Power Harmonics Analyser MI 2092 User Manual Version 2.1, Code No.
Distributor: Manufacturer: METREL d.d. Ljubljanska cesta 77 1354 Horjul Slovenia web site: http://www.metrel.si e-mail: metrel@metrel.si Mark on your equipment certifies that this equipment meets the requirements of the EU (European Union) concerning safety and interference causing equipment regulations © 2000…2007 METREL No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means without permission in writing from METREL.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Table of contents Power Harmonics Analyser.........................................................................................5 1. Main features .........................................................................................................5 2. Safety considerations ............................................................................................6 3. Applicable standards .............................................................................
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Table of contents 8. Scope (Oscilloscope Function) ............................................................................30 9. Frequency and overload information ...................................................................31 Section IV Connection to power systems ..........................................................32 1. 3j 4 wire system .........................................................................................33 2.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Power Harmonics Analyser Power Harmonics Analyser The Power Harmonics Analyser is a portable multifunction instrument for measurement and analysis of three-phase power systems. fig. 1 1. Main features · Comprehensive real time monitoring, recording and analysis of 3 j power systems. · Wide range of functions: - True rms Voltage, - True rms Current, - Power (Watt, var and VA), - Power Factor, - Energy, - Power Scope Harmonic Analysis.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Power Harmonics Analyser 2. Safety considerations General To ensure operator safety while using the Power Harmonics Analyser, and to minimise the risk of damage to the instrument, please note the following general warnings: The Instrument has been designed to ensure maximum operator safety.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section I Section I General information General information 1. Introduction This manual provides information for the connection, operation, programming, data analysis and maintenance of the Power Harmonics Analyser (shown in fig. 1). The manual is divided into five sections, each covering a particular aspect of the operation of the Power Harmonics Analyser.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section I General information 2. Description 2.1. Front panel fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section I General information Front Panel Layout: 1.......... FUNCTION switch, selects one of seven functional/operating menus: · · · · · · · 2.......... 3.......... 4.......... 5.......... 6.......... 7..........
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section I General information Connector Panel Layout: 1………… Current Clamp-on CTs/Transformers (I 1, I2, I3) input terminals 2 .............. Voltage (L 1, L2, L3) input terminals 3 .............. RS 232 connection (for connection of the PHA to a PC) fig. 4: External power socket 2.3. Bottom view 2 3 4 5 6 7 fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section I General information Bottom View Layout: 2 Plastic cover (fixes nylon strap to the instrument). There is a screw under this cover that needs to be unscrewed when opening the instrument for service or calibration purposes. The Instrument contains no user serviceable parts. Service or calibration must only be carried out only by an authorized dealer 3 4 5 6 7 Screw (unscrew to remove carrying strip or to open the instrument). Label with measurement ranges.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section I General information 3. Specifications The instrument’s technical specification below details the performance standard or limit to which the instrument has been designed and tested. 3.1. Inputs 3.1.1 AC Voltages The instrument has a three-phase AC voltage input (3 differential inputs, L 1 – N1, L2 – N2, L3 - N3). Voltage measurement is direct with internal voltage dividers. There are no internal fuses in the voltage inputs.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section I General information 3.1.3 Reference conditions AC voltage for power measurements AC current Power factor Frequency Waveform Distortion factor Auxiliary power supply Ambient temperature Humidity 0.02 U n … Un 0.02 In … In four quadrants (1.00 cap … 0.00 … 1.00 ind) 45 … 65 Hz Sinusoidal AC voltage and current <2% 230 V ± 10 % 23 °C ± 3 °C 60 % ± 15 % 3.2. Outputs 3.2.1. Communication RS232 serial interface for connection to a PC, fully opto isolated.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section I General information 3.5. Harmonics measurement The instrument computes harmonics on signals sampled with an A/D converter. Table 1: Limits of error and resolution in Harmonics measurement: Range Ir, Ur 2 … 100% Note: THD HD Ur Ir Limits of error THD HD 0.2 % x U r/U (Ir/I) 0.2 % x Ur/U (Ir/I) Resolution on LCD and PC 0.1 % Total Harmonic Distortion Harmonic Distortion Urange Irange 3.6.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section I General information There may exist special environmental regulations concerning the disposal of batteries. These must be followed. In case of blown battery fuse (F1), this should be replaced with the same type as defined on the label close to it. 3.8.2. Cleaning To clean the surface of instrument, use a soft cloth slightly moistened with soapy water or alcohol. Then leave the instrument to dry totally before use.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section II Internal operation Section II Internal operation 1. Introduction This section contains technical information on the internal operation of the Power Harmonics Analyser, including descriptions of measuring methods and recording principles. 2. Measurement methods Measurement methods are based on the digital sampling of the input signals. Each input (3 voltages and 3 currents) is sampled 128 times in each input cycle.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section II Internal operation Phase voltage crest factor Qxcr = Phase current crest factor I xcr = U x max *100 [18] *100 [19] Ux I x max Ix Additional calculation (using FFT transformation) Phase voltage-current angle f = fi - fu fi, fu are calculated by FFT VI angle for the fundamental component 63 Phase voltage THD thdU x = å hn 2 Ux n=2 *100 % [10] *100 % [11] *100 % [12] *100 % [13] h1U x 63 Phase current THD thdI x = å hn Phase volta
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual Section III Operation manual 1. General This section describes how to operate and programme the Instrument. The instrument front panel consists of a graphic LCD display, nine keys and an eight position rotary switch. Measured data and current instrument status are shown on the display. fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser OFF CONFIG RECORD ENERGY SPECTRUM METER SCOPE Section III Operation manual Power OFF Instrument configuration menu Data Logging (Recording) menu Energy measurement Harmonic analysis menu Basic power, current & voltage measurements Waveforms display & control fig. 7: Instruments rotary selector switch The instrument’s main design function is the logging of various parameters on power distribution systems.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual 2. Off Selecting OFF turns the instrument OFF after 2 seconds. All current settings and set parameters are saved during this period in non-volatile memory. If switching OFF occurs while the instrument is set for recording, this is treated as a POWER BREAK and the date & time of Power OFF is saved. This will also occur if the instrument loses its power supply while recording (see section II.3.5 Power Break Recording).
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual 3.1. Password All programming functions and recorder settings (including the starting & stopping data logging) are password protected. Unless the password is entered, the various settable parameters & functions can only be viewed. In all configuration sub-menus, pressing any edit key (UP, DOWN, LEFT, RIGHT, SELECT, ENTER) will activate password input procedure. The password must be entered before the SYSTEM sub-menu is selected.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual · Up/Down limits: 10 % · Buffer mode: roll-over · Selected channels: none · Selected harmonic: none · Voltage multiplier(K): 1 · Current range: 1000 A · Connection: 4w · Sync. frequency: 50 Hz · Sync. input: AUTO · Serial port rate: 57600 UPGRADE The possibility for later implementation of modem by order. The instrument serial number must be attached to an order for the code.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual In Auto mode, START and STOP occur at user preset dates and times. Recording can be stopped manually at any time. Use SELECT key to toggle between MANUAL and AUTO mode. In AUTO start/stop, use LEFT or RIGHT keys to select between Date and Time and the UP & DOWN keys to set a new date or time. Only valid date/time values will be accepted. STAT. and PER. STAT. Statistical Analysis PER.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual UPPER and LOWER limits These are the limits which define the pass window for Voltage Anomaly recording. Any voltage value outside the specified limits is detected and stored as an anomaly. Use the LEFT and RIGHT keys to set the required limit (1% to 30% of nominal voltage). BUFFER MODE The data storage in the data logging (recorder) function can be performed in two ways: LINEAR or ROLLOVER.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual fig. 11: Harmonics Sub-menu Use LEFT, RIGHT, UP and DOWN keys to select the required signal. Enable or disable the signal for recording with the SELECT key. Signals sub-menu Select per-phase and/or total 3j values. Selecting a voltage signal U will also automatically enable logging of Voltage Anomalies for that phase (if Voltage Anomaly recording mode is selected as FIXED or VARIABLE).
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual Unomin.(v) Nominal measuring range of instrument voltage inputs. It is used for calculation and display of results only. Default value is 230.0 V (Range from 50.0 V to 450.0 V). Uinp.K.(*) Scaling factor for voltage inputs. This allows for external voltage transformers or dividers that may be used and ensures that readings are related to the primary. e.g. for 11 kV / 110 V, the multiplication factor must be set to 100.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual fig. 13: Recorder (Data Logging) Menu rec.stat. Present recorder status: Recorder (in AUTO mode) is waiting for start date & time WAIT Recorder is running RUN Recorder (in AUTO mode) has been stopped manually. STOP Recording aborted. COMPLETE Recording completed buf.stat. Present recorder memory status: No data in memory EMPTY Data present; awaiting download READY Data present; previously downloaded SAVED Buffer operating status/mode: lin.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual For Periodic Analysis, there are four further information lines: Number of recorded periods from start of data logging. periods. Current integration period (IP) in seconds int.pr. Aprox max. number of periods that can be saved (in Linear Buffer mode only) max. Remaining time in the current integration period remain power N° of power ON/OFF events during the current recording period. 5.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser n Section III Operation manual LAST IP lines: Display energy in last integration period (if data logging is active): Active positive energy Ep+ in kWh Reactive positive capacitive energy EQc+ in kvar Reactive positive inductive energy EQi+ in kvar Active negative energy Ep+ in kWh Reactive negative capacitive energy EQc+ in kvar Reactive negative inductive energy EQi+ in kvar NOTE: At least one signal from Signal Sub-menu (fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual Phase angle between voltage and current. rms phase to phase voltage (V 1-2, V2-3, V3-1). Total 3j signed active, apparent and reactive powers (±P t, ±St, ±Qt). Total 3j Power Factor with indication of direction (capacitive or inductive). System frequency. Current in neutral conductor, rms value. fig. 16: Meter Display Screen Note: In 3j systems with a 3wire connection, the Instrument does not display values for the 3rd phase.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section III Operation manual fig. 17: Scope Display without display of additional information Use the SELECT key to toggle between the signal display options (L1, L2, L3, 3U, 3I, L1…). Display of additional information is controlled by toggling the ENTER key. To scale voltage waveforms: Use LEFT or RIGHT keys To scale current waveforms: Use UP or DOWN keys fig. 18: Scope Display with display of additional information 9.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section IV Connection to power systems Section IV Connection to power systems Warning This Instrument requires connection to dangerous voltages This instrument can be connected to the 3j system in 3 ways: · 3j four wire system L1, L2, L3,N; I1, I2, I3 · 3j three wires system L 12, L23, L31; I1, I2, I3 · Aaron (2 wattmeter) 3j connection L 12, L32, I1, I2 The actual connection scheme must be defined in METER Configuration menu (see fig 19 below). fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section IV Connection to power systems 1. 3j 4 wire system System with Neutral conductor 4W 3 phase + neutral L1 L2 L3 N fig. 20: 3j 4 wire system 2. 3j 3 wire system with 3 CTs System without Neutral conductor 3W 3 phase L1 L2 L3 fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section IV Connection to power systems 3. 3j 3 wire system with 2 CTs 2 Wattmeter connection Aaron 3 phase L1 L2 L3 fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section IV Connection to power systems WARNING Connecting to Current Transformers The secondary of a current transformer must NOT be open circuited when on a live circuit. An open circuit secondary can result in a dangerously high voltage across the terminals. power plant measuring instruments A A xA / 5A xA / 5A high voltage xA / 5A A L1 L2 L3 fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section V PC software Section V PC software The Power Harmonic Analyser is supplied complete with a powerful suite of Windows software that can be used for: · Configuring the Instrument · Setting measurement parameters · Download of recorded data · Off-line analysis of recorded data · On-line capture and analysis of current voltage and power signals. The software also provides the necessary tools to allow measured data etc to be included in various reports.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section V PC software 1. Instrument set - up To set the instrument configuration parameters, double click on Settings; the program will download current settings from the instrument and display them on the screen. fig. 25: Instrument settings screen The Instrument settings screen contains the instrument data and parameters fields and buttons.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section V PC software fig. 26: Baud Rate Set-up screen U factor U nominal I range (A) Connection Voltage Transformer Ratio Increment / Decrement the value using PgUp / PgDown keys. Nomonal Voltage Increment / Decrement the value using PgUp / PgDown keys. Scale Factor for the Current Transformers Increment / Decrement the value using PgUp / PgDown keys. Select the System Connection. Note: Aaron is a 3 wire measurement with 2 current transformers fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section V PC software Frequency (Hz) To toggle between 50 Hz and 60 Hz, double click on the Frequency field. Sync. Input Frequency Synchronization Input Select the input using PgUp / PgDown keys. Select the type of Data Analysis (available for higher instruments). Type of recording fig. 28: Recording Set-up screen To view and set details on the Periodics recording click on DETAILS button. fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section V PC software 2. Data logging & analysis Remote Start button Start Recording. Remote Stop button Stop Recording. Download button Download data from instrument to the PC. Analysis button Analyse Data The File settings and Analyses menu is displayed: fig. 33: Data Logging Set-up and Status screen Recorded signals (available for analysis) are coloured blue. To select a signal for analysis, click on the blue coloured field, which changes to red when selected.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section V PC software 2.1. Periodic Analysis Recorded data can be analysed in numerical form. fig. 34: Tabular Data Analysis screen Data can also be graphed, with advanced navigating and search facilities.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section V PC software fig.35: Graphic Data Analysis screen 2.2. Voltage Anomalies Recordings of Voltage Anomalies (or Voltage Breaks) can be displayed in both numerical and graphic format. fig. 36: Voltage Anomalies and Breaks screen A full listing of all Voltage Anomalies is provided, together with the set-up information, and an analysis of each record can be quickly viewed in both graphic and tabular form.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section V PC software 2.3. Statistical Analysis A Statistical Analysis of recorded data can be displayed in both numerical and graphic format. fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section V PC software 3. Direct link The Direct Link facility allows direct on-line operation, with real-time values from the voltage and current inputs displayed on the screen. Complex calculation can be carried out and selected input signals waveforms can be saved, can be exported to an ASCII file or to the Clipboard for use with third party analysis tools. To open the connection to the instrument, click on the ‘ go!’ button. fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section V PC software fig. 39: Direct Link Harmonic Analysis Screen with tabular display NOTE: If the display appears to become frozen, there is insufficient time for the display to process all the acquired data. The ‘Request Time’ (in the ‘Execute’ menu) should be increased. For a Baud rate of 57600, a Request Time at least 1300 ms is recommended.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation Section VI Theory of operation 1. General Data recording is one of the main functions of the instrument. However, while recording data for later analysis, the Instrument can also carry out the following functions:. · Statistical analysis – Statistical analysis of the measured signals. · Periodic analysis – On line recording and analysis of various measured signals over preset periods.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation Active power is divided in two quantities: Import (positive) and Export (negative). Reactive power and power factor are divided in four quantities: positive inductive (+i), positive capacitive (+c), negative inductive (-i) and negative capacitive (-c). Neutral conductor current (I 0) is ignored when measuring in 3 wire connection. For power, voltage and current measurements, values are stored for each input cycle.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation input IP ppn upn hpn IP power power break break PB pn IP ppn upn hpn IP PB p1 pn p2 pn upn=hpn=ppn=p1+p2 Input Cycles used for calculation under various Power Break situations fig.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation When measuring Power and Power Factor, values can be calculated for each individual cycle or averaged over a period (the ‘Power sub IP’) which can be set at any value between 1 and 20 cycles (a 400 ms window at 50Hz). If the Instrument is recording a power, it automatically calculates and records the energy of the selected power in an IP.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation Minimum & Maximum PER PHASE Values LOAD TYPE VALUE CONSUMNIG GENERATING Note inductive capacitive inductive capacitive [formula] m Px+ Px 0 [3] m Px0 Px [3] m Qxi+ Qx 0 0 0 [7] m Qxc+ 0 0 0 Qx [7] m Qxi0 0 Qx 0 [7] m Qxc0 Qx 0 0 [7] m PFxi+ PFx 1 na na [8] m PFxc+ na na 1 PFx [8] m PFxina na PFx 1 [8] m PFxc1 PFx na na [8] m Ux Ux [1] m Ix Ix [2] m Uxthd Uxthd [10] -max only m Ixthd Ixthd [11] -max only [9] m cosjx cosjx m UxHn UxHn [12] m Ix
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser + mP =0 m P = Px + m Qi = 0 m Qi = 0 + m Qc = Q x m Qc = 0 + m Pfi = na m Pfi = 1 + m Pfc = Pfx m Pfc = na 180 Section VI Theory of operation + 90 o LOAD TYPE Positive capacitive LOAD TYPE Positive inductive (User = capacitive generator) (User = inductive load) m P = Px mP =0 + m Qi = Qx m Qi = 0 + m Qc = 0 m Qc = 0 + m Pfi = Pfx m Pfi = na + m Pfc = na m Pfc = 1 o 0o + mP =0 m P = Px + m Qi = 0 m Qi = Q x m Qc + = 0 m Qc - = 0 + m Pfi = na m Pfi = Pfx + m Pfc =
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation Per Phase Values (averaged at the end of an IP) n å( P ) Watts aPx+ = + x j =1 n VAr aQ+xi = aQxi- = + xi aPf = PF xi aPf = PF aPx- = xi j =1 j aQ+xc = pn å( Q ) j =1 j aQxc- = pn aPx+ ( aQ ) + 2 xi ( aQ ) - 2 xi ( ) + aPx+ aPx- ( ) - + aPx + xc aPf = 2 xc aPf = 2 å (U ) aU x = x j =1 aU x thd = H yU x H1U x xc j =1 j pn å( Q ) - xc j =1 j pn ( aQ ) + 2 xc ( ) + aPx+ aPx- ( aQ ) - 2
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation Total 3j Values (averaged at the end of an IP) n å( P ) Watts t j =1 aPt+ = aQti+ = å( Q ) ti j =1 aQti- = aS t+ = VA ( aP ) + 2 t aPf ti+ = PF aPf ti- = PF j aQtc+ = ti j =1 å(Q ) j aQtc- = pn ( + aQti+ + aQtc+ aPt + (aQ ) + (aP ) + 2 + 2 ti ) 2 j =1 å(Q ) - 2 t aPf tc+ = (aQ ) + (aP ) - 2 - 2 ti t tc aPf = aI0 = j =1 - tc j =1 pn ( + aQti- + aQtc- (aQ ) + (aP ) + 2 + 2 tc t aPt - ( aQ
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation 4. Voltage anomaly recording Voltage anomalies occur when a voltage exceeds preset boundaries. The rms voltages of each half input cycle are used for comparison. For every Voltage Anomaly detected, the Instrument stores: · Date & time when the anomaly started. · The nominal voltage. · Minimum or maximum voltage during the anomaly. · The previous 64 rms values, calculated on half input cycles (half periods), before the anomaly occurred.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation 5. Power breaks recording If data logging is in progress, the start of every OFF state of the instrument is treated as a Power Break. This OFF state occurs either if the instrument is switched OFF (using the rotary switch) or if it lose its power supply. For each Power Break, the instrument logs the date & time of both the beginning and end of the power break, and the cause of the power break (manual or loss of supply).
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation Nano can be estimated with experience. It depends on the quality of voltage supply and on the user defined limits for detection of anomalies. Selection of excessively narrow limits, or a wrong nominal voltage reference, can produce large numbers of recorded events and reducing memory capacity. Example 1: The Instrument will be set to log for 7 days.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VI Theory of operation Example 2: The same set-up as above but: Statistical Analysis is enabled Phase 1 voltage harmonics (as many as possible) are to be logged. The Instrument can calculate a Statistical Analysis for all recorded parameters except current and voltage harmonics; thus 12 channels are required for recording statistics. A maximum of 64 channels can be selected for data logging.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VII Modem data transfer Section VII Modem data transfer 1. Introduction Modem data transfer enables remote handling of the instrument and its data. When the instrument has to be located on distant or hardly accessible place, the modem is the only practical solution for fast access to the instrument. It is only necessary to connect modem to the instrument at the location where measurements are performed and activate modem control.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VII Modem data transfer Notes: - For GSM system, pay attention to install its antenna at the appropriate place with good signal condition. - If modem communication is enabled, it is not passible to transfer data from the instrument to the PC using RS232 connection. To enable direct RS 232 connection between the instrument and PC, you should disable modem communication in Power Link and on the instrument. 3. Modem, ins. and power link configuration 3.1.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VII Modem data transfer Note: - Serial port baud rate is automatically set to 9600 Bauds (for GSM modem) and cannot be set to any other rate. - Take care that all devices (PC, both modems and instrument) are set to the same baud rate. 3.2. Modem configuration at the PC side The modem connected to the PC should be configured before use. The PC with internal modem does not need any external extension.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VII Modem data transfer When the modem is being configured with Power Link the following settings are executed: - disable PIN for GSM modem (AT+CPIN=XXXX and AT+CLCK=”SC”,1,XXXX, - enable automatic answering (AT&D0), - set automatic answering after 2 RINGS (ATS0=2), - set ECHO answering to OFF (ATE0), - disable “Wait for dial tone” option (ATX0), - set PORT baud rate for standard (analog) modem, - save parameters (AT&W), - activate saved parameters (ATZ).
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VII Modem data transfer 4. Modem connect.
MI 2092 Power Harmonics Analyser Section VII Modem data transfer 5. Connecting and disconnecting modems When the modems are connected and suitably set at the instrument and the PC, just click the “Make modem connection” button in Power Link toolbar or select “Make modem connection” in Modem menu. It takes a few seconds (up to 30 s) to establish communication link. The instrument operates as it is connected directly to the PC via RS232 interface. It means that all interface functions are active, e.g.
