syntax rules defined by the POSIX.1 standard.
Access Control This section provides an overview of implementation considerations you should understand when using access control features as implemented by MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. MPE/iX Shell and Utilities fully supports the access permission features defined by the POSIX.1 standard. MPE/iX supports additional access security features, but in most cases they remain transparent through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities.
Table A-3 shows how POSIX.1 file user classes correspond to MPE/iX ACD user specifications. POSIX.1 File File owner File group File other Classes ACD User Specifications $OWNER $GROUP and $GROUP_MASK @.@ Table A-3: Mapping Between POSIX.1 and ACD User Classes If you are accessing files that were not created through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities or whose security was modified by MPE/iX commands or system intrinsics, the ACDs may be missing any or all of the four POSIX.
For more information about $GROUP_MASK, refer to New Features of MPE/iX: Using the Hierarchical File System (32650-90351). Returning Information About Access Permissions An additional MPE/iX ACD access permission, read ACD (RACD) access, is used to restrict a user from reading access permissions of a directory or file. MPE/iX Shell and Utilities does not allow manipulation of the RACD access permission. By default, all users have RACD access to all objects created through the MPE/iX Shell and Utilities.
Files This section provides an overview of implementation considerations you should understand when creating, accessing, and managing files through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. POSIX File Types The following table lists the five file types defined in the POSIX.
• File limit • MPE/iX accounting limits on disk space File Limits supports file limits on all objects created on the system to allow users to control the maximum size a file can attain. Files created through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities have file limits. The default file limit for a byte stream file is two gigabytes when created through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. A file’s file limit cannot be manipulated through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities.
MPE/iX does not allow multiple hard links to files or directories. Each file has a maximum link count of 1. A file is considered removed if its link count is zero. Note, however, that processes that are accessing a file when its link count becomes zero can continue to access the file; upon closing the file, the process cannot again open the file.
Directories This section provides an overview of implementation considerations you must understand when creating and managing MPE/iX directories through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. You can find additional information about Hierarchical File System (32650-90351). MPE/iX directories in New Features of MPE/iX: Using the MPE/iX Directories MPE/iX hierarchical directory services present an integrated view of the file system. You can create files and hierarchical directories anywhere in the file system.
other hierarchical directory. You can use file information routines to return information about these directories. • You cannot modify the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID) associated through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. Account Directory Features • You cannot rename, copy, or remove account directories through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. You can only create account account directories directly under the root directory if you are a user SM capability using the MPE/iX CI command NEWACCT.
• A group directory does not contain explicit dot (.) and dot-dot (..) directories; however, dot and dot-dot directory behavior is supported. You can open the dot and dot-dot directories just like any other hierarchical directory. You can use file information routines to return information about these directories. • You cannot modify the user ID (UID) and group ID (GID) associated with a group directory through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities.
• You can use the dot directory to specify the current directory without using a formal directory name. • You can use the dot-dot directory to specify the current directory’s parent directory without using a formal directory name. You can open the dot and dot-dot directories just like any other hierarchical directory. You can use file information routines to return information about these directories.
Signals This section provides an overview of implementation considerations you must understand when using signals as they are implemented in MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. Supported Signal Functions The MPE/iX Shell and Utilities library implements all signal functions defined by the POSIX.1 standard. Signal Descriptions Table A-5 describes the signal constants, declared in the header, that processes use to refer to the signals that occur on the system.
Constant Default Action Description and Implementation Details SIGHUP Abnormal termination Hangup detected on a controlling terminal or death of a controlling process. Required for POSIX.1 conformance. SIGILL Abnormal termination Detection of an invalid or illegal hardware instruction (not reset when caught). Required for POSIX.1 conformance. SIGINT Abnormal termination Interactive interrupt signal. Required for conformance.
Constant Default Action Description and Implementation Details Job Control Signals SIGCHLD Ignore the signal Child process stopped or terminated. Required for POSIX.1 conformance. SIGCONT Continue if stopped; otherwise, ignore Continue if stopped. This signal is never generated by the system. Required for POSIX.1 conformance. SIGSTOP Stop the process Stop signal (cannot be caught or ignored).
Process Management This section provides an overview of implementation considerations you must understand when creating and managing processes as they are implemented in MPE/iX Shell and Utilities. The implementation and behavior of processes created through MPE/iX Shell and Utilities conform in most respects to the POSIX.1 standard. In most cases, underlying MPE/iX process features are transparent to MPE/iX Shell and Utilities; however, there are some MPE/iX features outside the scope of the POSIX.
Process Environment Applications invoked directly from the MPE/iX CI inherit an empty environment list from the CI. MPE/iX does not provide CI commands or system intrinsics to add environment variables to this list. Shell and Utilities provides facilities to create and modify its environment list. When you invoke the MPE/iX Shell using the –L option, the shell executes the commands in the system profile (/etc/profile). These commands set up the default environment.
Interrupting Processes requires that the TTY driver recognize a special interrupt character and send a signal to the foreground process when it receives this character. This facility is not implemented in the current release. Instead, it uses an alternative mechanism based on the existing MPE/iX sub-system break facility to emulate it. In most cases, typing CTRL-Y interrupts the foreground process. Note that this is a limited emulation and may not work in all cases.
A-20 MPE/iX Implementation Considerations
Permuted Index successfully/ in current environment/ return from shell function or intercept display information display info change split a text file, command aliases/ create a tracked remove display or create command write to lexical change the ownership of files the group ownership of files write to archives/ calculation language/ file backup/ USTAR-compatible tape create and maintain library format of cpio format of pax format of tar display display evaluate arbitrary-precision evaluate related books an
sequence/ variables/ run a command assign change RCS file file and directory names and report generation language/ archiver to copy and tape archiver to copy and for data interchange and file font/ component of path name/ files on a page-by-page arithmetic calculation language/ and show differences/ decode transmitted compare display printable strings in compute checksum and copy and convert input related script/ display compute checksum and convert MPE record files to files/convert a count of newlines, wor
change terminal characteristics ..................................tput(1) files and/or directories/ change the group ownership of...................................chgrp(1) and/or directories/ change the ownership of files .....................................chown(1) change working directory ...........................................cd(1) reverse character order of input lines ......................................rev(1) change terminal characteristics .....................................................
compare RCS revisions ...............................................rcsdiff(1) differences/ compare sorted files and show....................................comm(1) compare three text files ...............................................diff3(1) compare two files.........................................................cmp(1) differences/ compare two text files and show ................................diff(1) generic C compiler interface ........................................................
archives/ display or get or set the file mode a text file, according to according to criteria/ ex, more, and vi/ — execute shell file in display status of jobs in a command in place of the display information about or characters from input lines/ archiver for generation language/ uncompress and display two sorted, textual relational time/ set and display change file modification calculator / blocks/ files/remove remove alias mail RCS editing facilities for arbitrary precision and show differences/ change f
create a new display working list file and remove components of path name/ uncompress and set and path name/ environment for process/ input lines/selectively path name/ basis/ previous commands/ standard output/ users/ command/ binary files/ information/ session/ set or concatenate and editor/ from shell function or . formatted file Permuted Index-6 directory .......................................................................mkdir(1) directory ......................................................
display, fix, command/ descriptions and log messages/RCS command and history line-oriented text stream red — line-oriented text text interactive text read list file system compress files by Huffman environment for process/ variables/ execute shell file in current display environment, set process/display standard RCS regular expression system format of the shell/ produce tags file for place of the current shell/ display path name for remove debug information from current shell/ construct and suspend create
display brief command explanations .................................................................help(1) export — mark names for export................................export(1) mark names for export............................................................................export(1) expr — evaluate expression........................................expr(1) regular expression error messages...........................................regerror(3) evaluate expression............................................
display command to parse shell summarize list find files within determine check in a check out a change checksum and block count for checksum and byte count for rename and move bdiff — compare two text compare binary compare sorted compare two text diffh — compare two text change the group ownership of change the ownership of archiver to copy and back up compress clean up working compare three text compare two concatenate and display text copy decode Huffman packed display and format display info about RCS
find files within file tree ..............................................find(1) display first part of file..............................................................head(1) commands/display, fix, edit and re-enter previous .....................................fc(1) set shell flags and positional parameters ..................................set(1) fmt — simple text formatter .......................................fmt(1) lines/ fold — break lines into shorter ...................................
output/display Huffman packed files on standard ..............................pcat(1) conversion/ iconv — Available code sets for ................................iconv(3) id — display user and group names ...........................id(1) file/ ident — look for keywords in a ..................................ident(1) display info about RCS files ....................................................rlog(1) display information about current users..................................
Lempel-Ziv compression of a file...............................compress(1) Undo Lempel-Ziv compression of a file...............................uncompress(1) expressions/ let — evaluate arithmetic............................................let(1) lex — functions used with lex ....................................lex(3) lex — lexical analyzer generator ...............................lex(1) functions used with lex .................................................................................
mark variable as readonly ...........................................readonly(1) or set the file mode creation mask/get .......................................................................umask(1) match patterns in a file ................................................grep(1) merge — three-way file merge ...................................merge(1) merge RCS revisions ...................................................rcsmerge(1) three-way file merge ......................................................
stream editor (non-interactive) ..........................................................sed(1) : (colon) — do nothing, successfully ...................................................colon(1) do nothing, successfully ...................................................true(1) number lines.................................................................nl(1) od — formatted file dump...........................................od(1) print sections of the online reference manual.................................
execute a command in place of the current shell .............................................exec(1) set shell flags and positional parameters ..................................................set(1) shift positional parameters ..................................................shift(1) pr — display and format files .....................................pr(1) arbitrary precision desk calculator.............................................dc(1) edit and re-execute previous command..............................
readonly/ mark variable as convert MPE a byte stream files to MPE display, fix, edit and edit and print sections of the online articles/ allow or error messages/ expression patterns/ syntax of join two sorted, textual appointment executable files/ directories/ running processes/ data transformation, function or .
shell function or . (dot) iteration of loop in shell manual/print (non-interactive)/ characters from input lines/ table of ASCII collating status of jobs in current positional parameters/ display environment, parameters/ get or Available code shell and command interpreter/ history editing in the shell/ POSIX-compliant (Korn) rsh — POSIX-compliant (Korn) display arguments from the evaluate arguments in exit from the .
— compare two text files and show differences/bdiff .................................................diff(1) — compare two text files and show differences/diffh .................................................diff(1) execute a simple command..........................................................command(1) simple text formatter ...................................................fmt(1) shell script/ skip to next iteration of loop in ..................................
display system name information ............................................uname(1) set terminal tab stops........................................................................tabs(1) table of ASCII collating sequence................................ascii(3) tabs — set terminal tab stops ......................................tabs(1) compress spaces into tabs................................................................................unexpand(1) expand tabs to spaces ....................................
tr — translation filter ...................................................tr(1) create a tracked alias .................................................................hash(1) language/data transformation, report generation ...............................awk(1) translation filter............................................................tr(1) encode a file for safe transmission .................................................................uuencode(1) decode transmitted binary file .....................
declare an integer remove shell standard environment attributes and values to interactive text editor/ tags file for ex, more, and complete/ users/ bytes, and characters/ interprets command name/ executable command/ current users/ find files count of newlines, change display clean up command lines/ data/ setting local time variable .........................................................................integer(1) variable or function .....................................................
Permuted Index-22
Index ! command 1-678 to 1-678 ! filter vi command 1-655 to 1-655 ! run shell ex command 1-670 to 1-670 " comment ex command 1-671 to 1-671 # display lines with line numbers ex command 1-666 to 1-666 #define directive 3-6 to 3-6 #line 1-710 to 1-710 #undef directive 3-6 to 3-6 $ end of line metacharacter 1-661 to 1-661 $ move to end of line vi command 1-651 to 1-651 $STDLIST variable 1-693 to 1-704 % move to balancing bracket vi command 1-653 to 1-653 %prefix 1-711 to 1-711 & all matched characters 1-662 to
CTRL-ˆ edit alternate file vi command 1-658 to 1-658 ´ move to start of marked line vi command 1-651 to 1-651 ` move to mark vi command 1-651 to 1-651 – move to start of previous line vi command 1-651 to 1-651 ]] move to next section vi command 1-653 to 1-653 ˆ move to first non-blank vi command 1-651 to 1-651 ˆ start of line metacharacter 1-661 to 1-661 { move back to start of paragraph vi command 1-652 to 1-652 | move to column vi command 1-651 to 1-651 | multiple commands in ex 1-659 to 1-659 |& shell op
awk getline 1-25 to 1-25 awk NF field in current record 1-24 to 1-24 awk NR number of records read 1-24 to 1-24 awk operators 1-21 to 1-21 awk patterns 1-29 to 1-29 awk statements 1-29 to 1-29 awk system 1-28 to 1-28 awk variables 1-19 to 1-19 B B move to previous full word vi command 1-651 to 1-651 b move to previous word vi command 1-651 to 1-651 back up a word vi command, CTRL-W 1-659 to 1-659 backquoting 1-534 to 1-534 backslash 1-661 to 1-661 backspace 1-646 to 1-646 backspace delete last character vi
choose command interpreter ex variable, shell 1-668 to 1-675 chown command A-12 to A-12, 1-87 to 1-94 ci command 1-100 to 1-104, 3-10 to 3-26 CI, MPE/iX 1-13 to 1-77 cksum command 1-105 to 1-106 class regular expressions 1-662 to 1-662 cleanup working files 1-466 to 1-466 closing standard input 1-537 to 1-537 closing standard output 1-537 to 1-537 cmd environment variable 1-312 to 1-332 cmp command 1-106 to 1-108 co command 1-104 to 1-117, 3-11 to 3-26 co-process 1-523 to 1-537 colon command 1-118 to 1-118
command, getopts 1-255 to 1-258 command, glob 3-32 to 3-32 command, grep 1-206 to 1-261, 3-32 to 3-37 command, gres 1-261 to 1-261 command, hash 1-10 to 1-262 command, head 1-263 to 1-264 command, help 1-265 to 1-266 command, history 1-10 to 1-268 command, id 1-269 to 1-270 command, ident 1-104 to 1-272, 3-26 to 3-26 command, insert 1-211 to 1-211 command, integer 1-10 to 1-273 command, intro 1-1 to 1-1 command, jobs 1-274 to 1-275 command, join 1-276 to 1-279 command, kill A-16 to A-16, A-16 to A-16, 1-274
command, uncompress 1-103 to 1-631 command, unexpand 1-216 to 1-633 command, uniq 1-108 to 1-636 command, unpack 1-126 to 1-638 command, unset 1-555 to 1-640 command, uudecode 1-641 to 1-643 command, uuencode 1-641 to 1-645 command, vi 1-143 to 1-690, 2-7 to 2-7, 3-32 to 3-9, 7 command, wait 1-275 to 1-691 command, wall 1-371 to 1-693 command, wc 1-106 to 1-695 command, whence 1-555 to 1-697 command, which 1-696 to 1-699 command, who 1-443 to 1-701 command, wrapmargin 1-678 to 1-678 command, write 1-370 to
dc division 1-158 to 1-158 dc executing strings 1-161 to 1-161 dc exponentiation 1-158 to 1-158 dc modulo 1-158 to 1-158 dc multiplication 1-158 to 1-158 dc registers 1-155 to 1-155 dc remainder 1-158 to 1-158 dc scaling factor 1-157 to 1-157 dc square root 1-159 to 1-159 dc subtraction 1-158 to 1-158 dd command 1-137 to 1-173 DEAD environment variable 1-316 to 1-325 dead.
duplicate output stream 1-596 to 1-596 E E move to end of full word vi command 1-651 to 1-651 e move to end of word vi command 1-652 to 1-652 EBCDIC-to-ASCII 1-169 to 1-169 echo command 1-193 to 1-194, 3-3 to 3-3 ECHO environment variable 1-14 to 1-75 ECHO lex statement 3-8 to 3-8 ed command 1-174 to 1-206, 3-32 to 3-9 ed command, append 1-197 to 1-198 ed command, change 1-197 to 1-197 ed command, change file 1-198 to 1-198 ed command, copy 1-200 to 1-200 ed command, delete 1-197 to 1-197 ed command, displ
environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, environment variable, enviro
ex command, append to file 1-669 to 1-669 ex command, args display current file list 1-663 to 1-663 ex command, cd change directory 1-663 to 1-663 ex command, change change lines 1-663 to 1-663 ex command, chdir change directory 1-663 to 1-663 ex command, copy copy lines 1-663 to 1-663 ex command, delete 1-664 to 1-664 ex command, edit edit new file 1-664 to 1-669 ex command, ex edit new file 1-664 to 1-664 ex command, file obtain file information 1-664 to 1-664 ex command, g global find 1-664 to 1-664 ex c
file name, .profile A-18 to A-18, A-2 to A-2, A-2 to A-2, A-2 to A-2, 1-517 to 1-545 file name, .sh_history A-2 to A-2, 1-267 to 1-545 file name, a.out 1-71 to 1-73 file name, calendar 1-76 to 1-77 file name, CCOMXL.PUB.SYS 1-72 to 1-72 file name, dead.letter 1-322 to 1-326 file name, ed.hup 1-202 to 1-202 file name, l.output 1-288 to 1-288 file name, lex.yy.c 1-287 to 1-288 file name, LINKEDIT.PUB.
function, yylex 3-6 to 3-8 function, yymapch 3-7 to 3-7 function, yymore 3-8 to 3-8 function, yywrap 3-7 to 3-7 functions 1-45 to 1-45 functions command 1-10 to 1-246 functions, awk 1-28 to 1-28 G g global find ex command 1-664 to 1-664 G move to absolute line vi command 1-650 to 1-650 generation, file name 1-193 to 1-538 getconf command 1-154 to 1-252 getline, awk 1-25 to 1-25 getlogin function 1-298 to 1-298 getopt command 1-253 to 1-255 getopts command 1-255 to 1-258 glob command 3-32 to 3-32 global ed
insert insert text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 insert mode 1-646 to 1-654 insert mode vi 1-659 to 1-659 insert text ex command, insert 1-665 to 1-665 insert text vi command, i 1-656 to 1-656 insertion commands, vi text 1-648 to 1-648 integer command 1-10 to 1-273 interactive shell 1-520 to 1-520 intercept interrupts 1-615 to 1-615 internal field separator 1-543 to 1-543 Internet network 1-305 to 1-305 interrupts, intercept 1-615 to 1-615 interrupts, trap 1-615 to 1-615 intro command 1-1 to 1-1 invoke ex comma
LISTER environment variable 1-323 to 1-323 LISTFILE command A-17 to A-17, A-17 to A-17 LISTUSER command 1-77 to 1-77 ln command 1-293 to 1-297 local time 1-110 to 1-110 local variables 1-621 to 1-621 locale command 1-297 to 1-297 lock 1-109 to 1-97 lock revision 1-457 to 1-490 lock, strict 1-457 to 1-98 locker 1-271 to 1-489 Locker keyword 1-113 to 1-271 locking, non-strict 1-458 to 1-458 locking, strict 1-113 to 1-95 locks, breaking 1-458 to 1-95 Log keyword 1-113 to 1-456 log message 1-113 to 1-97 log, RC
move down one line vi command, CTRL-J 1-650 to 1-650 move down one line vi command, CTRL-N 1-650 to 1-650 move ed command 1-199 to 1-199 move left vi command, backspace 1-650 to 1-650 move left vi command, h 1-650 to 1-650 move left vi command, CTRL-H 1-650 to 1-650 move move text ex command 1-665 to 1-665 move right vi command, l 1-650 to 1-650 move right vi command, space 1-650 to 1-650 move table entries, number of 1-287 to 1-287 move table, lex 1-287 to 1-287 move text ex command, move 1-665 to 1-665 mo
number of records read from file, awk FNR 1-24 to 1-24 number of records read, awk NR 1-24 to 1-24 number, revision 1-111 to 1-95 numbered buffer 1-654 to 1-654 numbering lines 1-393 to 1-393 numbering, page 1-394 to 1-394 numbers, command 1-225 to 1-225 O o open new line after current vi command 1-656 to 1-656 O open new line before current vi command 1-656 to 1-656 obase variable 1-48 to 1-49 object manipulation vi 1-653 to 1-653 object manipulator abbreviations 1-655 to 1-655 obtain file information ex
pax archive, component file 1-416 to 1-416 pax command A-19 to A-19, 1-126 to 1-431, 2-3 to 2-6, 3-5 to 3-5 pax file format 1-431 to 1-431, 2-10 to 2-6 pcat command 1-363 to 1-432 permission, read 1-113 to 1-99 permissions, file 1-233 to 1-386 phone lines 1-644 to 1-644 PID 1-544 to 1-544 PID environment variable 1-544 to 1-544 pipe 1-374 to 1-667 pipe ex command 1-669 to 1-669 pipeline 1-111 to 1-522 pk$(** path name 1-402 to 1-637 position pointer, current 1-648 to 1-648 positional parameters 1-529 to 1-5
read lines 1-478 to 1-478 read permission 1-113 to 1-99 read read file ex command 1-667 to 1-667 read-only 1-481 to 1-481 read-only file 1-283 to 1-283 readonly command 1-481 to 1-482 readonly do not write on file vi variable 1-647 to 1-675 record environment variable 1-304 to 1-324 recover file ex command, recover 1-667 to 1-667 recover recover file ex command 1-667 to 1-667 red command 1-195 to 1-206 redirection 1-212 to 1-536 redraw screen vi command, z 1-649 to 1-649 redraw screen vi command, CTRL-L 1-6
scrolling commands vi 1-649 to 1-649 search backwards for character vi command, F 1-652 to 1-652 search backwards for character vi command, T 1-652 to 1-652 search backwards for matching string vi command, ? 1-653 to 1-653 search directory 1-231 to 1-231 search for files 1-231 to 1-231 search forward for character vi command, f 1-652 to 1-652 search forward for character vi command, t 1-652 to 1-652 search forwards for matching string vi command, / 1-653 to 1-653 search path 1-526 to 1-698 search rules 1-52
special built-in commands 1-540 to 1-540 special characters, quoting 1-528 to 1-528 special file 1-376 to 1-376 split command 1-139 to 1-569 split output stream 1-596 to 1-596 splitting files 1-138 to 1-567 sprintf function 1-39 to 1-39 square root, dc 1-159 to 1-159 ssize_t type 1-249 to 1-249 stable state 1-458 to 1-458 stack 1-156 to 1-156 standard error 1-707 to 1-707 standard input 1-174 to 1-98 standard input, closing 1-537 to 1-537 standard output 1-111 to 1-5 standard output, closing 1-537 to 1-537
test condition 1-598 to 1-598 test conditional expression 1-598 to 1-598 text editor 1-174 to 1-506 text files 1-174 to 1-98 text formatting 1-238 to 1-238 text insertion commands, vi 1-648 to 1-648 text, descriptive 1-456 to 1-98 then shell command 1-524 to 1-524 tilde 1-529 to 1-529 time 1-109 to 1-110 time, access 1-128 to 1-300 time, change 1-232 to 1-232 time, local 1-110 to 1-110 time, modification 1-128 to 1-299 timezone 1-153 to 1-154, 3-4 to 3-53 TMOUT environment variable 1-544 to 1-601 TMP enviro
variable, ECHO environment 1-14 to 1-75 variable, EDITOR environment 1-310 to 1-545, 3-10 to 3-9 variable, ENV environment 1-10 to 1-678, 3-3 to 3-3 variable, environment 1-515 to 1-515 variable, ERRNO environment 1-542 to 1-554 variable, escape environment 1-316 to 1-332 variable, EXINIT environment 1-647 to 1-678 variable, FCEDIT environment 1-225 to 1-542 variable, flipr environment 1-313 to 1-324 variable, FNR 1-25 to 1-25 variable, folder environment 1-309 to 1-330 variable, FS 1-18 to 1-27 variable, h
variable, screen environment 1-311 to 1-325 variable, SECONDS environment 1-544 to 1-544 variable, sendmail environment 1-325 to 1-333 variable, sendwait environment 1-325 to 1-333 variable, SHELL environment 1-197 to 1-678, 3-4 to 3-4 variable, SHELLMETAS environment 1-348 to 1-348 variable, showto environment 1-325 to 1-325 variable, Sign environment 1-316 to 1-325 variable, sign environment 1-316 to 1-325 variable, SUBSEP 1-19 to 1-30 variable, TERM environment 1-325 to 1-678, 3-4 to 3-4 variable, TERMIN
vi command, CTRL-D scroll forward half screen 1-649 to 1-649 vi command, CTRL-E scroll forward a line 1-649 to 1-649 vi command, CTRL-F scroll forward page 1-649 to 1-649 vi command, CTRL-G file information 1-657 to 1-657 vi command, CTRL-H delete last character 1-658 to 1-658 vi command, CTRL-H move left 1-650 to 1-650 vi command, CTRL-J move down one line 1-650 to 1-650 vi command, CTRL-L redraw screen 1-657 to 1-657 vi command, CTRL-M move to start of next line 1-650 to 1-650 vi command, CTRL-N move down
who command 1-443 to 1-701 width, line 1-238 to 1-239 width, page 1-69 to 1-69 wild card characters 1-538 to 1-538 window screen size vi variable 1-677 to 1-677 window variable 1-211 to 1-211 wn write and edit next ex command 1-669 to 1-669 word 1-651 to 1-651 word commands, shell reserved 1-523 to 1-523 wordexp function 1-550 to 1-552 words, count 1-694 to 1-694 words, swapping 1-135 to 1-135 working directory 1-451 to 1-83 working directory, previous 1-83 to 1-83 working file 1-109 to 1-99 working files,
