Limits Last Answer Feature Length of Formula Scientific Calculations in the BASIC mode Direct Calculation Feature CHAPTER 4 CONCEPTS AND TERMS OF BASIC . String Constants .. Hexadecimal Numbers . Variables Fixed Variables . Simple Variables Array Variables . Variables in the Form ofA( 3. Expressions Numeric Operators . . String Expressions Relational Expressions Logical Expressions Parentheses and Operator Precedence Run Mode . Functions . .. CHAPTERS PROGRAMMING THE COMPUTER Programs BASIC Statement . .
2. Using Cassette Interface 3, Cassette Tape Recorder .. 4. Operating the Cassette Interface and Recorder . Using Color Printer . Serial Vociferation CHAPTERS USING THERM CARD . RAM Card Replacement 1. Replacing RAM Card . 2. Replacing Regular-Size RAM Card . Using RAM Card with Other Models CHAPTERS BASIC REFERENCE Commands .. Verbs Graphics Related Verbs .. s Functions . Pseudo variables . . Numeric Functions String Functions Serial YO Related Commands ‘ CHAPTER TROUBLESHOOTING i 245 Machine Operation ..
Introductory Note Welcome to the world of SHARP owners! Few industries in the world foray can match the rapid growth and technological advances being made in the field of personal computers. Computers which just & short time ago would have filled a huge room, required a2 Ph. D. fo program, and cost thousands of dollars, now fit in the palm of your hand, are easily programmed, and cost so fettle that they are within the reach of nearly everyone.
How to Use this Manual CHAPTER HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL This manual is designed to introduce you to the capabilities and features of your COMPUTER and 1o serve as a valuable reference tool. Whether you are a “firs-ime user’ or an “oid hand” with computers, vou should acquaint yourself with the COMPUTER by reading and working through Chaplets 2 through 6. * Chapter 2 describes the physical features of the COMPUTER. * Chaplet 3 demonstrates the use of the COMPUTER as a scientific calculator.
How to:Use this Manual Detailed Appendixes provide you with useful charts, comparisons, and special discussions concerning the use and operation of the COMPUTER. Using the Hard Cover When the computer is not being used, place the hard (plastic) cover aver the operation panel of the computer. * When the minicomputer is to be used Remove the hard cover farm the. computer as shown in huger below. 8tep® .
introduction to the Computer Jovial i ¥ INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPUTER The SHARP COMPUTER system consists of: * keyboard. * 24-digit display. * Powerful BASIC in kilobyte ROM. * B-bit COSMOS processor. * Options: CE-126P Printer/Cassette Interface CE-140P Color Dot Printer CE-815F Color Plotter/Printer RAM cards (CE-212M, efc) Regular-size RAM cards (CE-201M, eic) otk familiarize you with the placement and functions of parts of the COMPUTER keyboard, we will now take up each section of the keyboard.
introduction to the Computer This COMPUTER has 78 keys and one slide switch on its panel. Each key function is identified by various letters, humblers, or symbol's inscribed on or stove the keys. {1} Power on To begin with, turn your computer on. The POWER switch is located at the upper left corner of the computer. Slide the switch 10 the ON position. | oven -ng' teeth @fi@fiv @i Power switch You bill see the following Initial information in the display.
Introduction to the Computer The computer can operate basically in three different modes. One mode is the CAL mode, in which you can use your computer just like a calculator. Anther mode is the AUN mode, in which you can execute your program or manual calculation using BASIC commands. The third mode is the PRO mode, which allows you o store your program into the computer or correct or amend a stored program. Switching between these modes can be accomplished by the green I Call and (@5E) keys.
introduction to the Computer. Thus the RUN and PRO modes are selected alternately each time you prods the (B8] key. . . Thé computer will return 1 the CAL mode if you press the AT key. Mode switching Cross cag Pres W Press s BASIC mode 1. CAL mode e Now let's operas the keys. Set your computer in” CAL mode first. In CAL mode the keys and unctions shown at right can be used for calculation. Bioko &3 Display {Red key} ~ 0.
introduction 1o the Computer 2. RUN and PRO modes Change the CAL mode to BUN or PRO by using the ®EE) key, and press Ine fallowing keys while watching the display: n RUN and PRQ modes the keys shown below can be used for calculations. McNamara Gt | SEEDED @ Example: B o + ZXC. i LD_i:J \i_l ZXC123_ [CC-EAR _'Ayahs} Cursor If you press an alphabet or number key, the item denoted on the key will be entered.
Introduction to the Computer ALL RESET: Reset button. This button s used to reset the computer when clear or CA ls not sufficient to correct a-probable; To reset the computer; hold down any key on the keyboard and simultaneously press the RESET button on the back.
Introduction to the Computer Contrast Control Your computer has on its right side when viewed from the front, a contort for adjusting the contrast of the display. Adjust the display for visibility. — Contrast Control! “furn the control in the arrow direction {streetwise) for a higher contrast and in the, direction {clockwise) for slower con Cell Replacement (Main Power Supply) The COMPUTER normally operates on the two built-in lithium cells.
Introduction to the Computer How to Replace the Celia (1) Turn off the .computer. by sliding the power switch ta the OFF position. (2) Remove the back cover from the copywriter By sliding the ook switch in the arrow direction shown in Figure 1. (3) Mf there is a FAM card it the card slot; remove it in accordance with the procedure on page 118 or 120. (4) Remove the cell cover by sliding tin the arrow direction shown in the figure below. Fig.-2 et Lithium: el Fig.
Introduction to the Computer {7) Replace the back caver and slide the lock switch 1o the LOCK position. Note: Be sure to sef the lock switch to the LOCK petition, as otherwise the COMPUTER will not aerate, If the power has been furred on without sliding the lock switch to the LOG position, slide the lock switch to the LOCK position, hurt off the power, and then furn it on again. {8) Turn on the computer by slicing the power switch o the ON position and press the RESET bunion to clear the computer.
Introduction to the Computer When to Replace Battery RAM card contents can be retained for the following periods after inserting a lithium battery (CR~1616} into the RAM card. The lengths of times at a storage temperature of 20°C are specified as follows: * Approx. § years when the card is installed in the computer. * Approx. 18 months when the card is removed from the computer and kept in storage. . Be sure to install a new battery before these periods expire.
Introduction to the Computer (1} Remove the four screws with a Phillips screwdriver and remove 1ne back cover. Backpacker > Resews (2) Remove the old battery. Wis the new battery off with a soft, dry cloth and insert it with its plus side up. (3) Replace the back cover and tighten the screws. (4) Record ihe date of replacement in the DATE line. T—— Dateline * Record the name of the programmings) stored in the RAM card in the TITLE sine.
Using as a Calculator CHAPTER USING ASA CALCULATOR Now that you are familiar with the layout and components of your new SHARP COMPUTER, we will begin investigating its exciting capabilities. Ba cause the COMPUTER allows you the full range of calculating functions, plus the increased power of BASIC programming abilities (useful in more complex calculation, it is commonly referred to as a “smart” calculator.
Using as a Calculator Note that ihe computer returns to the CAL mode when the m key is pressed after the AUTO OFF. Miscalculation in the CAL Mode. In the CAL meed, the key$ and functions shown at right can be used for calculation. Nate: In the CAL mads, the. results of calculations cannot be output on the printer. . Now let us try some simple calculations. Press the following keys while watching the display: Display Input 123, &3 77 123, ['23 _654. = 777.
Using as a Calculator Yalow key nut Display ) (e 3.141592654 3.141592654) What you see in the diplopia is the value of 7 Next, et us compute 10, For this confutation, you should use the function 10% This function is also identified by a brown letter, 5o the key must be pressed before the function key is pressed: input Display 2 T sore T—— (sir) [leg) 10906.
Using as a Calculator Input Display Input Display 128 (E] 456 456. Eem e® ? 7es [E) 912, +] (123 + 769 = 912} Y grm 3 The EE& key may also be used to clear an error. Input Display F] e Error symbol FZH (display mode switch) This key is sad to switch the display mode for the result of a calculation from the floating point decimal system (normal mode) to the fixed point decimal, scientific notation, or engineering notation system, or vice versa. Input Display 23 (%7 1e0e [E] 23908, (Norma) BIAS 23004.
Using as a Calculator FIX 9.63 Input Display () Specifies 5 decimal (D 8 3] FIX D.626500 places. (2) ~ BRG! (specifies angular unit.) This key is used to specify the angular units for numeric data used in trigonometric functions, inverse trigonometric functions, or coordinates conversion input Display (Degrees) e 08 (Radians) DRG T ) L) (Grads) (sift Lo {Degrades) DEG: Degree RAD: Radian [rad] GRAD: Grad [g] 1807 = # {rad} = 2009 o0 te [80, (30 .
Using e a Calculator Input. Display sixty { ! ' 490 fl =) ~ “ope. Used to ante a negative number (m to reverse the sign from negative to ' positive) gt " Display s EE -1.23" & s BR x 10°%, = ~ -apologize &2 This section describes the display formats and symbols sad in the CAL mode. 5 Normal display format i DEC Exponential display format SE AT MOPE 00 polygonal | Settee MARK STAT FEINT Martinez (12 dis) The computer has a 24-digit display, of which 16 digits are used to display numbers.
Using as a Calculator Display symbols Tha following describes the symbols and indicators that appear in the display 1o show the mode, status, or condition of the computer. {asy Shift WY S DEGRADE oAt AUN PR R MATRIX STAT PRINT The computer uses the symbols and indicators shown above, whose meanings are the following: SHIFT: This word comes on when the (SHE] or (86 key is activated, indicating that the second function of 2 key identified by a brown label can be selected.
Using as:a Calculator. sear STAT: Pressing the [WHET] 3 keys in the CAL mods causes & dash ' indicator to appear just above the STAT label in the lower right area of the display. The STAT stands for statistics and indicates that the computerizes in the STAT (statistical calculation) mode. CRL: appears just above tha CAL label in the Wider left area of the display, it indicates that the computer is in the CAL (calculation) made.
Using as a Calculator @ Symbol [ is displayed: Numeric data is already in the memory. This symbol can be seared All symbols displayed in the upper area of the display can be cleared with the T key, with the exception of those described in the above items ®and @5 |n this manual, the key functions are shown as follows: (] E 1 Sin? key sin, T Sin key * Deletion key : afterglow key Factorial key ) Inn Close parenthesis key o — = These keys are operable when the statistical calculation mode ey (G is sel. 1.
Sing as.a Calculator Constant Multiplication: The first number entered is a constants: Kevin: 335 0E) Transient 15" ‘ Answer: 30 Key Ewer Constant Dnvus!on The number entered after-the division sigh is a consomme Kevin: Answer! & N Kevin: 30 =1 Wriggler: 10 Note: The machine places some calculations in pending status depending on their priority levels.
Using as a Calculator Scientific Calculations e CAL mode To perform trigonometric or inverse trigonometric functions, and coordinates conversion, designate the angular unit for the calculation. The angular unit "DEG, RAD, of GRAD" is designated by the [SHE] and [BRG) keys. 1. Trigonometric functions Set the angular unit 1o “DEG”. Calculate: Sin 30° + Cos 40° Key in the following: 30 Answer: Calculate: Cos 0.257 Set the angular unit to “RAD". Key in: 25 () (860 () Answer: 0.
Using as a Calculator Calculate: 3° and 3* Kevin: Answer: 27 Kevin: 8 (771 4 { Answer: 81 S. Tools ' Calculate: V25 . Kevin: 25 75 Answer: 5 Calculate: Cubic root Key in: 27 (whet) BF) > Answer 3 Calculate: Fourth root of 81 Key in: 81 [sift] 39 4 (30 Answer: 3 8. Logarithmic Functions Calculate: In 21, log 173 Natural Logarithms: Key in: 21 Expansive: 3044522438 Common Logarithms: : Key in: 173 g Answer: 2238046103 7. Exponential Functions Calculate; Key in: 3.0445 g% Answer: 20.
11. 12, Using as a Calculator Calculate: 547 = 473 x100 473 Key in: 547 1 473 (et} %) Answer: 15.6448203 Angle/Time conversions To convert an angle given in the vigesimal system {degress/minutesiseconds} o its decimal equivalent, a value in degrees must be entered as an integer and values in minutes and seconds &s decimal fractions, respectively. Convert 12747 52" 1o its decimal equivalent. Key in; 12.
Using as & Regulator Converting polar coordinates to rectangular Solve for P (14, /8), %/3) Angular unit: RAD . Kevin: [seem) (3067 =5 Answer: (x) 3 : Key Answer:. 12212435565 {y) In the:above; sample, -input first and is v replaced with.t pushing the (¢ ]key after r ris input. : S The parentheses keys are needed to fluster together series of plantations when it is necessary to override the priority system of algebra., When parentheses are iy use on the COMPUTER;. the in the display.
Using as a Calculator To clear e TAB setting (designation of the decimal places), trr off the power switch and then on again. The display is now in the normal display mode. Example: sty [7a8) (6] — {FIX mode) O E) L+ ME)I=1 (The 10th decimal place is rounded.) i — (SCI mode) (The 10th decimal claps of the mantissa part is rounded.) (Swig, a8 ) — (8C1 mode} (The 4th decimal place of the mantissa part is rounded.
Using as a Calculator Ex.. Key.operation arid sequence of calculation in 5 + sin [X]) a0 ) ‘24—Y533:J i ¥ | The numbers (i ~ @ indicate the sequence in which the calculations are carried out, When calculations are executed from the higher priority one in sequence, a lower priority one must be set aside.
Using as a Calculator Calculation using parentheses Ex. ) 3@ 4 numerals and calculation instructions S are left pending. Pressing the [ 1} key executes the calculation the parentheses, leaving 2 calculations pending. ® Parentheses can be used unless pending calculations exceed 8. However, parentheses can be continuously used up to 15 times. Ex.
Using.as a Cantaloupe Hex numbers Through F can be entered by first placing your computerization Demode (with £ key), then pressing the respective keys shown in figure. The symbol HEX indicates that 1he humeri data Shawn in the display is a hex number, and that you can perform any basic arithmetic operations on hex numbers. To clear the Hex mode, operate [Shift! Ford . 1. Decimal fo hex conversion Example; .
Using as a Calculator 2. Hex to decimal conversion Example: Convert hex number 2BC into its decimal equivalent Kevin: [SHIFT] [Odd Answer: 700. Example: Convert hex number into its decimal equivalent: Key in: ETg (el 12 (shift] BB Answer: ~ —~238, HEX » If any of hex numbers to FDABF41C01 is converted into its decimal equivalent, the corresponding decimal number will become negative, 3. Hexadecimal calculations Hexadecimal calculations can be done after your computer is placed in the Hex mode.
Using as ' Counterexample: 43A ~ 3CB OFR Total Lo Mickey: B8 @ e mE Answer: . T Azs =] 2FB MH Answer: "~ 73D. HER Answer: : : 7AC. HEX For hex calculations, you should.note the fallowing pints: * In hex calculations, Lhe compiler-igriores all fractional parts. This means that the decimal paint key, T2}, is meaningless even if pressed for a hex calculation, If an intermediate result in successive hex calculations includes a fractional part, an error will result. Example: Error {Symbol "E” is displayed.
Using as a Celebrator Statistical Calculations To perform statistical calculation, press the [88ET) and i) keys {under the red jz=3) key) in the GAL mode, a dash indicator will appear just above the “STAT” labs in the lower right area of the display. The “STAT" stands for Statistics, and indicates that the computer is in the statistical calculation mode. When the computer is in the RUN or PRO mode, press the [Ea0 and then [Shirt] a8 to perform a statistical calculation.
Using as-a Calculator To clear previous statistical inputs and calculations, reset the statistical calculation mode acne and set this mode again. Otherwise, when a new statistical calculation i Is performed incorrect answers will be obtained When the statistical emulation mode is set the following cannot be performed * Memory calculation ) * Calculation with parentheses * Coordinates conversion Conversion between hexadecimal and decimal numbers Hexadecimal calculation 1.
Using as a Calculator As each sample is entered, the number of data of that sample will appear at the right of the display. Kevin Display () ferric) 0. 35 foal 55%5 = 7 65x2 ] 9 Notes: 1. After all the data have been entered, statistics such as mean value, standard deviation, etc., may be obtained in any desired order. 2.
Using as 4 Calculator Positive Correlation Negative Correlation v Translation coefficient ‘Vallejo r. +0.80 10 +1.00 +0.80 to +0.80 +0.40 to +0.60 +0.20 10 +0.40 —0.20 t0 +0.20 ~0.20 to ~0.40 ~0.40 10 —0.60 | ~0.60 to —0.80 ~0.80 to ~1.
Using as a Calculator =) (1) 0571587901 Faw) 34.26120476 {y-axis) Nary) B 0.678571428 (slope) The value of 0571587901 for v indicates that the correlation is moderate. The equation for the straight fine for this data is y = 34.26 + 0.88x when truncated o second decimal places. Key in: Display 90 (F Met) (Y7 1f we had a student whose mark in mathematics was 90, the student would have a mark of 85 in English based on this analysis.
Using as a Calculator CAUTION The following statistical-data birdbrained in the CAL mode can be used in the BASIC mode. . Memory Statistic Exy Zy zy* When performing calculations using this statistical data, use the RUN mode. For example, to determine the sum of stares (S of four Pisces of data, 205, 221, 276, and 220‘, operate your computer, as follows: § = = Zx? ~ni? wore {Zx) ' ® Enter the data in the CAL mods.
Using as a Calculator Calculation Range Four arithmetic calculations: 1st operand, 2nd operand, and calculation result: -1%107% ~ 10% and 0 Scientific functions: Functions Dynamic range Nita DEG: bxl <1210 or Ad: 1xi< By sin 5 ) 12n x, however, the following cases are excluded. DEG: RAD: n = integer CARD: 1) sin™! <1107 Inx 99 v 159 fnx g X100 {inx = log, 230.2685092 [ 2.
Using as a Calculator Functions Dynamic range Nos Vx 0gx <1x10" ’ ! x7 LEx 1< x 107 1 Ixl<1x10® x x#0 ol ogn <69 (i Integer} D.MS DEG Ix1<1x10™ " DEG — D.MS MEX DEC | O£ % £2540BE3FF % s an Integer FDABF41C0) g x & in HEX mode DEC— HEX x is an integer. 2557} <15 100 attn 101, stereos@ reedy Arsing (<1 x101% < 100 5 is in the same Roost 1< x10 condition as x of sin x, cos x. Ix
Using as a Calculator Functions Dynamic range Note n#0 0 <) iEE —ak?) (Eed 0§t <1 %1090 Bxy taxi nET) Byt nit] T 0« ExT 101 Ex ¥ . pap EEL | coax Starstruck | & celebration | Lx? ak? ais the same condition as b, and 5 -bEl<1x10" a+bxl < 1x107 < 1x10 Forth accuracy of functions other than shown above, the error is 1 at the 10th dig, as a rule. (In the scientific notation system, the error is =1 at the lowest digit of mantissa display.
Using: as a Calculator. Irt the CAL mode, the COMPUTER hag a function to calculate estimates or their determinant values. . A matrix is a rectangular array'a,k n) of a given set of numbers (mxn elements) as shown below. With this computer, such an array is expressed as matrix One of the sis of numbers which form a matrix is called a matrix sentiment. Matrix element a, is expressed as or The horizontal arrangement of matrix elements is called a row while the vertical arrangement is called a column.
Using as a Calculator Key Function (safe] [0 » Puts the computer in the MATRIX mode. « Allows you o enter the elements of matrix ¥ and then the elements of matrix ¥, and the computer to calculate the matrices. * Releases the computer from the MATRIX mode when these keys are pressed & second lime, REDSHIFT) * Puts the compiler in the MATRIX made. » Allows the compiler to perform matrix calculations, ® Releases the computer from the MATRIX mode when these keys are pressed a second time.
Using as a Calculator Operation: ) (1) Becalm matrix X is undefined, (0, 0) is displeasure the computer is put in the MATRIX mads. a2 "2 is entered as the bummer of foes, ENTER 3 [Enter] Then enter the number of columns as “3” and (2. 3), and the computer i$ faddy for your input of the vale of element X1, 1. Texan MATRIX:X( 6_) o define matrix X as a matrix with a size of 1 0. After your input of elemental, 1), the.
Using as a Calculator After you have completed the input of all the element data of matrix X, you must define the size of matrix ¥ and then enter the elements of matrix ¥ in the same manner as you did for matrix X. 2 (Enter] 3 [Enter] 5 )3 (=2 [Enter] 3 [Enter) 2 [Enter G [Enter] 0 (Entente 57 [ENTER) MATRIX:¥{ 0..
Using as a Calculator Matrix Calculations While the message “MATRIX OPERATION" is op the display, pressing each-of the following keys causes the COMPUTER to perform the matrix operation designated by the key. Key Function Performs addition. The result of adding matrix X to matrix ¥ becomes view matrix X, Ta perform addition, matrices X and ¥ must be equal to each other in both. the number of rows and the number of columns, X'— Y= X Performs subtraction.
Using as a Calculator Key Function Performs the subtraction of matrix X elements from scalar n. In this operation, sate element of matrix X is subtracted from n and the result becomes the corresponding elements of new matrix X, NOTE: Mathematically, such an operation as this does not exist. The subtraction of scalars is another feature unique to the COMPUTER. (Example} 108 Aphorisms the multiplication of matrix X elements by scalar n.
Using as a Calculator Key Function invokes the memory contents of matrix M into matrix X (while clearing the previous contents of matrix M:Adds the valise of matrix X cumulatively to the : memory contents of matrix M. To perform his operation, matrices X and 3/ must be equal to each’ other in both the number of rows and the number of coiffures. ' Note: ® Pressing the BER key during the execution of matrix calculation causes the calculation to be suspended.
Using as & Calculator Now, let's see the result of addition. The COMPUTER is now released from the MATRIX mods. If you press any of the numeric keys or the (= key while the message “MATRIX OPERATION” is being displayed, the COMPUTER can perform scalar calculations. Example 8: To calculate 1/25% X -» X, using the calculation result of matrix X in Example 2 Operation: wF o) | MATRIX OPERATION T 2 [ scalar 5 [scalar 2. w W aoa 0,04 %X MATRIX OPERATION [z Example 4.
Using as 4 Calculator HINTS: Enter matrices X and ¥ as shown below and calculate X1 + ¥-%o obtain the solutions x; y, and z 91 the equations. Operation Press the [y and [(¥7 keys to put the computer in the MATRIX mode and then enter the matrix element data of X and ¥ according to Example MATRIX OPERATION' . MATRIX -OPERATION = | MATRIX OPERATION = ‘ [ Hiss; the solutions and z of the equations are as footsies: . Note: Matrix calculations are based on the method of elimination being widely used.
Using as a Calculator Example 5: To solve for the inverse matrix of E1 1/3:[ This matrix is not a regular matrix and thus has no inverse matrix theoretically. With any compiler, however, the value 1/3 is input as “0.33 3" and thus an inverse matrix exists, resulting in the following. [3 I: 333, 1.E10:| 10338 1E10 ~3.E10 So the results abstained by compilers may have such an error. Please ante that verification by any other method may bs required depending on how matrix calculations wail be applied.
Using as & Calculator However, when neither matrix ¥ nor matrix M is used, the values (no. of rows and 1. of columns) in brackets of each surprised matrix will be treated as 0 for the capacity calculation.
Using as a Calculator Error Messages If an error scours during the calculation of a matrix, one of the following messages appears on the display, together with the “E” (Error} sign. Press the &8 key to release the COMPUTER from the error condition and the “E” sign will go off and the message “MATRIX OPERATION” will appear on the display. Al this point, the matrix data before the execution of the matrix calculation is retained in memory.
Using as:a Calculator How to Manually Calculate . Pt Let’s in the’ RUN ode.. Press. the BASIC key 1o place your computer in the: RUN mode: Press (88); an indicator will appear’ with. the RUN .fable, | FOL NET COPTER ol Neap ke cee o s laconically] Before going into operation examples.' on some important points in operation. Whereas we usually use operators for our. mathematical calculations én paper, we don'l use the operators X and “+ for Gur arithmetic operations in BASIC.
Using as a Calculator Input Display [Enter [Never) [Enter] ) (B E Med [ENTER] [l 8 &) (BANTER) Recalling Entries Even after the COMPUTER has displayed {he results of your calculation, you can display your last entry again. To recall, use the fell (=0 and right 7} arrows. The left arrow, , recalls the expression that has the cursor positioned after its last character. The right arrow, (B, recalls the expression that has the cursor positioned “on top of” its first character.
Using as a Calculator On second thought, you decide that groups containing an odd number of participants might be more effective. Recall your last sentry, using the (=1 key Input Display = [30076_ To calculate the new number of groups, you must replace the six with an odd number, Five seems to make more sense than seven. Because you recalled by using the (=0 arrow, the cursor is positioned at the end of the display. Use the to move the cursor ong space to the left.
Using as a Calculator Even a tired, overworked manager like you realizes that six does nol seem 1o be a reasonable result when you are dealing with hundreds of people! Re calf your entry using the =1, Input Display o] 30/5 Because you recalled by using the , the flashing cursor is now positioned over the first character in the display. To correct this entry you wish to insert an added zero. Using the . move the cursor unit it is positioned over the zero.
Using as a Calculator The results seem much too large: If you only have 300 people attending the: meeting, how could you have 600 “small groups™? Recall your entry using the (7. [nut Display = ) 300075 The flashing cursor is now positioned over the first character in the display. To correct this entry-eliminate one of the zeros. Using the rove the cursor to the first zeros (or any zérc). When deleting.a: character, you petition tig cursor “on. top. of* the character to:be deleted.
Using as a Calculator Naturally you are surprised when this message appears! ERROR 1 is simply the computer's way of saying, "I font know what you want me fo do here”. To find out what the problem is, recall your entry using either the =0 or De! row, Input Display =] When you use the 7= or (3J key, the flashing cursor indicates the point at which the computer gol contused. And no wonted, you have too many operators! To correct this error use the Delete key. Input Display o] [BEC} [EWER) 60.
Using as a Calculator Notice that as you type in the second calculation the computer automatically displays the result of your first calculation at the left of the screen and includes it in the new calculation. In serial calculations, the entry must begin with an operator. As always, you end the entry with (ENTER] : Note: The % and fif] keys cannot be used in the calculation, The _W'j key should be used as a character only and the (% key is inoperative.
Using as a Oratorical Negative Numbers Sine you want the awards dinner to be really special, you decide to stay with the planned agenda and spend the additional money. However, you wonder what percentage of the total budget will be used up by this item. First, change the sign of the remaining sum: Input Display. @ (675 Now you add this result to your original presentation budget: Input Display 7425. Dividing by 45000 gives you the percentage of the total budget this new figure represents: nut. Display 0.
Using as-a Calculator When performing compound calculations, the computer has specific rules of express: overvaluation and-operator priority {see:page 78): Be sure. you get the calculation you want by-using parentheses fo clarify your expressions, 6r 675 r(6750145000) . To illustrate the difference that the placement of parentheses can make, try these wo examples: Input. _Display (ZIEGLER O @.165 FICHE CEE D@ EPEE 675. Note: In BASIC (PRO: or.
Using a8 & Calculator input Display R (=103 (=100 13 (2180 Even) o As you press [ENTER), the computer performs the calculation and displays the new value of R, You can display the current value of any variable by entering the alphabetic character it is stored under: nut Display ra () 37575, You can then perform calculations using your variable. The value of (R) will not change curtail you assign it a new value.
Using as @ Calculator: Chained Calculations In addition to combining several operators in one calculation, the computer lass allows you to perform several calculations one after another-without having 1o press [ENTER) before moving on, You must separate:the equations'with commas. Only the result of the final calculation is displayed. {Remember too that the maximum nineteenth accepted by the computer is 80 characters including [PERTER) .
Using &s a Calculator The first part (called mantissa part) consists of a regular decimal number between 1 and 10, The second park {called exponent part) represents how large or small the number is in powers of 10. As you know, the first number ta the left of the demagogic point in a regular decimal umber shows the number of 1's, the second shows the number of 10's, the third the number of 100's, and the fourth the number of 1000's. These are simply increasing powers of 10: 108 102 = 100, 10° = 1000, etc.
Using as a Calculator Under certain circumstances, when numbers will be used frequently, the computer uses a special compact form. In these cases, there are special limits imposed on the. size of numbers, usually either 0 10 65535 or —32768 to +32767. Numbers within this range can be represented in 16 binary bits. The circumstances in which this form is used are noted in Chapter 8.
Using as a Calculator Example: Use the result (6.25) of the operation, compute 8.25 6.25 = muumuu Display 50 (71 8 [Eaten) " 6.25 | Last answer Lzt (1) .Last answer recalled . recalled The last answer is replaced with the resit of the previous calculation by performing @ manual calculation with the [ENTER key. As shown in this example, ihe last answer can be recalled as many times as required, but will be replaced with a new last answer resulting from the last calculation.
Using as a Calculator Length of Formula o The length of formula yod can put into your computer has a certain computer, Up 1o 78 key strokes can be used to enter a single calculation formula (excluding the [ENTER) key). If you emptiness the 80th key storks, the cursor ( m 3 will in limitation.
Using as a Calculator Functions Notation Operation Remark Inverse hyperbolic functions sinh™' AHS ] i) cosh™' AHS (8T po e tarh™! AHT (T el o Logarithmic functions In LN i) regex log LOG (=g} 10g10¥ Exponential functions &' EXP shift) (8% ek 2718281828 0 TEN Reciprocal 1 o RCP iz Square & SOl [l Squareness /T vV torso | I Cubic root CUR ) Factorial nt FACT Pi Norplant 7 3.141592654 DMS — DEG DEG e DEG-» DMS DMS Cas ] Power Yalta" Power root \‘}7 ROT Tyro W Rectangular coordinates —» Polar coordinates POL (Y
Using.as a Calculator Functions : Notation 1. Operation Remark Polar coordinates -+ Rectangular corrector {SHIFT] =33 ; donates % . Integer ! TINT O (N1 ] INT (x} Absolute |3 ABS (5] [8) (5] ABS (2) sign SGN 051 M) 0 | SGN) x>0:1 x=0:0 o X< Modify {Rending) MDF these functions, the INT, ABS, SGN, and MDE can be entered by using letter keys. Some other functions may also be entered with latter keys. For example, “sin 30" may be entered either by aerating (3w 30 of (SCOTTIES 30.
Example: Operation: Example: Operation: Example: Operation: Example: Operation: Example Operation: Example: Operation: Example: Operation: Example: Operation: Using as & Calculator lan % = RADIAN [ENTER] (Specifies “radians” for angular unit.) TAN (PI/4) [ENTER) — T cos™! = _— DEGREE [Enter) (Specifies “degrees” for angular unit} GAS-0.5 [EERIER] o 120, | (120° logh5+1In5= — LOG [ENTER] i 2.308497917 248 EXP (2 + ) [ENTER) 148.4131591 (Do not use the ) key.) Brie CUR [Eur Ed] 5.738793548 Convert 30 deg.
Using @s-& Calculator Example: Conversion from polar int rectangular coordinates: Determine rectangular coordinates {x, point P (12, 4/55) on polar coordinates. Q Operation: RADIAN [ENTER) Pacifies “radians” for angular unit.) REC (12, ENTER, x) ' z ) 7.053423928 | ELY * The Values of y and x are stored in variables 2 and Y, respectively. Note: For coordinates conversion, the conversion results are stored in variables 2 and Y. Therefor, the previous contents of Z and ¥ (or Z3$ and Y$} will be cleared.
Using as a Calculator Example: Determine sxrfio" and 8! Operation: DEGREE [ENTER] Operation: cEw) (1) ~ sp320. 5 .8 Example: FORTRAN TSP‘ First cheek the result of % then determine tan” 3 Operation: DEGREE [ENTER] 5/12 [ENTER EFT) R 2;61986495 | It should be noted, however, that this “direct” calculation mode is not available for functions requiring the entry of more than one numeric value (binomial functions) such as power, power root, or coordinates conversion.
Using as a Calculator. Priority in Manual Calculations : . in the BASIC mods, you can type in formulas in the exact ceder in which they are written, including parentheses or functions. The order of priority in calculation and treatment of intermediate results will be taken care of by the compile itself. The internal order of priority in annual calculations is as follows: 1) ‘Recalling variables or . 2) Functions (SIN, COS, etc.
Concepts and Terms of BASIC CHAPTER 4 CONCEPTS AND TERMS OF BASIC I this chapter, we will examine some conceals and terms of the BASIC language. LR el in addition to numbers, there are many ways that the SHARP COMPUTER uses letters and special symbols. These letters, numbers, and special symbols arg called characters. These characters are available on the computer. 12345678980 ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOP QRS TUVALU <=>2 @y 1A In BASIC, a collection of characters is called a string.
Concepts and Terms of BASIC Those with some computer background may notice that the last number {65535) is the same as the largest number in the special group of limits discussed in the paragraph “Limits” on page 69. Hexadecimal notation is never absolutely necessary in using the computer, but there are special applications where it is convenient. Computers are made up of many tiny memory areas called bytes, Beachheads can be taught of as a single character. For instance, the word byte requires.
Concepts and Terms of BASIC So far, we've only discussed numeric variables. What about storing alphabetic characters? Well, the idea is the same, but, so the computer will know the difference between the two kinds of variables, add a § to the variable name. For instance, let's stare the word BYTE in the variable BS. Notice the § after the B? This testis the computer that the contents of the lecher B are alphabetic, or string data. To illustrate this, key in B (86T} (R = (SIFT (W) BYTE (SHED (W) [ENTER) .
Concepts and Téfms of BASIC Again, the computer.s confused and gives the ERROR 9 message. Look at the figure shown below to-see that the variable name A equals the same area in meaty as the variable name A$, and that B equals B, and so.on for all the lechers of the alphabet. Figure: ="AS = A{1) B ="B% A(2) A®B) ='A7) A@©) A(10) A(11) L =L$ A(12) M= M$ A(13) A(14) A(15) A{16} Q= Q% = A(I7) A(18) A(19) T T35 A(20) A{22) .
Concepts and Terms of BASIC Notes: & The frictions and BASIC commands inherent to the computer are not usable as variable names. g.g.. SIN, etc. » Each simple character variable can hold up to 16 characters and symbols. Array Variables For some purposes, it is useful to deal with numbers as an organized group, such as a list of scores or a tax table, in BASIC these groups are called arrays.
Concepts.and Terms of BASIC tithe use of 4 is puzzling, remember that the numbering of elements begins at zero and. continues through the size number declared in the DIM statement. .
Concepts and Terms of BASIC DM numeric-variable-name (rows, columns) or DiM character-variable-name {rows, cotumns)xlength where: rows specifies the number of rows in the array. This must be a number in the range 0 though 255, Note that when you specify the number of rows you get one more row than the specification. columns specifies the number of columns in the array. This must be number in the range O through 285.
Concepts and Terms of BASIC Relent Line number | Statement & function | Others, (ENTER) Number of bytes used “bytes. [ byte or 2 bytes -; 1.byte: Charitableness Form of A( ) Whereas 3 data area on tie computer's seniority set aside for fixed variables, it may also b8 used to' define subscript variables’ which have the same form as fray variables. o ! : There aré 26 fixed valuable names avails, i's, Throughout Z (A$ through 28).
Concepts and Terms of BASIC If this program is executed, the array named "A” is ot defined in 1wo consecutive segments in the program data area, and an error will result at fine 40. l [Program/data area) (2) Numeric array variables and character array variables with the same subscript cannon be defined at the same time. For example, A(30) and AS(30) cannot be defined at the same time as they use the same location in the program/data area.
Concepts and Terms of BASIC Numeric Operators The computer has five numeric aerators, These are the arithmetician operators which yau used when exploring the use of the computer as a calculator in Chapter 3: + Addition Subtraction Multiplication / Division ~ Power %1 A numeric expression is constructed in the samey way that you entered compound calculator operations.
Concepts and Terms of BASIC The following are valid relational expressions: A
Concepts and Terms of BASIC The XOR instruction cannot be used in combination:with the AND constructionist's an expression. To execute expression D={A XOR B) AND C, for example, divide the expression into two parts for execution: D=A XOR B and D=D AND C. » Decimal numbers can be expressed in the binary notation of 16 bits &s follows: Decimal " 18-bit binary’ ' e notation . notation , ' .
Concepts and Terms of BASIC From the equation, the following results are obtained: ONTO = —1 NOT -1 =0 NOT -2 =1 More than two relational expressions can be combined with these operators. You should take care to use parentheses to make the intended comparison sear. (A<9) AND (B=5) AND NOT (A>20) (C=5) OR (C=6) OR (C=7) XOR (X<70) The COMPUTER Implements logical operators as “bit wise” logical functions on bit quantities.
Concepts and Terms of BASIC could be skeletal 5+2=7 o i IEEE The exact rules of “operator precedence” are given in Appendix D, To avoid having to remember all these rules and 16 make your program clearer, always use parentheses to determine the sequences of evaluation. The above example is clarified by writing either: (5+2) Run Mode In general, any of the above expressions can te used in the RUN mode well as in programming a BASIC statement.
Programming the Computer CHAPTERS PROGRAMMING THE COMPUTER in the previous chapter, we examined some of the concepts and terms of the BASIC programming language. In this chapter, you will use these elements o crease programs on the computer. Let us reiterate, forever, that this is not a manual on how ta program in BASIC. What this chapter will do is to familiarize you with the use of BASIC on your computer. Programs A program consists of a set of instructions o the computer.
Programming the Computer All BASIC statements must contain verbs. Verbs tell the computer what action to perform. A verb is always contained within a program, and as such is not aced upon immediately. 16 PRINT “"HELLO" 26: END 36 Sonia statements require or allow an operand: | 16: PRINT "HELLO" 28: END 38: Operands provide information to the computer telling it what data the verb will act upon. Some verbs require operands; with other verbs they are optional. Certain verbs do. not allow operands.
Programming the Computer LR Begin After all your practice in using the computer as & calculator, you are probably gite at Nome with the keyboard. From now on, when we show an entry, we will not show every keystroke. Remember 0 use E3F 10 access characters above ihe keys and END EVERY LINE BY PRESSING THE [ENTER] KEY. Rkl Now you are ready to program. Slide the POWER SWITCH to the ON position and then press the 1864 key twice. You will see the following initial information in the display.
Programming thé Computer Since this is the only line of the program, the computer will stop executing at this point, Press [ENTER] to get out of the program and reenter RUN if you wish to execute the program again. . LT (0 Suppose you wanted 1o change the message that your program was displaying, that is, you-wanted {o edit your program.
Programming the Computer This is a new kind of error message. Not ably is the error type identified {our old tried the syntax error) but the line number in which the error occurs is also indicated. Press the %€ and then rectum into the Program mode. You must be in the Program mode to make changes in & program. Using the recall the East line of your program. Input Display © 10:PRINT “GOOD" ! “The fishing cursor is positioned over the problem area.
Programming the. Computer If you dre unfamiliar with thuggery of numeric and Ring Variables In' BASIC reread these actions in Chapter. Using variables in programming callous much more sophisticated uée 6f thé copywriter's computing abilities, P Remember, you assign numeric fixed Variables using any letters from assign a string variable, you lase use a letter, followed by a dollar sign. Do not use the:same letter in designating a numeric and a string fixed variable. Yo .
Programming the Completer Try sifting this program: Input Display LIST (Bite R) 10: INPUT “WORD?” : AS Use the (32 and {1 keys to move through your program until you have reviewed the entire program. To review a line which contains more than 24 characters, move the cursor 1o the extreme right of the display and the additional characters will appear on the screen. After checking your program, run it _Input Display RUN (ENTER] _'WBR D?.. HELP (ESTER) WORD 1S 4. LARS [ENTER > This is the end of your program.
Programming the Computer Although the computer has a factorial function, we will use an example of the factorial computation in this section to explain more complex programming. The following program computes N Factorial (NI). The program begins with 1 and computes Nl up 1o the limit. which you enter. Enter this program. WAIT 118 118 INPUT “LIMIT?; L 128 FORM =1 TO.
Programming the Computer You will notice that while the program is running, the BUSY indicator is lit at those times that there is nothing on the display. RUN the program a few more times and try setting N at several different values. Storing Programs in Memory Programs remain in memory whee you turn off the computer, or it undergoes an AUTO OFF. Even if you use the key, the programs will remain in Memory. Programs are lost from memory only when you: * ante NEW before beginning programming.
Short Gus SHORT CUTS The computer includes several features which make programming mare convenient by reducing the number of keystrokes required to enter repetitive malarial. One such feature is in 1he availability of abbreviations for verbs and commands (see Chapter 8). This chapter discusses the additional feature which can eliminate unnecessary lying— the BEF key.
Short Cuts One template is provided wish the computer. You can use this template to help you remember frequently used BER key assignments. For example, if you have one group of programs which you after use at the same time, label the programs with letters and mark the template and set it over the two bottom rows of the keyboard so that you can easily begin execution of any of the programs with two keystrokes.
Using the Options CHAPTER USING PRINTERS AND CASSETTE INTERFACE Your computer can use the following pointers, cassette interfaces, and cassette recorders as options: » CE-126P Printer/Cassette Interface * CE-140P Color Del Printer « CE-515P Color Plotter/Printer » CE-152 Cassette Tape Recorder This chapter describes the important points in using these options, as well as the functions of the serial /O interface built into the computer to allow use of the optional color printers and other peripheral units.
Using the. Options CAUTION: The results obtained by the direct calculation feature in manual calculations cannot be printed. Calculation results in the CAL mode also cannot be printed Printing is easily accomplished by pressing the (877 ey and then the [ENTER] key (P—NP} whiz in the RUN mode. The printer indicator (a dash symbol) will appear just above the “PRINT label in the lower right area of the display.
Using the Options When the printer is exposed o strong external electrical noise, it may print numbers at random. If this happens, depress the B8 key 1o stop the printing. Turn the CE126P power off and on, and then press the €8 key. Pressing the B key will return the printer to its normal condition. When the printer causes a paper jam airs exposed 1o strong external electrical noise whits printing, it may not operate normally and only the symbol “BUSY” is displayed.
Using the Options stem Requirements : . Re carder Type Any’ tape recorder, standard cassette or micrometeorite recorder, may be used in accordance with the requirements continued below. | " 2, Input Jack The recorder should have a mini jack input labeled . “MIC™. Never use the “AUX” jack. 3. Input impedance The input jack should be a low impedance input HMS, 4. Minimum Input level Below Output Jack Should “be a hijacking labeled, “EXT. (External speaker)’, “MONITOR” . “EAR (Earphone” or equivalent. T 6.
Using the Options 4. Operating the Cassette Interface and Recorder Recording (saving) onto magnetic tape See Tape Notes. (1) Turn off the REMOTE switch on the CE-126P. () Infer a program or data into the computer. (3} Load a tape into the tape recorder. Determine the position on the tape where you want to record the program. » When using a tape, be sure the tape moves past the clear leader (nonmagnetic Mylar material).
Using.the Options Everlasting the computer and tape contents See Tape Notes. After loading or transferring a program to or from tape, you can verify that the program on tape and program in the computer are identical {and thus be sure that everything is OK before continuing your programming or execution of programs. (1) Turn off the REMOTE switch.
Using the Options (3) Connect the gray plug fo the EAR jack en the tape recorder, and the black plug to the REM jack. In using a tape recorder having nc REM terminal, press the PAUSE button to make a temporary stop, Tum on the REMOTE switch. E Push the PLAY button on the tape recorder (io put unit in playback mode). 5 Set the VOLUME control to middle or maximum. If he tape recorder does not bifurcation properly when the volume is set to maximum, true the volume down and try again.
Using the Options Tape Notes For any transfer or verification, use the tape recorder that was used for recording. If another tape recorder is used, transfer or verification may not be possible, Always use only the highest quality tape for programs and data storage {economy grade audio type tape may not provide the proper characteristics for digital recordings). ' Keep the tape heads and other. parts that contact ape clean. Use a cassette cleaner tape for this purpose.
Using the Options Using Color Printers Conn action of the optional CE-140P Color Dot Printer or CE-515P Color Teleprinter 1o the COMPUTER allows you to have hard-copy outputs of programs and calculation results as well as graphic printouts in multiple colors. The CE-140F can draw a figure in seven different colors using four color cartridge inks, whereas the CE-515P draws a chart or diagram with four different color pens.
Using the Optics The COMPUTER is equipped with a serial Interface. This interface function pantie used to connect the optional CE-140P or CE-515P carol printer to the COMPUTER for graphic printing in multiple colors and to allow data transl( between the COMPUTER and the host computer. hot: Exercise care emcee applying ' together 110 terminal a voltage exceeding the Allowable range of the COMPUTE may damage the internal parts.
Using the Options Serial /0 Function during CE-140P Use Connection of the COMPUTER with the optional CE-140P color dot matrix printer enables on-the-spot printout with a sing'e compact unit. A serial VO interface is provided on the side of the CE-140P printer to enable connection of the computer and printer to another personal computer. * The CE-140P switch should normally be set to SIO. The printer can be used as follows depending on the system configuration.
Using the RAM Card o P =T USING THE RAM CARD The COMPUTER sloes all programs end data (fixed variables, simple variables, string variables, others) in the RAM (Random Access Memory) card. RAM card CE212M (8K bytes) is an option, but one card has already been included in your computer as a built-in accessory. Six other optional RAM cards are also available and can be easily installed in the COMPUTER. These RAM cards offer storage capacities ranging from 2K bytes ta 32K byes.
Using the RAM Card Da not remove the RAM card from the computer except when replacing the card with another RAM card or when replacing the RAM card battery or main batteries. ¢ After an unused RAM card has been installed or when the RAM card removed for battery replacement has been reinstalled, be sure to perform the following Turn off the power of the computer and press the RESET button and the following message will appear on the display. [ MEMORY ALL CLEAR O.K7 | Then press the [ENTER],. or ({27 key.
Using the RAM Card (2) Slide the rear cover lock switch in the arrow direction shown in the figure anc remove lhe rear cover. Note: Do not ouch the circuits, components, rubber terminals, etc., found within the computer. Greenroom Canberra terming Log switch (3) Turnover the guard plate and then remove the RAM card while lifting the spring clip haling the RAM card in place.
Using the RAM Card (8) Lift the spring clip and insert the RAM card into-the' RAM slot with the internals down. Insert at an angle so the terminals it into the slot, thrower the back until the card lies flat. Release the spring slip. : Note: Do not insert the card upside down, improper RAM card insertion could cause the card and computer to short, resulting in serious damage to both.
Using the RAM Card (2) Slide the rear cover lock switch in the arrow direction shown in the figure and remove the rear cover. fear cover F Rubber terminable / / o Lock swish Note: Do not touch the circuits, components, rubber terminals, ac, found within the computer. Phil the card mounting/removal lever in the arrow direction shown in the figure. This releases the RAM card from the tab so that it can be removed.
Using the RAM: Card (5) Take-out another RAM card from its-case and pane the terminate caver of the RAM card. K Terminal cover Terminates Note: Compositely open the terminal cover {to bring the terminals into fu it view), but do not touch the terminates. (B} Insert the terminal end of the:RAM card.down into the computer as shown'ii the figure. Lard mounting/removal lever Note: Do not insert the RAM card backwards nor insert it with the terminal cover net completely open.
Using the RAM Card (7} Then, gently press the battery cover. The card will snap onto the 1ab of the card mounting/removal lever. (8) Attach the rear cover and slide the lock switch to the “LOCK" position, Note: Be sure to slide the lock switch to the “LOCK™ position. Otherwise, the computer will not operate, If the power is turned on with the lock switch unlocked, be sure to lock the switch and tum the power off. Then turn the power on again o operate the computer.
Using the RAM Card: * The following message wiki appear in tha display when the program is too largess handled with the COMPUTER. ' MEMORY ALL LEACH O.K.? Should this message appear, just turn the power off. The program will be retained. To erase the program, press ENTER], (¥0; or (5] key while the message is on display. (The COMPUTER must be able to secure dale area and system area within the RAM card. When this cannot be done, the above message will appear in the display.
BASIC Reference CHAPTER® BASIC REFERENCE This chapter is divided into three sections: Commands: Instructions which are used outside & program o change the working environment, perform utilities, or control programs Verbs: Action words used in programs to construct BASIC statements Functions: Special operators used in BASIC programs to change one variable 10 another However, serial O related commands, graphics-related verbs, and text functions are summarized in the following pages. ...pages 195~ 213 .
BASIC Reference Pseudo variables Numeric Functions PINKEYE ABS MEM ACS Pl . AHC AHS String Functions AHT ASC ASN CHRIS ATN LEFT$ . Cos LEN CUR MID$ g DEG RIGHTS DMS STR§ EXP VAL FACT HCs TEXT Functions HSN BASIC HTN TEXT INT N LOG POL.
Commands CLOD 1 clop 2 CLOD “filename” Abbreviations: CLEW, COLA. See also: CLOACA, CAVE, MERGE, PASS The CLOD command is used o lead a program saved on cassette tape. The first format of the GLAD command clears existing programs in memory and loads the first program stored on the tape, starting af the current position. The second format of the CLOD command clears the memory, searches the pale for the program whose ahem Is given by “filename”, and loads the program.
Commands CLOD? 1 CLOD? | 2 CLOD? “filename” Abbreviations: CLOCK, COLA? See also: CLOD, CAVE, MERGE, PASS ‘ The CLOD? command is used to compare a program saved on cassette gate with one stored in memory. To verify that a program was saved correctly, rewind the cassette tape 10 the beginning of the program and use the CLOD? command.
Commands CONT ! 1 CONT Abbreviations: C., CO., CON. | See also: RUN, STOP verb The CONT command is used to confine a program which has been temporarily halted. Use When the STOP verb is used 1o halt a program during execution, the program can be continued by entering CONT in response to the prompt. When a program is halted using the B key, the program can be continued by entering CONT in response 1o the prompt. CONT also functions when the program s temporarily interrupted due to & command such as PRINT.
Commands CAVE 1 CAVE 2 CAVE “filename” 3 CAVE, “password” 4 CAVE “filename”, “password” Abbreviations: CS., CSA, CS AV. See also: CLOD" CLOACA, MERGE, PASS. |l o) The CAVE command is used to save a program to cassette tape. The first format of the CAVE command writes ]l of the programs in memory onto the cassette tape without a specified file name. The second format of the CAVE command writes all of the programs in memory onto the cassette tape and assigns the indicated fell name.
Commands DELETE ‘ 1 DELETE [starting line line numberless] [ Abbreviations: DEL.. DELVE, DELETE. ] See also: NEW, PASS ‘ The DELETE command is used 1 delete a program line or program lines. This command is effective for manual operation in the Program mode. it both the starling and ending line numbers are specified, all the program lines between the two numbers inclusive are deleted. 1f dither of the two specified ling numbers is not found, an error scours.
Commands GOTH. 1 GOT expression T oo Abbreviations: G., GO., GOT. See also: RUN The GOT command can be used in place of the RUN command to start program execution clothesline number specified by the expression GOT differs from RUN in' six respects: o 1) The value of the interval for WAIT is not reset. 2) The display former established by USING statements is Hot leader, 3) Parables and:arrays are preserved. 4) PRINTMAKING status is not reset. 5) The pointer for READ is not reset.
Commands LST 1ST 2 LIST line number 3 LIST “label” Abbreviations: L, LI, LIS, See also: LILTS The LIST command is used to display a program Use The LIST command may only be used in the Program made. With format 1, the program is displayed from s first line until the display is full. * With format 2, the program is displayed from the line of the specified line number until the display is full.
Commands Lust 1 LILTS 2 LILTS expression 3 LILTS expression 1, expression 2 4 LILTS expression, 5 LILTS, expression Abbreviations: LL., LLE, ILLS. Ses also: LIST The LILTS command is used for printing a program on.the optional printer, Use * When the serial VO interface is ops according to the OPEN command, the LILTS command outputs the program to the serial /O interface terminal of the printer, (See page 228.) To rectum the-program print command to the printer, execute the CLOSE command.
Commands LILTS If & password has been set, the LILTS command is ignored. ® For printing a program on the GE-140P printer, set the number of columns 1o be printed per ling fo 24 or more. (Refer to the CONSOLE command.) An error occurs if 1he number of columns to be printed per line is set to less than 24 and the LILTS command is executed (ERROR 3. . Eor printing the program on the CE-140P printer, * V7 will be converted 10 SQR and "x" to Pl LILTS 160,200 Lists the statements between line numbers 180 and 208.
Commissariat ERG 1 MERGE MERGE “filename” TR “{effective for the manual operation in the Program or BUN mode) Abbreviations: MERE, GERM: See also; GLAD o ’ e The MERGE command is used to load & program saved on cassette tape and merge it with the program existing in memory. The MERGE command. retains thg program already. stored in.the COMPUTER and trainloads a:program Recorded on the:tape: Therefore, several different Programs can be stored In the COMPUTER al the same time.
Commands MERGE Programs loaded using the MERGE command are stored as in the example. The programs are handed by their ling numbers as follows. « [f the first line number of the program Laded using the MERGE command is larger than the last line number of the previously loaded program, the two programs are considered to be a sings program.
Commands Executing merged programs . The figure shows the memory when PRO-is loaded after “A" PRO-1 which PRO-2 and PRO-3 are loaded using the MERGE ~ command. If & program. is started using RUN or GOT {RUN expression or GOT expression), PRO-3 will: be executed, On the other hand. if started using RUN “label’, GOT “label”, or a DEF (defined) key, the pacified label is searched for from the beginning of PRO-3 within the computer. : L “B" PRO-2 I not found in PRO-3, the search proceeds i PRO-1.
Commands NEW [ 1w ‘ Abbreviations: bong | See also: CLEAR, PASS The NEW command is used to clear exiling programs and data in memory. When used in the Program rode, the NEW command clears all programs and data (array variables, simple variables, and fixed variables) which are currently in memory. {The programs with passwords cannon be cleared) The NEW command is not defined in the RUN mode and will result in an ERROR 9. NEW Ci ears programs and data in memory.
Commands PASS 1 PASS “character string” Abbreviations: PA., PAS. T ' See also: CLOD, CAVE, DELETE, NEW, RENUMBER Passwords are-used 1o’ protect programs from-inspection ar modification by ‘ether users; A'password consists of 4 charterer string no moreish seven characters looting' The seven characters may bé alphabetic or ong of the following'special symbols: kot Note: Do not use any BASIC command or verb as a password, Once a PASS command has been given, the programs in memory are protected.
Commands RENOUNCE 1 RENUMBER [new line line Abbreviations: RENT, RENEW. The RENUMBER command is used 10 renumber program lines. This command is effective tor manual operation in the PRO {Program} mode. This command renumbers old line numbers in the specified step increments, starting from the specified new line number. If the values of new line amber and increment are omitted, 10 is assured for both, if old line number is omitted, renumbering starts from the first ling of the program.
Commands RENUMBER The work area of “number of program lines X 4 bytes" is sad only whine the' RENUMBER command Is executed. By renumbering program lines, line number references by GOT, GO SUB, enc, also change. As a result, the original program may have an Increase in the number of bytes used. in other words, new line GOT 200 uses one byte mote than old line GOT 20.
Commands RUN RUN 2 RUN line number Abbreviations: ., RU. See also: GOT, MERGE The RUN command is used 1o execute a program in memory. The firs format of the RUN command executes a program beginning with the lowest numbered statement in memory. The second format of the RUN command executes a program beginning with the specified line number. * When programs are merged with the MERGE command, the last merged program will be executed with format 1 or "RUN expression” in format 2.
Verbs AREAS 1 AREAS variable name Abbreviations: A, AR, ARE., AREA. See also: INPUT verb and discussion of the use of the DEF key in Chapter & The AREAS verb is used to read ina single value \o a pm gram which is started smug e BEE key. When a program is labeled with a letter s that it can be started using the BEP key, tha AREAS verb can be used o enter single starting value without the uss of the INPUT verb.
Verbs AREAS 2. When the contents are displays by PRINT verb at the start of program execution, the following is stored: Example: When the program below is executed;j 10 “A”: PRINT "ABC”, “DEF" 20 "S": AREAS A$: PRINT AS | RUN mode (BB ABC DEF L 569 (53— DEF J » When the display indicates PRINT Numeric expression, Numeric expression, or PRINT “String”, “String”, the contents displayed last are stored. o When the display indicates PRINT Numeric expression; Numeric expression; Numeric expression...
Verbs BEEP 1 BEEP expression L . Abbreviations: B., BE., BEE. Pose's] R The BEEP verb is used to produce an audible tone.: The BEEP verb causes the COMPUTER ta émit'éhé or more audible tones at 4 KHz: The number of beeps: is determined by the expression, which must be numeric {positive numberless than The expression is evaluated, but airily the integer part is used to determine the number of beeps. D BEEP may also he used as.a command using numeric literals and predefined variables.
verbs CHAIN 1 CHAIN 2 CHAIN expression 3 CHAIN “filename” 4 CHAIN “filename”, expression Abbreviations: TEA, TEAL See also: CLOD, GAVE, and RUN The CHAIN verb is used to start the execution of a program which has been stored on cassette tape. It can only be used in connection with the optional CE-126P and CE152. Use To use the CHAIN verb, one or more programs must be stored oni & cassette. Then, when the CHAIN vert is encountered in a running program, & program is loaded from the cassette and executed.
Verbs CHAIN For example, let's assume you have three program sections named PRO-1, PRO-2, PR-3. Each of these sections ends with a CHAIN statement. “PRO-1° Magnetic tape 10: 26 ("Y1 indicates 'the position of.the tape . s | recorder head.) ) ¢ Execution . 1 CHAIN ( File name |: | File name 5 ( ) | |*PRO3" o 408: CHAIN “PRO-2", 410 R “PRO-2" 41¢: Execution ; i 760: CHAIN F File -name | | Fig name b ) PRO-2" | pros" .| 700: CHAIN “PRO-3", 710 = “PRO-3” L.
Verbs CLEAR 1 CLEAR Abbreviations: CL., CL, LEA. See also: DIM The CLEAR verb is used to erase all variables which have been used in the program and to reel all reallocated variables o zero or null. The CLEAR verb receivers space which is being used to store variables. This might be done when the variables used in the first part of a program are not required in the second part and available space is limited.
Verbs DATA: 1 DATA expression list Where: expression list is: expression or: expression, expression list Abbreviations: DA., DAT. See also: READ, RESTORE When assigning. initial values to:an array, it is convenient o list the values in a DATA statement and use a READ statement in.a loop to load the-values into the array. When firsthand READ is executed, the first value in the first DATA statement is returned.
Verbs DEGREE 1 DEGREE Abbreviations: DE., DEG., DEG, EDGER. See also: GRAD and RADIAN The DEGREE verb is used to spicily the unit of angle ta decimal degrees, The COMPUTER has three forms for representing values in angular units~decimal degrees, radians, and grads.
Verbs DM i 1 DIM dim list Where: dim list is: dimension spec. 5 or: dimension spec., dim list and: dimension spec. is: numeric dim spec. or: sting dim spec. uremic name (size) trig name (dims) ahem and: numeric name is: valid numeric variable name and: string name valid string variable name and: numeric dim spec and: string dim spec and: dims fs: size .
Verbs DIM Array variables can be cleared (or sel undefined) with the CLEAR command. Wuhan the program is started using the RUN command, array variables are automatically cleared. “The variable name once declared cannon be declared again. When a program once executed is executed again with the GOT command on using the BEE key, the same variable name as formerly declared will be declared again if the line with the DIM command is executed.
Verbs END i -1 ENB Abbreviations: E.| EN, SN The END. verb:is used 1-signal the end of a program . . o When multiple programs ars loaded into memory at the same time, a mark must be included io indicate where each program ends so that execution does not continue from one program to another. This is done.by. McLuhan an END verb as the last statement in the program. . When the serial /O circuit is opened by. the OPEN command, the circuit is closed {Refer o the CLOSE command.
Verbs FOR..TO [ 1 FOR numeric variable=expression 1 TO expression 2 2 FOR numeric vaniable=exprassion 1 TO expression 2 STEP expression 3 Abbreviations: F. and FO.; STE. 1 See also: NEXT The FOR verb is used in combination with the NEXT verb to repeat a series of operations a specified number of times. The FOR and NEXT verbs are used in pairs 1o enclose a group of statements which are 1o be repeated. The first time this group of statements is executed.
Verbs FOR...TO 18 FOR I= 1 This 'group of statements prints the numbers 26 PRINT | 30 NEXT | 40 FOR N=19 TO 0 STEP —1 This group of statements counts down 10, 9, 50 PRINT N 8,7,6,54,321,0. 60 NEXT N 78 FOR N=1TO ToN " Truths group of statements compost's and prints 118 NEXT £ N factorial for the numbers from'1 1o 10 120 PRINT X 130 NEXT N f e Note: The execution of the FOR-NEXT loop does to the end even if it jumps out of the poof. Therefore, note that a nesting error of the FOR-NEXT.
Verbs GO SUB 1 GO SUB expression Abbreviations: HOS, GOSH. See also: GOT, ON..GOSUB, ON...GOTO, RETURN The GO SUB verb is used 1o execute a BASIC subroutine. When you wish to execute the same groin of statements several times in the course of a program or use a previously written set of statements in several programs, it is convenient to uss the BASIC capability for subroutines using the GO SUB and RETURN verbs.
Verbs GOT 1 GOT expression Abbreviations: G., GO., GOT. i ‘ [ See also: GO SUB, ON...GOSUB, .. v T The GOT verb is used to transfer control to.a specified line number. g The GOT verb transfers control-from one locator in a BASIC program 16 another location. Updike the. GO SUB. verb, GOT dares not “remissness" the location from which the transfer occurred; The expression in a GOT statement may not include & comma, e.g., cannot be'used:: Since there is an ON..
Verbs GRAD 1 GRAD Abbreviations: GR., GRA. See also: DEGREE and RADIAN The GRAD verb is sad fo specify the unit of angle to grads. The COMPUTER has three forms for representing values in angular units~decimal degrees, radians, and grads. Tess forms are used in specifying the arguments fo the SIN, COS, and TAN functions and in returning the results from the ASN, ACS, and ATN functions. The GRAD function changes the unit of angle for all values o grads until a DEGREE or RADIAN verb is used.
Verbs [E..THEN 11F condition THEN statement 2 IF condition statement Abbreviations: none for IF; T, TH., THE, The IF...THEN verb pair is used to execute or not to executes a statement depending an conditions at the time the program is run. the normal running of BASIC programs, statements are executed iri the sequence in which they occur: The IF...THEN verb pair allows. decisions. o be made during execution so that a given statement is executed only. when desired. When.
Verbs INPUT 1 INPUT input list Hers: input list is: input group or: input group, input list and: input group is: var list or: prompt, var list or: prompt, var list and: var list is: variable or: variable, var list and: prompt is: any string constant Abbreviations: |, IN., NIP, INPUT. See also: INPUT#, READ, PRINT ] The INPUT verb is used fo enter one or more values from the keyboard.
Verbs INPUT 19 INPUT A 26 INPUT “A="A 3¢ INPUT "A="A 40 INPUT Clears the display and puts & question mark at the left edge. B Displays ‘A=' and waits for input data Displays When data is input, ‘A= disappears and the data is displayed starting at the left edge. Displays and walls for first input. After (ENTER) is pressed, display is cleared and displayed at the left edge. Note: Clear the error during input for the INPUT command by pressing the &2 key and then input the correct data.
Verbs INPUT # 1 INPUT # var list 2 INPUT # “filename”; var list Where: var list is: variable or: variable, var List Abbreviations: INP. #, INPUT. # See also: INPUT, PRINT #, READ The INPUT # verb is used to enter values from the cassette tape. Use and Examples The following variable types can be specified in the INPUT # stalemate: (1} Fixed variables-A, B, C. A7), D4, ete. (2) Simple variables-AA, B3, CP$, ete. (3) Ara HP(K), etc.
Verbs INPUT# 2 Data transfer to fixed variables and extended variables and beyond) will continue until the end of the source. data file on the tape is reached, but if the computer's memory became full, an error (THROE‘ 6] results. 2) Data transfer to simple variables Data in a tape file can be transferred td simple variables by specifying the desired simple variable names in the INPUT # statement.
Verbs INPUT # caution the number of variables specified in the INPUT statement does not agree wile the amount of data recorded on the tape, the following wil happen: If the number of pieces of data recorded on the tape file {to be transferred) is greater than the number of specified variables, dale transfer will be performed to the last variable, and the remaining data will be ignored.
Verbs LET 1 LET variable=expression ' ] 2 variable=expression. ' ‘ Abbreviations: The LET verb is used to assign a value 10.a variable, The LET verb assigns the value of the expression to the designated variable. The type of the expression must match that of the only numeric expressions can be assigned to numeric variables and only string expressions can be assigned to string variables. To convert from one type to the other, one of the explicit type conversion functions, STRUT or VAL, must be used.
Verbs PRINT For printer CE-126P | LR Expression 1 character string | . press 2 PRINT. expression ] expression character string character sting Expression { expression | expression 8 string i character string l’ | character string | Abbreviations: LP., LP, APRIL, PRINT. See also: PRINT, USING The PRINT verb is used to print information on the printer CE-128P. When the serial VO interface is opened with the OPEN command, the PRINT command outputs the program at the serial YO interface terminal. (See page 232.
Verbs PRINT For printer CE-140P { expression T PRINT AL character siring } expression [ expression [ expression 3 | 2 PRINT {charmer string }‘ 1 character string } v 1 character string ‘ expression N [expression 3 { expression PLAIN | character string ,? {chanticleer string J’ { character string } expression 1. character siring |’ (Format where a ;" is added to the end of 1 and 3 above.) 4 PRINT { 5 PRINT Abbreviations: LP.
Verbs PRINT In format 2, the number of print columns is delimited into groups of 12 columns. The specified values are printed in sequence. A numeric value within the 12-column (digit} range is printed at the far right end of the display, while a character value (string value} is printed starting al the far left.
Verbs MDF 1 MDF expression Abbreviation: MD. See also: USING The MDF verb Is used to round up the values of an expression. The MDF is a function used to round the value of an expression to the number of decimal places specified by the USING command. This verb is effective only when the number of decimal places is specified for value by the USING command. " USING MDF Display 10 USING it 20 A=MDF (5/9) 3@ PRINT A 4 USING 5¢ PRINT A, 5/8 60 END RUN ENTER! ’ PERTER .
Verbs NEXT 1 NEXT numeric variable Abbreviations: N., NE., NEX. See also: FOR The NEXT verb is used to mark the.end.of a.group of statements which arg being repeated in a FOR/NEXT loop, The use of the NEXT verb is described under FOR: The numeric variable ina NEXT statement must match the numeric variable in the corresponding FOR, 18 FOR I=1TO 18 Print the numbers from 1 to 10 each time the ENTER]is 20 PRINT 1 pressed.
Verbs ON..GOSUB 1 ON expression GO SUB expression list Where: expression fist is: expression or: expression, expression list Abbreviations: C.; HOS, GOSH. See also: GO SUB, GOT, ON...GOTO The ON...GOSUB verb is used to execute one of a set of subroutines depending on the value of & control expression. When the ON...GOSUB verb is executed, the expression between ON and GO SUB is evaluated and reduced to an integer.
Verbs ON..GOTO 1 ON expression GOT expression list Where: expression list is: expression or:. expression, expression fist Abbreviations: O.: G., GO., GOT. See also: GO SUB, GOT, ON...GOSUB The ON...GOTO verb is.used 1o transfer. control.to one.of a set of locations depending on the value of a control expression. When the ON...GOTO verb is executed, the expression batsmen ON and GOT is evaluated and reduced to an .integer.
Verbs PAUSE f 1 PAUSE print exp 2 PAUSE print exp, print exp 3 PAUSE print exp; print list; print fist Where: print list is: print exp or: print exp; print list expression or: USING clause; expression and: print exp The USING clause is described separately under USING. Abbreviations: PAY, PAYS. ‘ See also: PRINT, PRINT, USING, WAIT The PAUSE verb is used to print information on the display for a short period. The PAUSE verb is used to display prompting information, results of calculations, ete.
Verbs PAUSE In format 3, the specified value is displayed continuously from the eft sleds of the: display.
Verbs PRINT 1 PRINT print exp 2 PRINT print exp, print exp 3 PRINT preen list 4 PRINTMAKING 5 PRINT=PRINT Where: print fist s print exp or: print exp; print list and: print exp is: expression ar: USING clause; expression The USING clause is described separately under USING. Abbreviations: P., PR., PRL, PREEN. See also: PRINT, USING, WAIT The PRINT verb is used to print information on the display or on the printer. The PRINT verb is used to display prompting information, results of calculations, etc.
Verbs PRINT. in format 3, the specified value is displayed continuously from the deft side of the display. Note: Do not use any BASIC command or verb as a character ‘string in-a PRINT statement. Display. 16 Y= Vwxyz" I 20 PRINT X8, ABROGATE 39 PRINT AB 123.458, 4D PRINT XSA " ABCDEF123.
Verbs PRINT # 1 PRINT # “var list” 2 PRINT # “filename” ; var list Where: var list is: variable or: variable, var list Abbreviations: PRI # GRIN. # See also: INPUT #, PRINT, READ The PRINT # verb is used to store values on the cassette tape. Use and Examples The following variable types can be used for variable names: (1) Fixed variables—A, B, X A(28), G, ete (2) Simple variables—AA, B2, XY§, etc, Ara 8tc.
Carbs PRINT # 2) Saving simple variable (two-character variable) contents The contents of simple variables can be saved onto tape by specifying the desired variable names.
Verbs RADIAN 1 RADIAN Abbreviations: RAD., RAID, RADIAN. See also: DEGREE, GRAD The RADIAN verb is used to change the unit of angle 1o radians. The COMPUTER has three forms for representing values in angular duodecimal degrees, radians, and grads. These forms are used in specifying the arguments 10 the SIN, COS, and TAN functions and in refusing the results from the ASN, ACS, and ATN functions. The RADIAN function changes the unit of angle for all values o radians until a DEGREE or GRAD verb is used.
Verbs RANDOM 1 RANDOM Abbreviations: RA., RAN., RAND., RAND. The RANDOM verb is used to reset the seed for random numbs generation. When random numbers are generated using the RND function, the COMPUTER begins with 2 predetermined "seed” or starting number. The RANDOM verb resets this seed to a new randomly value The starting zed. will be the same each time the COMPUTE is turned on, so. the sequence of random numbers generated with RIND is the same each time. unless the seed is changed.
Verbs READ [ 1 READ variable list ‘ Where: variable list is: variable or: variable , variable list Abbreviations: REA. ] See also: DATA, RESTORE The READ verb is used fo read values from a DATA statement and assign them to variables. When assigning initial values 1o an array, it is convenient to list the values in a DATA statement and use a READ statement in @ FOR...NEXT loop to load the values anti the array. When the first READ is executed, the first value in the fists DATA statements returned.
Verbs REM.: 1 REM remark Abbreviations: none ! B, The REM verb is used 10 include comments in a program. ey Often it is useful-1. include, explanatory comments in-a program.. These can provide titles, names of authors, dates of last modification, usage noels, reminders. about algorithms used, etc. These comments are included by means of the REM statement, The REM statement has no effect an the program execution and can be included anywhere in the program.
Verbs RESTORE 1 RESTORE 2 RESTORE expression See also: DATA, READ l Abbreviations: RES., REST.,, RESTORE, ROSTER. The RESTORE verb is used to reread values in a DATA statement or to sangs the order in which these values are read. In the regular use of the READ verb, the COMPUTER begins reading with the first value in a DATA statement and proceeds sequentially through the remaining values.
Verbs RETURN See also: GO SUB, ON...GOSIUB The RETURN verb is used at the end of a subroutine to return control to the statement following the originating GO SUB, subroutine may have more than one RETURN statement, but the first one executed terminates the execution of the subroutine. The next statement executed will be the one following the GO SUB or ON...GOSUB which calls the subroutine.
Herbs STOP 1 TOP Abbreviations: S., ST., STO. See also: END, CONT [ Purpose The STOP ver is used to halt execution of a program for diagnostic purposes. When the STOP verb is encountered in program execution, the COMPUTER execution saith and a message is displayed such as 'BREAK IN 280" where 2¢0 is the number of the line containing the STOP. STOP is used during the development of a program to check the flow of the program or examine the state of variables, Execution may be restarted using the CONT command.
Verbs' TOFF 1 TOFF Abbreviations: TROD. See also: TRON The TOFF verb is Used to cane! the trace mode. Execution of the. TOFF verb restores armorial execution of the program, * . 10 TRON " ‘Wring run, this program displays the fine numbers 10, 28FORI=1TO3 20, 30,30, 30; and 40 as the {1718 pressed.
Verbs TRON 1 TRON Abbreviations: TR., TRO See also: TOFF The TRON verb is used 1o initiate the trace mods, The trace mode provides assistance in debugging programs. When the farce mode is on, line number of each statement is displayed after each statement is executed. The COMPUTER then halts and waits for the Down Row key 1o be pressed before moving ono the next statement. The Up Arrow key may be pressed to see the statement which has just been executed.
Verbs USING 1 USING 2 USING “editing specification” Abbreviations: U., US., USIA, UNIS See also: PRINT, PAUSE, PRINT 2 fhe USING verb can be used by itself or &@s a clause, within an PRINT; PAUSE, or PRINT:statement. The USING verb:establishes;a specified format. for.output which is used.for all output which.
18 Display 20 PRINT USING 1 " 1.25E 02| Verbs USING 30 PRINT USING ABRADE 49 PRINT USING 125ABC (See APPENDIX C for further guide to the use of USING.
Verbs WAIT 1 WAIT expression 2 WAIT Abbreviations: W., WA., WAL See also: PRINT The WAIT verb is used to control the length of time that displayed information is shown before program execution continues. c In normal execution, the COMPUTER halts execution after a PRINT command unit the [PERTER] key is pressed. The WAIT command causes the COMPUTER to display for a specified interval and then proceed automatically (similar to the PAUSE verb).
Graphics Re fated Verbs CIRCLE Graphics Relaid Verbs The following verbs are related to the graphic functions of the CE-140P color dol printer and CE-518P color plotter/ printer, Printing of data in graphic form can be performed by the method described In the operation manual of each printer (namely, transfer of graphics codes by PRINT command). However, wile these verbs, you can draw a graph or diagram much easier.
Graphics Related Verbs CIRCLE Expressions § and 8 are used fo specify the starting angle ‘and ending angle, respectively, of an arc or sector. The respective values of expressions 5 and 8 must be within ‘the range of —2047 1o 2047. If the vale is 0, the Tight side of the central coordinates is specified. If a negative value is given, the counterclockwise direction is specified. If a positive value is given, the clockwise direction is specified.
5 OPEN 18 GRAPH 20 CIRCLE (244, —108). 102, 0. 8, 368, /2,10, 8 30 TEXT 49 PRINT 50 END 5 OPEN 18 GRAPH 20 CIRCLE (24¢, 108, 8. 98, 450, 1, 120, @ 3@ CIRCLE (249, —100), 140, 3, ~00, 270, 1, 120. 9 46 TEXT 58 PRINT 60 END A Graphics Related Verbs CIRCLE This verb is required Jor CE-515P, Ratio = 0.5 These two verbs return the printer lo the Text mode and move the print head back o its leftmost position.
Graphics Related Verbs COLOR 1 COLOR expression 2 COLOR expression, 7 Abbreviations: COL., COLO. Ses also: LINE, LINE, CIRCLE, PAINT The COLOR verb is used to specify the color of characters or lines to be printed in normal or extended Color made. Using format 1 (COLOR expression), you can specify four different colors by giving the value of expression. Using format 2 (COLOR expression, 7), you can specify sight different colors by giving the value of expression.
Graphics Related Verbs COLOR When the COLOR verb is exacted with format 2, the printer is automatically pul in the extended Color mode. Jn this mode, you can select a desired color from the above mentioned sight colors when using the LINE, LINE, CIRCLE, or PAINT verb, The printer is released from the extended Color made when the power switch of the computer is turned off. 16 GRAPH 26 COLOR 1,7 Sets the extended Color mode and at the same time, specifies “Purple” as the color to be used.
Related Verbs ROTATE 't ROTATE expression Abbreviations: CR., CREW, COT, ROTA, CROAT. The ROTATE verb is used o specify the orientation and printing direction of characters to be printed. This verb Is effective only when the printer is i thé Graphic mode. By changing te value of expression, you may change the prioritizing direction and orientation of characters to be printed.
Graphics Related Verbs SIZE 1 SIZE expression Abbreviations: CS, SCSI. The SIZE verb is used lo specify the size of characters to be printed. The size of characters to be printed can be specified by giving a value within the following range to the expression.
Graphics Related Verbs CURSOR 1 CURSOR (expression 1, expression 2) Abbreviations: GL., GLACE, GLUT, GLAMOUR, GLAMOURS, GLAMOUR: The CURSOR verb is'used to move the pen, Vignettists effectiveness in the Graphics mads and is used fo move the pen in the-X: axis or Y-axis direction from the origin of coordinates.: The pen novas to the point of coordinates specified by expression 1 {X coordinate) ard expression 2 {Y coordinate). The value of sate: expressive must be within-the ranger of ~99910 999.
Graphics Related Verbs GRAPH 1 GRAPH Abbreviation: GAP, See also: TEXT The GRAPH verb is used to set the printer in the Graphics mode. When this verb is executed, the printer is released farm the Text mode and put in the Graphics mode for drawing a graph. The printer is automatically released from the Graphics mode and returns to the Text mode after the execution of the LILTS command or afire printing by the manual operation with the CE-140P connected.
Graphics Related Verbs expression The LF verb is used to feed the printing paper. This verb is effective only in the Tex mode. With format 1, the printer feeds the paper by one line. With format 2, the printer feeds the paper by the specified number of lines. The value of the expression musk be within the range of 899 10 999. If the value of the expression is a positive value, the paper is fed in the forward direction.
Graphics Belated Verbs LINE 1 INLINE [{expression 1, expression 3, expression 4) [expression Abbreviation: LAIN. See also: LINE, PAINT, COLOR This verb is:effective only in the Graphics mode and is used o draw a line from the point of coordinates specified by (expression 1, expression the point of: coordinates by {expression 8, expression 4). . , (expression 1, .expression 2) may: be omitted“ 1 omitted.
& OPEN 19 GRAPH : RANDOM 20 CURSOR (248, 120} 25 SORGHUM 3@ FOR J=8 TO 346 STEP 26 4p J 50 J 60 R=RAND 4--1 78 LINE (8, 8, Rt 80 NEXT J 90 TEXT 160 PRINT 11@ END This figure is actually printed in color. Graphics Related Verbs LINE This command is required for the CE515P. Moves the pen to about the center of the paper and designates it as the origin of coordinates for drawing a figure. Random number assigned to R. Color is specified by the values of R.
Graphics Related Verbs LINE Verb Specification When Drawing Lines Continuously The LINE verb in the following format allows the printer to draw lines continuously.
Graphics Related Verbs L TELETEXT Abbreviations: LT, LET, LATEX. See also; GRAPH The TEXT verb is used to set the Text mode. “This verb is used to put the printer in the Text mode for printing alphabetic and numeric characters, Note: Tha printer is automatically Putin the Text mode after the execution of the LILTS verb or after the printing by the manual operation with the CE-140F connected.
Graphics Related Verbs PAINT 1 PAINT expression 2] i Abbreviations: PAL, PAIN. i See also: LINE, LINE, CIRCLE, COLOR The PAINT verb is used to hatch the inside of a rectangle or-circle {or sector. T This derisive effective only. in the Graphics:mode. Her a rectangle or curdle (ar castor) has been drawn by the verb executed immediately before the PAINT verb, the priority hatches lhs |ns|de of the, rectangle or compile {or sector). The. following types of patterns can: be specified for the rectangle.
Graphics Related Verbs LINE 1 LINE (expression 1, expression 2) — (expression 3, expression 4) [.expression Abbreviations: RL., RLL, REIN. See also: LINE, PAINT, COLOR The LINE verb is used fo draw a line between the two points specified by relative coordinates. Whig vert is effective only in the Graphics mode.
Graphics Related Verbs SORGHUM 1 SORGHUM Abbreviations: SC., SIR, ORG. “The SORGHUM verb is used to change the origin of coordinates for drawing with the pen. This vert is effective only in the Graphics mods and is used to specify the current position of the pen as the new origin of coordinates. When drawing a figure, it may not be easier for the printer the origin of coordinates is located at the left end of the paper.
Functions Pseudosciences Pseudovariables.are a group of functions-which lake rio argument-and are suet like simple variables wherever required. 1 PINKEYE PINKEYE is a string variability which has the value of the last key pressed on the keyboard. (ENTER] , £ , (save) . GER GRD . and scientific function keys all have a value of null. PINKEYE is used to resend fo the pressing of individual keys without. waling for the ENTER ke to end the input, 5 WAIT 58 18 PINKEYE 26 BASIC THEN GOT 19 @FIB.
Functions Pseudo variables 1 MEM Abbreviations: M., ME, To obtain the number of free bytes in the program/data area. Obtains the number of free byes {(area not used by a program, array variables, or simple variables) in the program/data area. SIDESPLITTING 4, 7 Program 4 lr sl 47th caa Program || | The size of this vase in byte sis retardant stained with the MEM command. ‘ T T Array variables, simple ,« 1 variables £ Reference The program size {in bytes) can be obtained by the following operation.
Functions' Pseudo variables’ 1Pi Pl is a numeric pseudo variable which has the value identical to the use of the' special Pl character () on the keyboard. Like other numbers, the value of Pl is kept 1o 10-digit accuracy (3.
_ Functions Numeric Functions | Numeric Functions | Numeric functions are a group of mathematical operations which take a single numeric values and rectum a numeric value. They include trigonometric functions, logarithmic functions, and functions which operate on the integer and sign parts of a number. Many dialects of BASIC require that the argument t© a function be enclosed in parentheses.
Frictions Numeric Functions 1 ASN numeric expression ASN is a uremic function which returns the are sing thereof numeric argument. The ar¢ sing s the angle whose sine is equal to the expression. The value returned depends op whether the COMPUTER s In decimal degree, radian, or grad mode for, angles. ASSN is 30 in the decimal degree mode o "1 ATN numeric expression ATN s a numeric function which rectums the arc argent of the numeric argument.
Functions Numeric Functions 1 EXP numeric expression EXP is a numeric (unction which returns the value of e base of the natural logarithms) raised to the value of the numeric argument. EXP 1 is 2.718281828. 1 FACT numeric expression FAG Is & numeric function which cerebellums the factorial of its argument. FAG 5 is 120. 1 HCS numeric expression HCS is & numeric function which returns the hyperbolic cosine of the numeric argument. HCS & is 74.20994852.
Functions Currier Functions 1 POL (numeric expression, numeric expression) i POL is.a numeric function which convents numeric arguments in rectangular cor: indiscriminate to polar coordinate format. L te The first numeric argument indicates the distance from the y-axis and.the second numeric argument indicates the distance from the x-axis. The values converted, the distance and the angle in the polar coordinates, are assigned to the fixed variables Y and Z, respectively.
Functions Numeric Functions Result Lower Bound Upper Bound The same sequence of random numbers is normally generated because the same seed” is used each time the COMPUTER is autumnal on. To randomize the seed, see the RANDOM verb, 1 numeric expression ROT numeric expression ROT is a numeric function which returns ihe power root of its argument. 125 ROT 3is 6. ¥125 should be entered as 128 ROT 3.} 1 SGN numeric expression SGN is 3 numeric function which returns a value based on the sign of the argument.
Functions Numeric Functions 1 TAN numeric expression TAN is & numeric function which returns the tangent of its angle argument. The values returned depends on whether the COMPUTER is in decimal degree, rad|an or grad mode for angles. TAN decimal degrees. 1 TEN numeric expression TEN is a numeric function. which re fums the value of 10 (the: base of the common logarithms) raised to the value of its numeric argument.
Functions String Functions String functions are a group of operations used for manipulating stings. Some take & string argument and return a numeric value. Some take a string argument and return a string. Some take a numeric value and return a sting. Some take a string argument and one or two numeric arguments and rectum a string.
Functions String Functions 1 RIGHTS (string expression, numeric expression) RIGHT is a string function which returns the rightmost part of the string.in. the first argument. The number of characters returned. is determined by the numeric expression. RIGHTS ("DEFINABLE, 3) is ‘DEF, . . 1 STR§ numeric expression s ' J STIRS s a siring function which rectums a singing which is the character representation of its numeric argument. It is the reverse of VAL. STRUT 1.59 is 1.59".
Serial O Commands CLOSE #1 Abbreviations: CLOSE See also: OPEN Closes the circuit of the serial VO interface. This command closes the circuit (in the software sense) of the serial /O interface which was opened by the OPEN command, Therefore, after this command is executed, any output fo the serial /O terminal or input from the same terminal cannot be performed. Note: This command has the same effect as the CLOSE command. In other words, you may omit #1 after CLOSE.
Serial /O Commands CONSOLE ( 1 CONSOLE expression Abbreviations: CONS., CONDO, CONSOLE. E} See also: OPEN, PRINT, LILTS Sets the number of columns per line for dale sending. This command sets the number of columns per line for data sent from the serial /O interface {terminal) using the PRINT or LILTS command. The COMPUTER sends an end code (CR, after sending the resat fine of data. * Valid values of the expression are integers in the range of 1. 10 160.
Serial O Commands INPUT #1 1 INPUT #1 variable, variable, variable... Abbreviations: L#1, INPU.#1 See also: OPEN, PRINT#1 Assigns data, input through the serial IO interface (terminal), 1o the specified variables. * This command is valid only when the circuit of the serial /O interface is open (after the OPEN command is executed) and is ignored otherwise. “ The INPUT#1 command assigns data (sent in the form as described in the section on the PRINT#1 command) to the specified variables.
Serfdom Commands LILTS 1 LILTS ‘expression z Lust [Teen) 3 LILTS expression 1, expression 2 Abbreviations: LL., LLI, ILLS. See also: OPEN, CONSOLE Sends the program contents out of the serial O interface {terminal). The LILTS, command is valid under manual operation in the PRO or RUN mode. When the Circuit f the sérlal 10 interlace is open due to the OPEN command, the program is sent out in ASCII code. When the circuit is closed, the program Is printed on the printer. {See page 136.
Serial YO Commands LILTS = In formal 2, the line indicated by the value of the expression or the line with the specified labs is sent out. ~ In format 3, the program, from the fine indicated by the value of expression 1 to the fine indicated by the value of expression 2, is sent out. {Labels can also he used for expression 1 and expression 2.} Expression 1 or expression 2 can be omitted in format 3.
Serial /O Commands LOAD LOAD Abbreviation: LOA. P s R See also OPEN, CLOD Loads the data sent from the seal Vo interface (terminal) int: the program'data area. The,LOAD command js valid when the circuit of the seal /O interface is open dug to the OPEN command. It is ignored when the. circuit is closed ASCil'codés oo o * Data through the serial /O interface is read until the end code is reached, Data unit the end code is considered to be the first line of the program.
Serial YO Commands LOAD Intermediate codes = Data is read as intermediate codes and written to the program/data area. * When the execution of LOAD is broken or interrupted due o an error, the entire program will be erased. (Variables will be retained.
Serial O Commands PRINT . N 1 PRINT | Expression |character string:f 2 PRINT Jonson. , expression . {express:on ) ) (| Character string, character string I |character string expression {expression .. expression S PRINT {character string f * Character string } T {_character string . 4 PRINT. {Regression |, \character string | (Format where added to the end of 1 and 3 above.} 5 PRINT Abbreviations: LP., PR, PERL, PRINT.
Serial /O Commands PRINT Reading tectonic e 12345 ABED. .. Ci ..t TRULY. 234588 120R columns 12 Columns 12 column {4 columns Alter all lhe tats is sent, the end code is sent After the data corresponding to the umber of calumets specified in the CONSOLE command is sent, ths and cadets sent If the specified character siring exceeds 12 columns in this format, only the firs 12 characters are sent.
Serial /O Commands PRINT Nate: To send characters or control codes which cannot be directly entered through the keyboard, specify them using the CHRIS command-as shown below. Example: To send [, | vSfl PRINT CHRONIC; CHALDEA 5@ .68 PRINT NULL (88H) is valid only in <& and will be ignored in@. ! o Note: Do not use any BASIC command, or verb as a transactor string in an PRINT statement.
Serial /O Commands OPEN 1 OPEN “baud rate, parity, word length, stop bit, type ot code, end code, text end code” 2 OPEN Abbreviations: OP., OPE. See also: CLOSE Allows data to be transferred through the 170 interface. Also less the /O conditions. Format 1 enables data 1o be transferred through the /0 interface (serial YO terminal). 1t also less the conditions for the data transfer with the connected equipment.
Serial VO Commands OPEN Text End Code: &00-FF Specifies the text end code to indicate the end of the program, efe. . (May be required when using the SAVE or LOAD commands.) OPEN “1200.N.8.1.A.C.814" COG [&14) +—End code (CR code} u--Type f cocoa (ASCII) L Numbers of $top bits {1 5] Word length (8 bits) —— Parity (none) Baud rate (1200 baud) Coa The conditions in the example above are set after the catteries are replaced of afterbirth RESET button is pressed.
Serial /0 Commands OPEN:! 1 OPENS Abbreviations: OP.§, OPE$ | See also: FEN i Obtains the currently set /O conditions. The currently set fO conditions are obtained as a character string. OPENS [ENTER) 1200, N,8, Note: This command is used to verify the serial VO conditions, and theretofore, cannot be used in combination with any other function.
Serial VO Commands PRINT #1 1 PRINT#1 variable, loadable, variable Ll Abbreviations: PROWL, PROWL, PREEN. £1 : ' See also: OPEN, INPUT#1, PRINT# Sends the contents of the specified variables through thé serial 1/0 interface (terminal, This command is valid only when the circuit of the serial VO interface is open (due to, the OPEN command).
Serial ¥Q Commands PRINT #1 Fencing direction 1 oio o[ [0 afford End code Contents of vanadium BS 1 End code Contents of variable A ] * ff the value ¢! the rummer variable is negative, 3"~ sign s sem before the value. * The elements of an array are sent in the following sequence.
Serial /O Commands SAVE 1 SAVE Abbreviations: SA., SAV. See also: OPEN, LILTS Sends the program within the COMPUTER out through the serial VO interface (terminal). When the circuit of the serial IO interface is open due to the OPEN command, the program is sent. The command is ignored if the circuit is closed. ' The SAVE command is ignored if a password has been set. The following differences exist between the two code systems. ASCII Sends an end code at the end of each line.
TEXT Functions BASIC BASIC Abbreviations: BA., BEYS, BASK See also: TEXT Clears the lei mode. (valid only in manual operation in tha Program mode} Executing this command clears the Text mode and returns the mode to BASIC, As the mode returns to BASIC, the prompt symbol changes from io * Changing from the Text mode to ihe BASIC mode usually changes the text in the COMPUTER (o a program (internal code).
TEXT Functions TEXT 1 TEXT Abbreviations; TE., TEX. See also: BASIC Sets the Tex mode. {valid only In manual operation in the Program made} The text function fs used when inputting a program written for & higher-level personal computer. The program input by the COMPUTER is sent to the host through the serial I/O interface Execute me TEXT command sets the Text.mode: In the Text mode, a umber corresponding ta the line number and then information corresponding to program commands or data are entered.
‘TEXT Functions TEXT S0 bytes (err s [ENTER] ) PRINTABLE. .. 1234567690 Contrived 1o ASS: 10:PRINT 123456 e L 80 characters (end s 3 In this example, the PRINT command is one byte in internal code but takes up 6 bytes in ASCII code. Because of this, the last few characters (7890) are deleted. The number of bytes increases when converting a program from internal code to ASCII code, as shown in the example.
Troubleshooting TROUBLESHOOTING This chapter provides you with some hints on what fo do when your SHARP COMPUTER does not do what you expect from it. It is divided into two parts—the first part deals with general machine operation and the second with BASIC programming. For sate problem, there are a series of remedies suggested. You should Iry each of these, one at a dime, until you have solved the problem. Machine Operation iz Then You Should: Thea is nothing on the display after | 1.
Troubleshooting If: | Then You Should: You get no response from any keys |1, Hold down any key and push RESET button. ‘2. 1F you get no response from any key | even after the shove operation, push : RESET button. Then, press -EE] , orienteering response. to o "MEMORY CLEAR Q. message. This will clear:the programs and data in memory.
Troubleshooting BASIC Debugging When entering a new BASIC program, iris usual for it not to work the first lime, Even if you are simply keying in & program that you know is correct, such as those provided in this manual, it Is usual to make at least one typing error. i iris & new program of any Length, it will probably contain at least one logic error as well. Following are some general hints on how lo find and correct your errs. You run your program and get an error message: 1.
Maintenance of the Computer CHAPTER 11 MAINTENANCE OF THE COMPUTER To insure trouble-free operation of your SHARP COMPUTER, we recommend the following: ~ Ways handier the COMPUTER carefully as the liquid crystal display is made of glass. * Keep the computer in an area free from extreme temperature changes, moisture, or dust. During warm weather, vehicles left in direct sunlight are subject to high temperatures buildup. Prolonged exposure to high temperature may cause damage to your computer.
APPENDIX A Error Messages APPENDIX Error Messages There are nine different error codes built into the COMPUTER. The following table will explain these codes. Error Number 1 Meaning Syntax error » This means that the COMPUTER can't understand what you have entered. Heck for things such as semicolons on the ends of PRINT statements, misspelled words, and incorrect usages. 3#2 Calculation error Here you have probably done ane of three things: 1. Tried to use too large a number.
APPENDIX Error Messages 4 Line number error Here you have probably done one of twa things: 1. Tried to reference an nonexistent fine number with a GOT, GO SUB, RUN, LIST, THEN, or the like. 2. Tried to use too large a line number, The maximum line number, i 85279. Nesting error . Subroutine nesting excess 10 levels. FOR loop nesting exceeds 5 levels. RETURN ver without d GO SUB, NEXT verb without a FOR, or READ verb without a DATA. o Buffer space exceeded.
APPENDIX A Error Messages ERRORS RELATED TO RENUMBER Error message Description ERROR 1 A syntax error exists in the RENUMBER command. ERROR 1 IN fine number A line number reference is missing from the command specifying the jump destination GOT, GO SUB, effete. ERROR 3 IN line number A line number greater than 65279 is encounters during the execution of the RENUMBER command., The length of one program line exceeds 78 bytes, N line number ERROR 4 The specified old line number does not exist in the program.
APPENDIX Character Code Chart APPENDIX CHARACTER CODE CHART The following chart shows the conversion values for use with CHRIS and ASC. The column shows the first hex character or the first four binary digits (ie., bits); the row shows the second hex character or the second four bits. The upper left corner of each box contains the decimal number for the character. The lower right shows the character.
APPENDIX Character Code Hart First 4 Bits Hex gojse 0001 | 0a10 [vers | o102 | 0101 | @6 | w111 | tees 1110 | 111t lam 224 |2 8900 § NUL | ¢ Spade les |visqee zze | v 1 giet @134 14|13 2 2z 2010 1900 (118 |1at. . 27 waa 9011 B84 190 116 137 223 244 @198 j2fifartosx 117 |43 229|248 2 @101 1e2 118 13 236 |25 3 2110 Jer Tim B[™5 104 Lize |1ss 23z | 248 1 [Toe 108 12 137 233 289 1001 w06 |12z 138 .
APPENDIX Formatting Output APPENDIX FORMATTING OUTPUT It is sometimes important or useful to control the format as well as the content of the output. The COMPUTER corollas display formats with the USING verb. This verb allows you to specify: = lhe number of digits » tne location of the decimal! point » the scientific notation format » the number of string characters These different formats are specified with an “output mask”.
APPENDIX Formatting Output The desired number of digits is specified using the character. Each in the mask reserves space for one digit. The display or print always contain as many characters as are designated in the mask. The number appears to the far right of this field: the remaining positions lo the left are filled with spaces. Positive numbers.
APPENDIX Formatting Output Specifying Scientific Notation A ¢~ character may be included in the mask to indicate that the number is to be displayed in scientific notation. The “# and characters are used in the mask to specify the format of the “characteristic” portion of the number, the part which is displayed to the left of the E. Two characters shouts always be used to the left of the decimal point to provide for the sign character and one integer digit.
APPENDIX Formatting Output Inmost applications, a USING mask will contain ether: all numeric or all string formatting characters, However, both types of characters.may be included. in. ore USING mask for certain purposes. In such cases, each switch from numeric to string formatting characters or vice versa marks lhe boundary for a different value.
APPENDIX Expression Evaluation and Operator Priority APPENDIX EXPRESSION EVALUATION AND OPERATOR PRIORITY When the SHARP COMPUTER is given a complex expression, it evaluates the parts of the expression in a sequence determined by the priority of the individual parts of the expression.
APPENDIX Expression Evaluation and Operator Priority For levels 3 and 4, the fast entry has a higher priority, For swampland: 35232 Starting with the expression: Ci . ~ LOG 100 The COMPUTER would first evaluate the innermost set of parentheses.
APPENDIX Key Functions in BASIC Mode APPENDIX KEY FUNCTIONS IN BASIC MODE B Oy Used to turn the COMPUTER power on when the auto power off function is in effect. {BREAK) « Depression of this key during program execution functions as a3 BREAK ( [g,& } key and causes to interrupt the program execution. » When pushed during manual execution of an input/output command such as BEEP, CLOD, etc., execution of the command is interrupted.
APPENDIX E Key Functions in BASIC Made Addition key Subtraction key Used to enter CLOD? Used to divide two or more statements in one line. Used to provide pause between two equations, and between variables or comments. . C Used to provide multi-display two or more values/contents/displayed at a time). (Used to provide pause between the instruction and the variable, Used in assignment statements:to assign the contents {number or character) on the right for the. variable pacified on the left.
come €AD) %) [EE= St [BRIG {ye} [s Wet! APPENDIX Key Functions in BASIC Mode Used to designate these symbols. © & Used to designate and cancel characters. « Used to specify levels. # Used with USING statement, to provide the instruction 1o define the display format of numerical data. & : e Used when assigning character variables. & : » Used with USING statement, to provide the instruction to define the display format of character string. » Used to designate hexadecimal number.
APPENDIX Functionalist BASIC Mode ENTER, o Used to enter a program line into the computer. * Used for writing a program. ® Used fo request manual calculation or d\rec* execution of a command statement by the. computer. # Sententious a restart instruction after inputting data required by an INPUT metastasis or after executing a PRINT lameness Refer lo page 47 for the keys used for MATRIX operations.
APPENDIX Key Functions in BASIC Mode The [t} and [T} keys have the following functions, depending on the designated mode, as wel as the state of the computer.
APPENDIX Si gnat Used in the Serial ¥O Terminal APPENDIX SIGNAL USED IN THE SERIAL toy TAE The COMPUTER is equipped with a 15-pin connector for the serial 1O terminals.
APPENDIX Signal Used in the Striae YO Terminal» Notes: 1. 2, HIGH: VG voltage level; LOW: 3G voltage label. The COMPUTER uses COS components. Application of voltages exceeding the allowable range, Le., voltage level between SG and VG, may damage the computer. . This signal confirms if the connected terminal is the CE-140P printer or not. This signal is not used for communication with. other terminals. .
Model: Processor: Programming Language: System ROM: Memory Capacity: Stack: Operators: Numeric Precision: Editing Features: Memory Protection: APPENDIX Specifications APPENDIX SPECIFICATIONS PC-1460 Pocket Computer 8-bit COS CPU BASIC 72K Bytes RAM: System Approx. 1.
APPENDIX G Specifications Display: Keys: Power Supply: Rawer Consumption: Operating Temperature: Dimensions: Weight: Accessories: Options: 24-character Liquid Crystal Display with 5 x 7 dot pattern. 78 keys: Alphabetic, numeric, special symbols, functions, and user ed keys. 6.0Y DC: Lithium cells. Type: CR-2032x2 8.0V DG @ 0.
] APPENDIX H Using Programs Written an Other PC Models APPENDIX H USING PROGRAMS WRITTEN ON OTHER PC MODELS Programs written on the following computers can be used on the PC-1460 with slight modifications.
APPENDIX Using Programs Written on Other PC Models When using on the PC-1460 a program developed for the PC-1245 Series, the fallowing modifications are necessary: (1) Multiplication without using the operator On the PC-1245 Selfies, the (2] ‘(é {4) operator for multiplication may be omitted, such as AB for Redford C#D. On the PC-1460, however, the multiplication operator be omitted since the computer treats two consecutive characters, such simple variables.
APPENDIX Using Programs Written on Other PC Models e.g., 18 FOR NEXT THEN 128 Modify the value of | in line 68 as follows: 6 IF 1=11 THEN 198 {On the PC-1460, the value of & loop variable must be incremented by one step value. The number of loop execution cycles remains the same, however.) (5) Redefining The equal key does not function as a definable key on the Accordingly, a different key should be used in programs in which the equal key is defined.
APPENDIX: Using Programs Written on Other PC Models! n @) additional modification The PC-1245 Series uses a line number ranging from 1 t0.999, whereas the PC1460 has an extended line number ranging framer to 65279, Therefore, the line number uses 3 bytes in RAM (PC-1245 Series uses 2 bytes). The modification is carried out automatically when the program is.loaded though the cassette tape. However, there is a impassibility 6f memory overflow {ERROR &) when loading or executing & long: program.
APPENDIX Using Programs Written on Other PC Models (2) Specified format in USING 4 ) The function of the USING command differs between the PC-1480 and the PC1210 Series as follows. Example: 10 A = —123.456 20 PAUSE USING A 30 PAUSE A, USING A Executing this program displays the following. —123.45 —123 —123 *PC-1460 —123.45 —123.45 —123 Eor the exaction of line 30 in the PC-1210 Series, the display on the left side also follows the displayed format on the right side.
APPENDIX Using Programs Written on Other PC Models (1) 'Character Code modification . ! Character aced 96 (360) is a space in PC-1280 Series but is a left single quote in PC-1460. Accordingly, when the GEHRIG command is used 1o specify a space with character code 96, change this code 1o character code 32 (&20) B CLS, CURSOR commands PC-1460 does not have the CLS or CURSOR display commands. Deletion, and modification of these commands ir any programs containing these are required.
programming Examples Having read the description of each of the various functions in the preceding chapters, you have by now gained 4 Knowledge of a number of program commands. However, in order for you to have a command of developing application programs in BASIC language, it is absolutely necessary that you write and execute your own practical application programs as well as those explained in this manual.
® Then using CE-515P (or CE-516P) In the table of contents of this chapter, “P” preceding a program title indicates that the CE-140P, CE-515P, or CE-516P may be used as a peripheral unit in executing the program. However, when. using the' CE-5158. or CE-516F, observe. iris following points: DIP switch setting . , ® With CE-515P Se tall the DIP switch pissoir 0 the GFF position., e With CE-516P S8t the Nos. 1 to 5 switch pins fa the OFF potion and:the No. 6 switch pin to the ON position. | 2.
CONTENTS Program Title « Conversions between Orthogonal Coordinates and Polar Coordinates Pe Exponential Regression Plot Pe Pareto Diagram « Calculation of Area of N-sided Polygon » A Circle Osculating Two Circles .. P Frequency Characteristic Graph Ps Circular Graph » Transfer of Program File . Pe Three-Dimensional Graph .
PROGRAM TITLE: Conversions between Orthogonal Coordinates and Polar Coordinates Thesis & very useful program for effecting conversions between orthogonal coordinates and polar (spherical) coordinates in three dimensions: Whine each data for cover: soon is input, the result of the conversion is obtained according 1o the unit of angle which is effective at that time. somehow TO OPERATE . 1. Press for conversion to polar coordinate farm orthogonality cur! desalinate. : .
2. Conversion to orthogonal coordinates from polar coordinates x=1c0sél Cosset narcosis@ sing intrinsic EXAMPLES . Convert orthogonal coordinates 1o polar coordinates x=-1 Angular uni specification: DEG 2.
W KEY OPERATION SEQUENCE [Orthogonal coordinates — Pole [Polar coordinates — Orthogonal) _ coordinates) T * coordinates) ICE) 3741657307 uEm [v=_ b [THETA=_ I 3. 2 FmE 3. ~53.30077479 (&we) [EEa) . 4. 1165650512 3.741657387 -1 6. (TE) 6. (B THETA ~53.30077479 | 2 8. [area] (Em Em 9. (@ 116.
PROGRAM TITLE: Exponential Regression Plot Required Peripheral Equipment CE-1407 or GE-515P {or CE-51BF} and CE-5161. In the course of Na lure, 2 great number of changes take place in the mansard of exponential functions s you will f nd in the relationship between time and temperature when something hot gusts cold, the relationship between dime and disintegration rate of atomic nucleus, eic.
M EXAMPLE 0.5, 7.01 11.72 44.54 938.71 N=4 . Apply thé above Data and then estimate the valises of ¥s with the estimated values of X’s taker as 2, 4,8, and 6.5, respectively. ) M When using CE-515P (or CE-516P) . . Modify fines 130 and 150 i the program fist on page , and add lii 375 to the list 45 folios: i 130t50508 373 Sex 3300 BOURBON 378 DISCLOSE '+ sped 1208 i, Lin, L = PRINTOUT (Printed out in color.
B KEY OPERATION SEQUENCE
PROGRAM TITLE: Pareto Diagram Required Peripheral Equipment CE-140P or CE-515P (e Roe-516F) and GE-516L. The basic method of conducting quality control is to first determine the degree of significance of each of various quality control factors and then tacking the problems with higher significance. Many points, such as labor, cost, productivity, etc., have a bearing on factors for controlling quality. Pareto diagram is & convenient diagram to find out which factors are mots important than the others.
m EXAMPLE Shown below is a table indicating the number of defective products Thai occurred from eat machine at the factory of a major electrical home appliance manufacturer. Prepare a Pareto diagram using the date of compilation as March 31, 1986, and the title name as “Pareto™. No.
# KEY OPERATION SEQUENCE oEE *Pareto Diagram® 15 Fact. name CHI (Malachi. C No. of def. Fact. name (2) 3. Caiman the data and correct it necessary in the same manner as above, 10. [ER Input data in the same manner as Correct? 11, (N (verge) above. _Tittle_ PARETO @) Correct? (Malachi. A 1 [Month=_ —y 4.
W MEMORY CONTENTS A | Number of factors B Voo 4 " D Month E [Toto F Flag Year A End pointer V.
PROGRAM TITLE: Calculation of Area of N-sided Polygon P Required Peripheral Equipment CE-126P Any polygon is theoretically an aggregation of tingles. By utilizing this theory, let us calculate the area of & polygon. This program figures out the area of a polygon by dividing the polygon info triangles, calculating the area of each triangle's, and obtaining the sum classic of the areas of all the triangles. B HOW TO OPERATE 1. Press [BEF (&S . (Program starts) Input the number of vertexes (ie.
& EXAMPLE Figure out the area of a 4-sided polygon as shown below.
W KEY OPERATION SEQUENCE (Ewer) 1. 0 B Loin Point=_ /e 2 Point=_ [pain ~ 1.
PROGRAM TITLE: A Circle Osculating Two Circles There are two adjoining circles io both of which another circle is tenderly adhering. Will swarm feeling begin to bud there? Such a way of Rooking at these circles may bring light touch to your study of geometry. This program finds out the center of a circle osculating two circles and the coordinates of the two points of contact by inputting the center coordinates and radius of each of the two circles together with three discriminating conditioners.
B EXAMPLE KEY OPERATION SEQUENCE C1: =30 C2: xp=50, yp=20, rp=40 R=10 Discriminating conditions {1} 1 {osculating externally) {2} 1 (osculating externally} (3 1 (on eft side) 1. EER 4.08] 39.79 Clear_ P1 x= 3.06 : 10, Fm) Input data in the same manner as P1 y= 29.84 above, EEE P2 x= 13.27 output 35.83 (cz.
PROGRAM TITLE: Frequency Characteristics Graph Required Peregrinate: Equipment CE-140° o1 CEBU {urge-516P) and CE-5181. The Frequency Characteristics Graph is well known among audio equipment maniacs, By giving a transmission function to the computer, this program presents the frequency characteristics of an audio equipment component in a graphic form. A clear, easy-topee color graph js output on the printer, utilizing the very feature of the computer. ® HOW TO OPERATE 1. Press B&F (4] .
Then, ihe formula for gain G(dB) may be given as follows: o EXAMPLE Draw a frequency characteristics graph for a filter (band pass filer) configured as shown below. FREE it Cra > EET B = Pitch value of gain; 25[dB] Max. value of gain: 50{dB] Min. value of frequency: 1[Hz] 6052, FRa=100K2 where Fy=2KQ 3= 0.
Frequency step = 120 .
W KEY OPERATION SEQUENCE 1. G A "GAIN STEP Lo Ems FREQ, STEP= O e |GAIN B 10. 120 [ 3. 50 [BAE DEGREE = [FREQ MIN. [TEETER) Erma sTE 1007576 [E Fer) 100w 2015152 Gear Input data in the same manners above. 8. WEER 317 Input data in the same manner as above. 14.
B MEMORY CONTENTS A | Real part of denominator in formula {1} B | Imaginary part of denominator in Jordanian {1) © | Solar specification of fine(s) 0 area part of numerator in formula (1) E imaginary part of numerator in {armorial (1) F Pitch value of data for graph printing G | Gain (dB) for a given ! W Min.
PROGRAM TITLE: Circular Graph Required Peripheral Equipment HEAP or GE-515P {Circe-5167) and CE-516L The Circular Graph is a graph that is very useful in figuring out the composition ratio of individual elements to the entire elements. For example, this graph is convenient far rooking into the percentage of each budget quota in relation to the total budget or the percentage share a certain product occupies 1o its total market.
7. Determine whether or not you need o have a cutout section from the-graph, * When to'be cut out; Press (Y] © When not to bs cut out: Press (W) (Eileen (In this case, you can move to step 8} ~How to specify a cutout section, . S Input the data number of the. item far which you want fo: have;a cutout section: 8. Determine whstfier'or not all'data mentored are {ablated.
W KEY OPERATION SEQUENCE Item name= _ Input data in the same manner as above. 2 TIL &g A BMD MOUNT (Siemens 10, 98 (e Moon— RANCH Data title=_ ] [ Data=_ 5 S @ ALES GEm 1 e Meme No.1 | Correct 14, (301 Data sort Data=_ | [ Doughnut (vin_ 7. 830 [ER) 16. [ i [NO.2 Il Detaching ] totem name=_ Delacruz NF_ ] [Data=_ Draw tbi. 9. 297 @R s No.
W MEMORY CONTENTS « AV 02 | Starting y-coordinate of external 1 circle J__ | Soap counter In op counter o4 |V L Loop counter, vV PO m2 VIR |oknz FEET Angle calculation position of graph direction , print position of table PY Base position of graph in yC(YK) | Each data for which percentage direction been calculated o ;ash ° ;‘ calculate RD | Diameter of internal circle (k) |Bach koala AR | Diameter of extempore circle B(YKI | Angle calculation value of each of sector in x-direction A Co
PROGRAM TITLE: Transfer of Program File ~ .. Required Peripheral Equipment CE-1a0T In the past, only cassette {micro cassette) tape was available as an-external memory for pocket computers: But now a floppy disk in a persona computer can be used as an external memory for the PC-1460 pocket computer through the medium of the CE-130TH level converter, : Here, transfer of program files'to and from the PC:1450 pocket computer is explained using the PC-7000 as an'example of the personal computers. .
. UPLOADING PROGRAM FILE (PC-1460 — PC-7000) First, the method of trans tarring a program file from the PC-1460 o the PC-7000is introduced here. Tha PG-7000 will in turn store the data received from the PC-1460 in a floppy disk. The contents of the program file being received can be confirmed on the serene of the PC-7000. ® OPERATING PROCEDURE PC-1460 Program input Inputs program o be transferred to the PC7000. PC-7000 Program input input Program 1-1. (See below.
DOWNLOADING PROGRAM FILE (PC-7000 — PC-1460) The method of transferring the program file in the floppy disk of the PC-7000 to the PC-1460 is covered near. The contents of the program file being transferred can be confirmed on the screen of the PC-7000. W OPERATING PROCEDURE PC-7000 PC-1460 Program input Preparation for Receiving Program File Input Program 2-. (See below.) | Set PRO or RUN mode. — CLOSE [eater) OPEN *1200, BIA" Program File Transfer (Wienie) AUN [=7] <1: = LOAD command is now executable.
& MEMORY CONTENTS; AS | For output of one program line. FI$ File name # FLOWCHARTS PIC-1460 (Manual effing) s o PC-7000 Les ti s . OPENED contaminate.
PROGRAM TITLE: Three-Dimensional Graph Required Peripheral Equipment CE-140P or CT-515P for CE-516P) and CE-518L. Yau probably have been working hard on letters and numbers with your computer. Why ot take & break for a while? However, do not just absent-minded look up at the selling like many are prone to do. Your computer has many functions with which you can enjoy yourself even while taking a rest.
W REMARKS. ‘ ® EXAMPLE ' Draw two graphs using the data shown in the following table, No. Color: Red 220 | —180 100 | -s0 2 Purple 220 o 100 100 M When using (or CE-516P) Modify line 10 of the program fist ori page 339 a& Shawn below. L9% w5 CLOSE © OPEN “L390.N. 8 13AuL": CONSOLE s B PRINTOUT (Printed out in color.
PROGRAM TITLE: Number Guessing Game This program is designed to allow youth play a game of guessing a 3-digit number to be generated randomly from the computer. Don't study 100 much for examinations. Try this game for a change. Now, et us see how many attempts you must make before you can make & hit! m HOW TO OPERATE 1. Press DEA . (Program starts) 2, “X=" will be displayed on the screen, Now, input a 3-digit number which you think the computer might have generated.
}variables ABS ACS AHC AHS AHT ALL RESET AND AREAS ASC ASN ATN Array variables Auto off (Auto Power Off) BASIC BASIC key BASIC mode BEEP CA key CAL key CAL mode 221 2186 96 96 86 217 217 217 217 217 10 89 148 223 218 218 17 241 148 263 Cockeyed CE-126P CE-140P CE-515P Misplacement CHAIN CIRCLE HRS CLEAR CLOD CLOD? CLOSE#1 Clear key COLOR CONSOLE CONT cos ROTATE CAVE SIZE cuR Cursor Cassette tape Character Gide Chart Commands DATA DEF key DEG DEGREE DELETE Delete key DiM Direct calculation feature DMS Debugg
Edition calculations Editing programs Nor Messages Expressions FACT Fixed variables FOR..TO...STEP Formatting output Functions CURSOR Subgroup GOT GRAD GRAPH Hard cover HCS HSN HTN IF..THEN PINKEYE INPUT INPUT# INPUT#1 Insert key INT LEFTS LEN LET LF LINE List LILTS LN LOAD LOG PRINT TEXT Lab sled programs Lastanswerfeature Limits of numbers Line numbers Linear regression Logical expressions 58 96 251 87 219 &1 157 257 82 .
READ REC Relational expressions REM RENUMBER RESET RESTORE RETURN RIGHT$ LINGUINE RND RUN RUN made Range of numbers Relational expressions ROT SAVE Scientific notation Serial /O function 8GN SHIFT key Simple variable SIN Single-variable statistics SQR SORGHUM 8QU STOP STRUT Statements Statistical calculations Siring expressions String function String variables Subroutines TAN TEN TEXT TOFF TRON Tape Recorder Template Troubleshooting 185 220 88 186 143 10 187 188 224 212 220 145 92 6% 88 221 240 225 221 221
