L78 Datasheet Positive voltage regulator ICs Features TO-220 TO-220FP DPAK D²PAK • • • • • • • Output current up to 1.5 A Output voltages of 5; 6; 8; 8.
L78 Diagram 1 Diagram Figure 2. Block diagram GAMG220920161000MT DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 Pin configuration 2 Pin configuration Figure 3. Pin connections (top view) TO-220 TO-220FP DPAK D²PAK GAMG220920161001MT Figure 4. Schematic diagram GAMG220920161002MT DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 Maximum ratings 3 Maximum ratings Table 1. Absolute maximum ratings Symbol Note: Parameter Value for VO= 5 to 18 V 35 for VO= 20, 24 V 40 VI DC input voltage IO Output current Internally limited PD Power dissipation Internally limited TSTG Storage temperature range TOP Operating junction temperature range Unit V -65 to 150 for L78xxC, L78xxAC °C 0 to 125 for L78xxAB °C -40 to 125 Absolute maximum ratings are those values beyond which damage to the device may occur.
L78 Test circuits 4 Test circuits Figure 6. DC parameter GAMG220920161004MT Figure 7. Load regulation GAMG220920161005MT Figure 8. Ripple rejection GAMG220920161006MT DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 Electrical characteristics 5 Electrical characteristics VI = 10 V, IO = 1 A, TJ = 0 to 125 °C (L7805AC), TJ = -40 to 125 °C (L7805AB), unless otherwise specified. Table 3. Electrical characteristics of L7805A Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 4.9 5 5.1 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 7.5 to 18 V 4.8 5 5.2 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 18 to 20 V, TJ = 25 °C 4.8 5 5.2 V VI = 7.
L78 Electrical characteristics VI = 11 V, IO = 1 A, TJ = 0 to 125 °C (L7806AC), TJ = -40 to 125 °C (L7806AB), unless otherwise specified. Table 4. Electrical characteristics of L7806A Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 5.88 6 6.12 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 8.6 to 19 V 5.76 6 6.24 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 19 to 21 V, TJ = 25 °C 5.76 6 6.24 V VI = 8.
L78 Electrical characteristics VI = 14 V, IO = 1 A, TJ = 0 to 125 °C (L7808AC), TJ = -40 to 125 °C (L7808AB), unless otherwise specified. Table 5. Electrical characteristics of L7808A Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 7.84 8 8.16 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 10.6 to 21 V 7.7 8 8.3 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 21 to 23 V, TJ = 25 °C 7.7 8 8.3 V VI = 10.
L78 Electrical characteristics VI = 15 V, IO = 1 A, TJ = 0 to 125 °C (L7809AC), TJ = -40 to 125 °C (L7809AB), unless otherwise specified(Minimum load current for regulation is 5 mA.) Table 6. Electrical characteristics of L7809A Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 8.82 9 9.18 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 10.6 to 22 V 8.65 9 9.35 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 22 to 24 V, TJ = 25 °C 8.65 9 9.35 V VI = 10.
L78 Electrical characteristics VI = 19 V, IO = 1 A, TJ = 0 to 125 °C (L7812AC), TJ = -40 to 125 °C (L7812AB), unless otherwise specified. Table 7. Electrical characteristics of L7812A Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 11.75 12 12.25 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 14.8 to 25 V 11.5 12 12.5 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 25 to 27 V, TJ = 25 °C 11.5 12 12.5 V VI = 14.
L78 Electrical characteristics VI = 23 V, IO = 1 A, TJ = 0 to 125 °C (L7815AC), TJ = -40 to 125 °C (L7815AB), unless otherwise specified. Table 8. Electrical characteristics of L7815A Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 14.7 15 15.3 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 17.9 to 28 V 14.4 15 15.6 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 28 to 30 V, TJ = 25 °C 14.4 15 15.6 V VI = 17.
L78 Electrical characteristics VI = 33 V, IO = 1 A, TJ = 0 to 125 °C (L7824AC), TJ = -40 to 125 °C (L7824AB), unless otherwise specified. Table 9. Electrical characteristics of L7824A Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 23.5 24 24.5 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 27.
L78 Electrical characteristics Refer to the test circuits, TJ = 0 to 125 °C, VI = 10 V, IO = 500 mA, CI = 0.33 µF, CO = 0.1 µF unless otherwise specified. Table 10. Electrical characteristics of L7805C Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 4.8 5 5.2 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 7 to 18 V 4.75 5 5.25 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 18 to 20V, TJ = 25 °C 4.75 5 5.
L78 Electrical characteristics Refer to the test circuits, TJ = 0 to 125 °C, VI = 11 V, IO = 500 mA, CI = 0.33 µF, CO = 0.1 µF unless otherwise specified. Table 11. Electrical characteristics of L7806C Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 5.75 6 6.25 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 8 to 19 V 5.7 6 6.3 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 19 to 21 V, TJ = 25 °C 5.7 6 6.
L78 Electrical characteristics Refer to the test circuits, TJ = 0 to 125 °C, VI = 14 V, IO = 500 mA, CI = 0.33 µF, CO = 0.1 µF unless otherwise specified. Table 12. Electrical characteristics of L7808C Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 7.7 8 8.3 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 10.5 to 21 V 7.6 8 8.4 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 21 to 25 V, TJ = 25 °C 7.6 8 8.
L78 Electrical characteristics Refer to the test circuits, TJ = 0 to 125 °C, VI = 14.5 V, IO = 500 mA, CI = 0.33 µF, CO = 0.1 µF unless otherwise specified. Table 13. Electrical characteristics of L7885C Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 8.2 8.5 8.8 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 11 to 21.5 V 8.1 8.5 8.9 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 21.5 to 26 V, TJ = 25 °C 8.1 8.5 8.
L78 Electrical characteristics Refer to the test circuits, TJ = 0 to 125 °C, VI = 15 V, IO = 500 mA, CI = 0.33 µF, CO = 0.1 µF unless otherwise specified. Table 14. Electrical characteristics of L7809C Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 8.64 9 9.36 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 11.5 to 22 V 8.55 9 9.45 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 22 to 26 V, TJ = 25 °C 8.55 9 9.
L78 Electrical characteristics Refer to the test circuits, TJ = 0 to 125 °C, VI = 19 V, IO = 500 mA, CI = 0.33 µF, CO = 0.1 µF unless otherwise specified. Table 15. Electrical characteristics of L7812C Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 11.5 12 12.5 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 14.5 to 25 V 11.4 12 12.6 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 25 to 27 V, TJ = 25 °C 11.4 12 12.
L78 Electrical characteristics Refer to the test circuits, TJ = 0 to 125 °C, VI = 23 V, IO = 500 mA, CI = 0.33 µF, CO = 0.1 µF unless otherwise specified. Table 16. Electrical characteristics of L7815C Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 14.4 15 15.6 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 17.5 to 28 V 14.25 15 15.75 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 28 to 30 V, TJ = 25 °C 14.25 15 15.
L78 Electrical characteristics Refer to the test circuits, TJ = 0 to 125 °C, VI = 26 V, IO = 500 mA, CI = 0.33 µF, CO = 0.1 µF unless otherwise specified. Table 17. Electrical characteristics of L7818C Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 17.3 18 18.7 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 21 to 31 V 17.1 18 18.9 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 31 to 33 V, TJ = 25 °C 17.1 18 18.
L78 Electrical characteristics Refer to the test circuits, TJ = 0 to 125 °C, VI = 33 V, IO = 500 mA, CI = 0.33 µF, CO = 0.1 µF unless otherwise specified. Table 18. Electrical characteristics of L7824C Symbol Parameter Test conditions Min. Typ. Max. Unit VO Output voltage TJ = 25 °C 23 24 25 V VO Output voltage IO = 5 mA to 1 A, VI = 27 to 37 V 22.8 24 25.2 V VO Output voltage IO = 1 A, VI = 37 to 38 V, TJ = 25 °C 22.8 24 25.
L78 Application information 6 Application information 6.1 Design consideration The L78 Series of fixed voltage regulators are designed with thermal overload protection that shuts down the circuit when subjected to an excessive power overload condition, internal short-circuit protection that limits the maximum current the circuit will pass, and output transistor safe-area compensation that reduces the output shortcircuit current as the voltage across the pass transistor is increased.
L78 Design consideration Figure 10. Current regulator IO = VXX/R1+Id GAMG220920161008MT Figure 11. Circuit for increasing output voltage IR1≥ 5 Id VO = VXX(1+R 2 /R1)+ I dR2 GAMG220920161009MT Figure 12. Adjustable output regulator (7 to 30 V) GAMG220920161010MT DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 Design consideration Figure 13. 0.5 to 10 V regulator VO =VXXR 4 /R 1 GAMG220920161011MT Figure 14. High current voltage regulator VBEQ1 R1 = ______________ I REQ-(I Q1/bQ1) VBEQ1 I O = I REG + Q1 (I REG _____ _) R1 GAMG220920161012MT Figure 15. High output current with short circuit protection RSC =VBEQ2/ISC GAMG220920161013MT DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 Design consideration Figure 16. Tracking voltage regulator GAMG220920161014MT Figure 17. Split power supply (± 15 V - 1 A) GAMG220920161015MT Note: * Against potential latch-up problems. DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 Design consideration Figure 18. Negative output voltage circuit GAMG220920161016MT Figure 19. Switching regulator GAMG220920161017MT Figure 20. High input voltage circuit (configuration 1) VIN = VI - (VZ + VBE) GAMG220920161018MT DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 Design consideration Figure 21. High input voltage circuit (configuration 2) GAMG220920161019MT Figure 22. High input and output voltage VO = VXX + VZ1 GAMG220920161020MT Figure 23. Reducing power dissipation with dropping resistor VI(min)-VXX-VDROP(max) R = ____________________ IO(max)+Id(max) GAMG220920161021MT DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 Design consideration Figure 24. Remote shutdown GAMG220920161022MT Figure 25. Power AM modulator (unity voltage gain, IO ≤ 0.5) GAMG220920161023MT Note: The circuit performs well up to 100 kHz. Figure 26. Adjustable output voltage with temperature compensation VO = VXX (1+R2/R1) + VBE GAMG220920161024MT Note: Q2 is connected as a diode in order to compensate the variation of the Q1 VBE with the temperature. C allows a slow rise time of the VO. DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 Design consideration Figure 27. Light controllers (VO(min) = VXX + VBE) VO falls when the light goes up VO rises when the light goes up GAMG220920161025MT Figure 28. Protection against input short-circuit with high capacitance loads GAMG220920161026MT Note: Application with high capacitance loads and an output voltage greater than 6 volts need an external diode (see Figure 23. Reducing power dissipation with dropping resistor) to protect the device against input short circuit.
L78 Typical performance 7 Typical performance Figure 29. Dropout voltage vs junction temperature VI-Vo (V) Io(A) L78XX IO = 1 2 0m IO = 0 mA 2 A IO = 200 1 L7805 2.5 A IO = 50 1.5 Figure 30. Peak output current vs input/output differential voltage Tj = Tj = mA IO = 20 m A 1.5 Tj = Tj 1 =1 50 55 0° °C C 12 Tj 5° C =2 5° °C C DROPOUT CONDITIONS ∆VO = 5% of VO 0.5 0.
L78 Typical performance Figure 33. Output impedance vs frequency Figure 34. Quiescent current vs junction temp. Id (mA) Zo (Ω) L7805 10 Vi = 10 V Vo = 5 V Io = 500 mA 4.4 Vi = 10 V Vo = 5 V Tamb = 25 °C CL = 0 µF 4.2 Io = 20 mA 1 4.0 10-1 Io = 500 mA 3.8 L7805 10-2 10 102 3.6 -75 f (Hz) 105 104 103 -50 -25 25 0 50 75 100 125 Figure 35. Load transient response Figure 36.
L78 Package information 8 Package information In order to meet environmental requirements, ST offers these devices in different grades of ECOPACK® packages, depending on their level of environmental compliance. ECOPACK® specifications, grade definitions and product status are available at: www.st.com. ECOPACK® is an ST trademark. DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 TO-220 (dual gauge) package information 8.1 TO-220 (dual gauge) package information Figure 38. TO-220 (dual gauge) package outline 0015988_21_Type A DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 TO-220 (dual gauge) package information Table 19. TO-220 (dual gauge) mechanical data Dim. mm Min. Max. A 4.40 4.60 b 0.61 0.88 b1 1.14 1.70 c 0.48 0.70 D 15.25 15.75 D1 DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com. Typ. 1.27 E 10 10.40 e 2.40 2.70 e1 4.95 5.15 F 1.23 1.32 H1 6.20 6.60 J1 2.40 2.72 L 13 14 L1 3.50 3.93 L20 16.40 L30 28.90 ∅P 3.75 3.85 Q 2.65 2.
L78 TO-220 (single gauge) package information 8.2 TO-220 (single gauge) package information Figure 39. TO-220 (single gauge) package outline 8174627_5 DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 TO-220 (single gauge) package information Table 20. TO-220 (single gauge) mechanical data Dim. DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com. mm Min. Typ. Max. A 4.40 4.60 b 0.61 0.88 b1 1.14 1.70 c 0.48 0.70 D 15.25 15.75 E 10.00 10.40 e 2.40 2.70 e1 4.95 5.15 F 0.51 0.60 H1 6.20 6.60 J1 2.40 2.72 L 13.00 14.00 L1 3.50 3.93 L20 16.40 L30 28.90 ∅P 3.75 3.85 Q 2.65 2.
L78 TO-220FP type A package information 8.3 TO-220FP type A package information Figure 40. TO-220FP package outline 7012510_type_A DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 TO-220 (single/dual) packing information Table 21. TO-220FP package mechanical data Dim. mm Min. Max. A 4.4 4.6 B 2.5 2.7 D 2.5 2.75 E 0.45 0.7 F 0.75 1 F1 1.15 1.70 F2 1.15 1.70 G 4.95 5.2 G1 2.4 2.7 H 10 10.4 L2 8.4 Typ. 16 L3 28.6 30.6 L4 9.8 10.6 L5 2.9 3.6 L6 15.9 16.4 L7 9 9.3 Dia 3 3.2 TO-220 (single/dual) packing information Figure 41. Tube for TO-220 (dual gauge) (mm.) DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 DPAK package information Figure 42. Tube for TO-220 (single gauge) (mm.) 8.5 DPAK package information Figure 43. DPAK package outline 0068772_A_21 DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 DPAK package information Table 22. DPAK mechanical data Dim. mm Min. Max. A 2.20 2.40 A1 0.90 1.10 A2 0.03 0.23 b 0.64 0.90 b4 5.20 5.40 c 0.45 0.60 c2 0.48 0.60 D 6.00 6.20 D1 E 5.10 6.40 6.60 E1 4.70 e 2.28 e1 4.40 4.60 H 9.35 10.10 L 1.00 1.50 (L1) 2.80 L2 0.80 L4 0.60 R V2 DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com. Typ. 1.00 0.
L78 DPAK package information Figure 44. DPAK recommended footprint (dimensions are in mm) Footprint_0068772 DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 D²PAK (SMD 2L STD-ST) type A package information 8.6 D²PAK (SMD 2L STD-ST) type A package information Figure 45. D²PAK (SMD 2L STD-ST) type A package outline 0079457_22_type A DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 D²PAK (SMD 2L STD-ST) type A package information Table 23. D²PAK (SMD 2L STD-ST) mechanical data Dim. mm Min. Max. A 4.40 4.60 A1 0.03 0.23 b 0.70 0.93 b2 1.14 1.70 c 0.45 0.60 c2 1.23 1.36 D 8.95 9.35 D1 7.50 7.75 8.00 D2 1.10 1.30 1.50 E 10 E1 8.50 8.70 8.90 E2 6.85 7.05 7.25 e 10.40 2.54 e1 4.88 5.28 H 15 15.85 J1 2.49 2.69 L 2.29 2.79 L1 1.27 1.40 L2 1.30 1.75 R V2 DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com. Typ. 0.
L78 D²PAK (ASE) type B package information 8.7 D²PAK (ASE) type B package information Figure 46. D²PAK (ASE subcon) type B package outline 0079457_23_type B DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 D²PAK (ASE) type B package information Table 24. D²PAK (ASE) type B mechanical data Dim. mm Min. Max. A 4.36 4.56 A1 0 0.25 b 0.70 0.90 b1 0.51 0.89 b2 1.17 1.37 b3 1.36 1.46 c 0.38 0.694 c1 0.38 0.534 c2 1.19 1.34 D 8.60 9.00 D1 6.90 7.50 E 10.15 10.55 E1 8.10 8.70 e 2.54 H 15.00 15.60 L 1.90 2.50 L1 1.65 L2 1.78 L3 L4 DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com. Typ. 0.25 4.78 5.
L78 D²PAK (ASE) type B package information Figure 47. D²PAK recommended footprint (dimensions are in mm) Footprint_0079457 DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 D²PAK and DPAK packing information 8.8 D²PAK and DPAK packing information Figure 48. Tape outline DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com.
L78 D²PAK and DPAK packing information Figure 49. Reel outline T 40mm min. access hole at slot location B D C N A G measured at hub Tape slot in core for tape start 2.5mm min.width Full radius AM06038v1 Table 25. D²PAK tape and reel mechanical data Tape Dim. DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com. Reel mm mm Dim. Min. Max. Min. A0 10.5 10.7 A B0 15.7 15.9 B 1.5 D 1.5 1.6 C 12.8 D1 1.59 1.61 D 20.2 E 1.65 1.85 G 24.4 F 11.4 11.6 N 100 K0 4.8 5.0 T Max.
L78 D²PAK and DPAK packing information Table 26. DPAK tape and reel mechanical data Tape Dim. mm mm Dim. Min. Max. A0 6.8 7 A B0 10.4 10.6 B 1.5 12.1 C 12.8 1.6 D 20.2 G 16.4 50 B1 DS0422 - Rev 36 Downloaded from Arrow.com. Reel Min. Max. 330 13.2 D 1.5 D1 1.5 E 1.65 1.85 N F 7.4 7.6 T K0 2.55 2.75 P0 3.9 4.1 Base qty. 2500 P1 7.9 8.1 Bulk qty. 2500 P2 1.9 2.1 R 40 T 0.25 0.35 W 15.7 16.3 18.4 22.
L78 Ordering information 9 Ordering information Table 27.
L78 Revision history Table 28. Document revision history Date Revision Changes 21-Jun-2004 12 Document updating. 03-Aug-2006 13 Order codes has been updated and new template. 19-Jan-2007 14 D²PAK mechanical data has been updated and add footprint data. 31-May-2007 15 Order codes has been updated. 29-Aug-2007 16 Added Table 1 in cover page. 11-Dec-2007 17 Modified: Table 27.
L78 Contents Contents 1 Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 2 Pin configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 Maximum ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L78 List of tables List of tables Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. Table 7. Table 8. Table 9. Table 10. Table 11. Table 12. Table 13. Table 14. Table 15. Table 16. Table 17. Table 18. Table 19. Table 20. Table 21. Table 22. Table 23. Table 24. Table 25. Table 26. Table 27. Table 28. Absolute maximum ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . Thermal data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Electrical characteristics of L7805A . . . . . . Electrical characteristics of L7806A . . . . . .
L78 List of figures List of figures Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22. Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. Figure 28. Figure 29. Figure 30. Figure 31. Figure 32. Figure 33. Figure 34. Figure 35. Figure 36. Figure 37. Figure 38. Figure 39. Figure 40. Figure 41. Figure 42. Figure 43. Figure 44. Figure 45.
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