Energy Guide

Expected Results
Creatinine: Daily creatinine excretion, related to muscle mass of the human body, is usually constant. The
DOT guideline states that urine specimens with creatinine levels of less than 20 mg/dl are indications of
adulteration. Although these ranges are affected by age, sex, diet, muscle mass and local population
distribution, sample with creatinine level of lower than 20 mg/dl should be considered adulterated.
Glutaraldehyde: Glutara
ldehyde is not a natural component of human urine and it should not be present in
normal urine. The presence of glutaraldehyde in the urine sample indicates the possibility of adulteration.
However, false positive may result when ketone bodies are presence in urine. Ketone bodies may appear in
urine when a person is in ketoacidosis, starvation or other metabolic abnormalities.
Nitrite: Although nitrite is not a normal component of urine, nitrite levels of up
to 3.6 mg/dl may be found in
some urine specimens due to urinary tract infections, bacterial contamination or improper storage. In this
adulteration control, nitrite level above 7.5 mg/dl is considered abnormal.
Oxidants: The presence of Bleach and other oxidizing reagents in the urine is indicative of adulteration since
oxidizing reagents are not normal constituents of urine. Other oxidizing reagents include Hydrogen Peroxide,
Ferricyanide, Persulfate, Pyridinium Chlorochromate…etc.
pH: Normal urine pH ranges from 4.5 to 8.0. Values below pH 4.0 or above pH 9.0 are indicative of
adulteration.
Specific Gravity: Random urine may vary in specific gravity from 1.005 - 1.025. Normal adults with normal
diets and normal fluid intake will have an average urine specific gravity of 1.016 - 1.022. Elevated urine
specific gravity value may be obtained in the presence of moderate quantities of prote
in. DOT guidelines state
that a urine specimen with specific gravity level of less than 1.003 is an indication of adulteration. Specific
gravity and creatinine values should be considered together to provide a better picture of whether the sample
is adulterated.
Pyridium Chlorochromate: The presence of any chromate in urine is indicative of adulteration as chromate
is not a normal constituent of urine.
Accuracy
1200 (eighty of each drug) c
linical urine specimens were analyzed by GC-MS and by each corresponding
drug of abuse Test. Each test was read by three viewers. Samples were divided by concentration into five
categories: drug-free, less than half the cutoff, near cutoff negative, near cutoff positive, and high positive.
Results were as follows:
Drug
test
Result
Drug
-free
Less
than half
the cutoff
concentr
ation by
GC/MS
analysis
Near Cutoff
Negative
(Between
50% below
the cutoff
and the
cutoff
concentrati
on)
Near Cutoff
Positive
(Between
the cutoff
and 50%
above the
cutoff
concentrati
on)
High
Positive
(greater
than 50%
above the
cutoff
concentra
tion)
%Agreement with
GC/MS
(95%CI)
AMP
Viewer
A
+
0
0
2
11
29
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
18
10
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
2
11
29
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
18
10
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
1
11
29
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
18
11
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
BAR
Viewer
A
+
0
0
2
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
18
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
2
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
18
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
1
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
19
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
BZO
Viewer
A
+
0
0
1
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
19
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
1
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
19
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
2
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
18
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
COC
Viewer
A
+
0
0
1
11
29
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
19
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
2
11
29
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
18
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
2
11
29
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
18
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
MET
(
mAMP)
Viewer
A
+
0
0
1
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
16
13
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
2
20
20
100% (l84.5% - 100%)
-
10
16
12
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
1
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
16
13
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
MDMA
Viewer
A
+
0
0
2
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
18
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
2
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
18
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
1
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
19
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
BUP
Viewer
A
+
0
0
1
16
24
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
18
11
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
1
16
24
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
18
11
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
1
16
24
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
18
11
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
MOP
Viewer
A
+
0
0
1
20
20
100% 84.5% - 100%)
-
10
19
10
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
2
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
19
9
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
1
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
19
10
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
MTD
Viewer
A
+
0
0
2
19
21
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
12
16
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
1
19
21
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
12
17
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
2
19
21
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
12
16
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
OPI
Viewer
A
+
0
0
1
18
22
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
20
9
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
1
18
22
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
20
9
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
1
18
22
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
20
9
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
PCP
Viewer
A
+
0
0
2
18
22
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
13
15
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
2
18
22
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
13
15
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
2
18
22
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
13
15
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
PPX
Viewer
A
+
0
0
2
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
18
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
B
+
0
0
2
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
18
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
Viewer
C
+
0
0
2
20
20
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
10
18
0
0
95% (79.5% - 100%)
TCA
Viewer
A
+
0
0
1
10
30
100% (84.5% - 100%)
-
10
19
10
0
0
97.5% (82% - 100%)
Viewer
+
0
0
1
10
30
100% (84.5% - 100%)