Signal Integrity Analyzer 3000 User’s Guide and Reference Manual 200053-06 REV A
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WAVECREST Corporation continually engages in research related to product improvement. New material, production methods, and design refinements are introduced into existing products without notice as a routine expression of that philosophy. For this reason, any current WAVECREST product may differ in some respect from its published description but will always equal or exceed the original design specifications unless otherwise stated.
ATTENTION: USE OF THE SOFTWARE IS SUBJECT TO THE WAVECREST SOFTWARE LICENSE TERMS SET FORTH BELOW. USING THE SOFTWARE INDICATES YOUR ACCEPTANCE OF THESE LICENSE TERMS. IF YOU DO NOT ACCEPT THESE LICENSE TERMS, YOU MUST RETURN THE SOFTWARE FOR A FULL REFUND. WAVECREST SOFTWARE LICENSE TERMS The following License Terms govern your use of the accompanying Software unless you have a separate written agreement with Wavecrest. License Grant. Wavecrest grants you a license to use one copy of the Software.
Table of Contents Purpose and Organization of this Manual ............................................ xiii SECTION 1 SIA-3000™ Quick Setup and Measure ................................................. 1 Accessories............................................................................. 1 Quick Setup and Simple Measurement of 10 MHZ Calibration Signal .... 1 Selection of a Measurement Tool ................................................ 3 Turning on the 10 MHZ Square Wave.............................
SECTION 4a CLOCK TOOLS .............................................................................. 47 Clock Analysis Histogram Tool – Applications............................. 49 Making a Clock Analysis Measurement - Setup Directions ........ 50 Interpreting Histogram Tool Views (Plots) ............................ 51 Oscilloscope View .................................................... 51 Histogram View ......................................................... 52 Total Jitter View.....................
SECTION 4b OTHER CLOCK TOOLS ......................................................................... 89 Statistics Tool .......................................................................... 90 Low Frequency Modulation Analysis (LFMA) Tool .............................. 91 Making a LFMA Measurement - Setup Directions .......................... 92 Interpreting LFMA Tool Views (Plots) ....................................... 92 Time View ..................................................................
SECTION 4c DATA TOOLS.............................................................................. 131 Known Pattern with Marker Tool - Applications ........................... 132 Making a KPWM Measurement - Setup Directions .................... 135 Interpreting Known Pattern with Marker Tool Views (Plots)..... 135 DCD + ISI Histogram View ........................................... 136 DCD + ISI vs. Edge View ............................................. 137 1-Sigma View ................................
SECTION 4d DATA STANDARDS TOOLS ..................................................................... 175 PCI Express 1.1 Hardware Clock Recovery (CR) Tool ......................... 175 Making a PCIX Hardware CR Measurement - Setup Directions .......... 176 Interpreting PCIX Hardware CR Views (Plots) .............................. 177 Oscilloscope View .......................................................... 177 Transition Eye View ..........................................................
Serial ATA II Hardware Clock Recovery (CR) Tool ............................ 203 Making a SATA II Hardware CR Measurement – Setup Directions .... 204 Interpreting SATA II Hardware CR Tool Views (Plots) .................. 205 Histogram View ............................................................. 205 Eye Diagram View .......................................................... 205 Bathtub Curve View....................................................... 206 Summary View ...................................
SECTION 4e SECTION 4f SECTION 4g CHANNEL-To-CHANNEL TOOLS.............................................................. 221 Propagation Delay and Skew Tool ................................................. 221 Making a Propagation Delay Measurement - Setup Directions ....... 221 Interpreting Propagation Delay and Skew Tool Views (Plots) ....... 222 Accumulated Histogram View........................................... 222 Maxi Histogram View ......................................................
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Purpose and Organization of this Manual The purpose of this manual is to provide the user with a quick overview of the Signal Integrity Analyzer 3000™ (SIA-3000) and GigiView ™ software. Parts of this manual have been compiled from the online Help system included with the GigiView software. Some areas will appear different due to the presentation and layout format of the Help system versus the hard copy manual format.
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SECTION 1– SIA-3000™ Quick Setup and Measure This section helps the user to quickly set up the WAVECREST Signal Integrity Analyzer 3000 (SIA3000) and take a simple measurement using the 10MHz Calibration OUT signal. In addition, this section will assist the user in calibrating the SIA-3000. The accessories included with the unit are listed below.
Attach coax cable to the (Channel 1) IN 1 connector. Ensure there is a tight connection. Attach other end of coax cable to the Calibration OUT connector. Ensure there is a tight Connection (~7-9 in/lbs). Plug female end of power cord into power cord connection on back of unit. Plug male end of power cord into an appropriately grounded 115 VAC source. Turn on power by pushing the power button at the bottom right-hand corner of the front panel.
Selecting a Measurement Tool The following steps will select the Histogram Tool using the Dialog Bar. From the opening view: Click on to access the Clock Tools Dialog Bar. Click on to open the Histogram Tool.
Turning on the 10MHz Square Wave The following steps will show the user how to select and enable the Calibration Signal Output signal. Click on the Calibration pull-down menu of the main Menu Bar. Select the 10MHz option in the pull-down menu of the dialog box. The Calibration OUT connection will now be outputting a 10MHz square wave.
Taking a Measurement Click the button (Single/Stop) on the tool bar to view a histogram of the 10MHz square wave. Note: When a tool is first opened, a pulsefind is automatically performed when a measurement is taken. Should any parameter setting or input signal changes occur, a pulsefind should be performed prior to taking another measurement. If an error is received, ensure all connectors are tight and re-activate the 10MHz calibration signal as described in the previous instructions.
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SECTION 2 - Front and Back Panel Descriptions FRONT PANEL DESCRIPTION This section describes the front panel operation of the SIA-3000. 4 7 PULSE FIND 1 3 8 5 6 2 10 9 11 Figure 2.1 - SIA-3000 Front panel 1 Front Panel Display - Flat LCD color display for viewing GigaView tools/measurements. 2 Channel Card Inputs - Measurement channels: up to 10 single-ended or differential input channel cards can be configured.
4 Tool Function Buttons - Used for displaying tool selections, starting/stopping measurements, clearing current display measurements, disabling all tools and enabling markers. Pressing on this button will display GigaView tool buttons on the display. Pressing on the corresponding Tool/Field Selection button will activate the desired measurement tool. Continuously acquire new measurements. Measurements will be acquired until either the Single/Stop button is pressed or an error occurs.
7 File Output/Input Function Buttons - Used for storing or loading measurement data, tool configurations and data patterns. Press on the Print button to print current tool window plot. Press on the Load button to load previously saved plots, configurations or settings. Press on the Save button to save plots, configurations or settings. Press on the Local button to regain front panel system control from GPIB instrument control. Press on the Help button to activate the online Help system.
9 Menu Navigation and Display Control Buttons - Activates pull-down menus of GigaView software and allows navigation/selection of menu choices and online Help system. Display control buttons scroll through open tools, add or close tools or clear all tools. Press on the Menu button to activate the pull-down menus of the GigaView Menu bar. Press on the Tab button to jump from field to field in the active GigaView tool.
BACK PANEL DESCRIPTION This section describes the back panel operation of the SIA-3000. 2 3 5 6 8 9 7 4 1 1 AC Power - Where power cord attaches to the SIA-3000. 2 GPIB Interface Port - The GPIB interface provides IEEE-488 standard bus services for the SIA-3000. 3 Arm/Gate - Feature not implemented at this time. 4 10 MHz Reference - A 10MHz reference signal is provided.
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SECTION 3 – Complete Setup of the SIA-3000 This section shows you how to inspect and fully set up the SIA-3000 including the attachment of accessories and peripheral devices. The following areas are covered in this section: • Inspection • Connecting power • Connecting included accessories • Connecting peripheral devices • Verify instrument is taking measurements Inspection Inspect the shipping box for damage.
Connecting Power to the SIA-3000 The power supply of the SIA-3000 operates with a line voltage in the range of 100 to 230VAC at 50-60 HZ line frequency. Position the instrument where it will have sufficient clearance for airflow around the back and sides. A minimum of 2-3 inches clearance is required for the back and sides. Connect the power cord to the rear of the instrument and then to an ac outlet. Ensure the outlet has a protective earth ground contact.
Connect a Pointing Device/Mouse The pointing device is included with the SIA-3000 but using it is optional. All operations of the instrument, except for entering alpha file names, can be done through the front panel buttons and knobs. See Section 2 for a complete description of front and back panel operations. If using a mouse other than the one supplied with the instrument, ensure the device driver is available for installation.
ATTACHING PERIPHERAL DEVICES TO THE SIA-3000 Connecting an External Monitor The SIA-3000 has the option of connecting a VGA-compatible monitor for a larger viewing area. Ensure the device driver is available for installation. Power down the SIA-3000. Attach the monitor cable to the VGA connection on the back panel of the SIA-3000. Tighten the retaining screws. Power up the monitor before powering up the SIA-3000. Power up the SIA-3000.
Connecting to the Network Interface Card (NIC) A 10/100BaseT NIC card is included with every SIA-3000. Consult with your company’s information systems personnel to ensure your LAN system is compatible with the SIA-3000 network card and to establish a local network connection. Plug the RJ45 cable connector into the RJ45 connection on the back panel. Connecting to a Microsoft® Network Connect the network cable to the RJ45 connector of the SIA-3000. Power up the SIA-3000 (this will take a few minutes).
The Network properties dialog box will be displayed. Click Yes to continue. Click Add in the Network Properties dialog box. The Select Network Component Type dialog box will be displayed. Select Client and click Add….
The Select Network Client dialog box will be displayed. Select ‘Microsoft’ for the Manufacturers. Select ‘Client for Microsoft Networks’ for the Network Clients. Click OK. The complete Network properties dialog box will be displayed. Click OK on the Network dialog window Click Yes to restart the system.
Once the system is running, enter: (Obtain these from your Network Administrator) User name: Password: Domain: (once you enter this value it will be stored automatically) Click OK Important: Consult your Network Administrator regarding virus protection software and security issues before connecting to the network. Virus software will need to be “Pushed” onto the SIA-3000. Also find out if the network is using static or dynamic IP addresses.
Changing the Network Domain Name Click Tool on the GigaView menu bar. Point to Network and then select Properties. The Network properties dialog box will be displayed. Select Client for Microsoft Networks and select Properties.
The Client for Microsoft Networks Properties dialog box will be displayed. Check the Log on to Windows NT domain check box. Enter the network domain name in the Windows NT domain: text box. Select either option for the Network logon options. Select OK when finished. Select OK on the Network Properties dialog box. Click OK if prompted for the Windows 98 CD. Select C:\Win98 from the Copy files from: drop down box. Click OK Click Yes to restart the system.
Changing the SIA-3000 IP Address Click Tool on the GigaView menu bar. Point to Network and then select Properties. The Network properties dialog box will be displayed. Select TCP/IP and click on the Properties button.
The TCP/IP Properties dialog box will be displayed. Select Specify an IP address. Enter the IP Address and Subnet Mask. Modify any other network settings by selecting the appropriate tab. Select OK when finished to close the TCP/IP Properties Window. Click OK if prompted for the Windows 98 CD. Select C:\Win98 from the Copy files from: drop down box. Click OK. Click Yes to restart the system.
Performing the Scandisk and Defragmentation of the Local Disk Select Tool on the GigaView menu bar Point to Network and then select Share Drive on Network… The local drive properties dialog box will be displayed. Select the Tools tab.
Use the Error-checking status tool first. Select Check Now… Select Standard for Type of test.
Next, use the Defragmentation status tool. Select Defragment Now… The Defragmenting Drive C: popup box will be displayed. Select Yes to exit Disk Defragmenter when defragmentation is done. Select OK to exit the Tools window. The local disk has now been defragmented and scanned for errors.
Connecting and Installing a Printer If you have a serial printer, you will need a 9-pin to 25-pin serial printer cable. Attach the 9-pin small “D” connector to the printer output connector labeled COM2 (RS232) on the back panel of the SIA-3000. Tighten the thumbscrews. If you have a parallel printer, you will need a parallel printer cable. Attach the 25-pin “D” connector to the parallel port.
SECTION 4 – GigaView Software Introducing GigaView Software WAVECREST’s GigaView software is the latest software package to address the growing needs of the electronics industry for analyzing Signal Integrity. Jitter is a major cause of data signal fidelity loss. GigaView software provides the tools necessary to quantify and isolate these and many more timing anomalies. GigaView software provides one of the most comprehensive jitter analysis software packages on the market today.
Using GigaView Introduction This section introduces a new user to the basic controls and features of GigaView software. Refer to the Help files provided in the GigaView software for more detailed information on the functions and features. Other Quick Reference Guides describe each tool in detail, including setup, theory of operation and making measurements. Opening GigaView Once GigaView is running on the SIA-3000, the screen will be displayed.
MENU BAR The Menu Bar is displayed across the top of the application window below the Title Bar. The Menu Bar provides pull-down menus for accessing the many features in GigaView. Tool Pull-down Menu The Tool pull-down menu lists options for opening new or previously saved tool configurations, printing the displayed window, connecting to a local area network, recalling the four most recent tools used and closing GigaView. See the Glossary section for a detailed explanation of each selection.
Edit Pull-down Menu The Edit pull-down menu lists options for editing displayed data as well as customizing display/window characteristics. Copy, Clear and Annotation – Copy or clear the currently displayed data. Annotate the Summary view. Display Settings – This popup dialog box allows access to display characteristics of the waveform, text and GUI. GPIB Configuration – This popup dialog box gives the user easy access to GPIB addresses and target devices.
Action Pull-down Menu The Action pull-down menu lists commands for taking measurements, remote calibration and accessing the Macro feature of GigaView. See the Glossary for a more detailed explanation of each selection. Run, Disable All, Single/Stop and Pulsefind - These options are for taking multiple/single measurements, as well as stopping all measurements, finding peak voltages and determining threshold voltages based on current settings.
View Pull-down Menu The View pull-down menu lists options for adding a new window with the same contents as the active window, determining the order and placement of GigaView tools in the Work Area as well as scrolling between tools. Active tools are displayed at the bottom of the menu and are activated when checked. See the Glossary for a more detailed explanation of each selection. Add - Adds a new window with the same contents as the active window.
TOOLBAR The toolbar is displayed across the top of the application window below the menu bar. The toolbar provides one-button activation for many of the selections listed in the Menu Bar pull-down menus such as New, Open, Save, Run and Single/Stop. See the Glossary section for a more detailed explanation of individual buttons. To hide or display the Toolbar, un-check/check Toolbar in the Display menu. New Tool, Open, Save and Print buttons. Copy and Clear buttons.
INITIAL DIALOG BAR The initial Dialog Bar (see figure below) displays categories of tools (Clock, Data, Other Tools, etc.). Each category contains one or more analysis tools to choose from. Once a tool is chosen, the Dialog Bar will remain showing various pages of menus to control each tool. These configuration menus change to reflect the selected tool window if more that one tool at a time is open. Clicking on a button reveals the associated tool(s).
DIALOG BARS Once a measurement tool has been chosen, the Dialog Bar displays general and tool-specific parameter selections. Many of the tools have parameters common between them, such as Channel or Arming Mode, while some of the GigaView tools have parameters unique to their function. For a detailed explanation of a specific tool’s Dialog Bar parameters, see the Glossary section at the end of this manual or use the context sensitive online Help system in GigaView.
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MEASUREMENT TOOLS Oscilloscope - View the waveform Clock - Single channel measurements Clock Analysis - Combines different measurement tools. Histogram - Statistical analysis of measurements such as period, pulse width, rise time, fall time. Includes DJ and RJ separation using TailFit High Frequency Modulation - View jitter accumulation or the spectral content of jitter. Strip Chart - Plot histogram statistics at regular intervals defined by the user.
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Oscilloscope Tool Applications • Display a waveform as voltage vs. time • Measure voltage parameters of signals • Measure Rise and Fall time • Eye mask measurements Overview The Oscilloscope Tool provides the user with a quick and easy graphical display of the signal to be analyzed. The Oscilloscope has many different capabilities. It can display the waveform, measure voltage parameters, and create eye masks. Using the Oscilloscope Tool is similar to using any other oscilloscope.
Oscilloscope Dialog Bars 42 Section 4 - GigaView (See the Glossary or Online Help for definitions of each field.
Making an Oscilloscope Measurement Setup Directions This tool requires a signal connected to any available measurement channel. A trigger signal can be connected to any available channel, or the measurement can be triggered from the measurement channel. • Verify the proper input signal levels. • Connect the source to any IN channel. • Connect a trigger to any IN channel, add the channel and change the trigger/arm channel (see instructions below).
Interpreting Oscilloscope Views (plots) • Time - Time vs. Voltage including Eye Mask options. • Summary - Textual display of Oscilloscope measurements. Time View with Eye Mask Enabled To make an Eye Mask measurement, connect a data signal to one channel and a bit clock to another channel. Set the trigger to be the channel with the bit-clock. Press Signal Analysis, Eye Mask, then select ON in Enable Eye Mask.
Summary View The data represent information from the Oscilloscope. This page can be annotated. Each row summarizes voltage measurements for a particular channel. FFT-Fmax reports the tallest peak on the FFT for that channel.
Oscilloscope Theory of Operation There are two different measurement engines in the SIA-3000 that perform specific measurements using the most appropriate hardware techniques. The Sampling Oscilloscope uses circuitry optimized for voltage measurements (Amplitude Engine). Timing and Jitter measurements use different internal circuitry optimized for time measurements (Timing Engine).
Clock Tools Clock Analysis - Combines different measurement tools Histogram - Statistical analysis of measurements such as period, pulse width, rise time, fall time. Includes DJ and RJ separation using TailFit. High Frequency Modulation - View jitter accumulation or the spectral content of jitter. Strip Chart - Plot histogram statistics at regular intervals defined by the user.
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Clock Analysis Tool This tool combines a few different measurement tools in the SIA-3000. By doing this, a large number of useful results can be displayed quickly. The Measure Option button allows you to toggle on or off certain measurements. The measurement settings provide the best configuration to a variety of users. This ease of use means that there is less control over individual settings. There may be instances where there is the need to have more control over a specific measurement.
Making a Clock Analysis Measurement Setup Directions • Connect signal to Channel 1. Most Tools default to Channel 1, however, the input channel can be changed. For single-ended measurements, use just the top input SMA leaving the bottom unconnected. For differential measurements, connect to Input and Input-. • Open the Clock Analysis tool by selecting the Clock and Clock Analysis buttons. • Press Single/Acquire on the toolbar or the Single/Acquire button on the front panel.
Interpreting views (plots) • Oscilloscope view – Shows the waveform and measures voltage parameters. • Histogram view - Shows the results of a Period Jitter histogram. • Total Jitter view - Shows how the Pk-Pk grows over time. • FFT – Shows a frequency analysis of the jitter. • Summary view - View data in a text format and save user notes. Oscilloscope View This Tool performs a number of measurements and summarizes the results on the left side. These results are associated with different Views.
Histogram View The Histogram View shows the results of a Period Jitter histogram. The Period samples are made from the rising edge to the rising edge of a single period (using Timing Engine). The Period Mean, 1-Sigma and Pk-Pk relate to the displayed histogram. Period Hits is the number of samples in the histogram. Pulse Width+ and Pulse Width- are also calculated from a histogram of measurements—though, this histogram is not displayed.
Total Jitter View The Total Jitter View shows how the Pk-Pk grows over time. Pk-Pk of a histogram is not a meaningful metric if not bounded in some way. There are various bounds that can be used, such as sample size or acquisition time. The SIA-3000 defaults to a bound of 1e-12 level of probability. This means that TJ is the predicted PkPk of a histogram at some point in time. The point where the color changes to gray is the bound for the TJ (this can be changed). The Total Jitter View shows three lines.
FFT View The FFT view shows a frequency analysis of the jitter. When Deterministic Jitter is present, it is often periodic and can be identified in this jitter spectrum view. The summary on the left shows the amplitude of the largest Periodic Jitter (PJ pk-pk) spike. The frequency of the spike is labeled 'Pjfreq'. By identifying and trying to remove the cause of the largest spikes will reduce overall Deterministic Jitter.
Clock Analysis Theory The SIA-3000 is a hybrid instrument that combines the measurement capabilities of a sampling oscilloscope with time measurement circuitry: Rise/Fall times, Voltage amplitude and Eye Masks from the Oscilloscope; timing parameters, i.e., Period, Pulse widths, Skews and components of Jitter from the time measurement circuitry. This tool combines a few different measurement tools in the SIA-3000. By doing this, a large number of useful results can be displayed quickly.
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Histogram Tool Applications of Histogram Tool • Displays information about the distribution of the measured events such as period, Rise time, Fall time, Positive pulse width, and Negative pulse width. • Displays a histogram of the samples taken during a single burst of measurements. • Analysis of long-term signal integrity in a short test time. TailFit option separates the Gaussian and deterministic components from the measured distribution.
Making a Histogram Measurement Setup Directions On the Dialog bar menu along the right side of the initial GigaView screen, select , then . The Dialog Bar menu default settings allows users, under most conditions, to immediately begin making measurements. Once the tool is open, users may reconfigure the Dialog bar menus for optimum viewing. Once the menus are configured a basic measurement can be made.
Interpreting views (plots) • Acum view - Time vs. # of samples (all samples from Run or Single acquires) • Maxi view - Time vs. # of samples (Maximum extent of all samples) • Bathtub view - Error Probability Density Plot • Summary view - View data in a text format and save user notes Histogram Accumulated View This view shows the results of running acquires or multiple single acquires of time measurements displayed as a histogram.
Histogram Maxi View This view shows the Maximum number of hits per edge displayed as a histogram. Multiple acquires will only change the plot if the hits per edge for a given time exceeded the values from a previous acquire. It can be thought of as a maximum envelope of time measurements. Horizontal x-axis shows Time. Vertical y-axis shows the number of measurements (Hits per Edge). Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line.
Histogram Bathtub View Bathtub Curve is also referred to as an "error probability density plot." This plot is derived from a convolution of DJ and RJ values from TailFit. The following plot shows a view of the long-term reliability of the signal under test. Total Jitter (TJ) is extracted directly from this plot and is a peak-peak value at a specific bit error rate or number of clock cycles. The TJ value is read from the curve at the point that the color turns to gray.
Histogram Summary View The data represent values from histograms of measurements. Normal Histogram shows statistics from a single histogram. Accumulated Histogram shows statistics from all histograms since a clear. The user is able to annotate this page. If TailFit is enabled, additional values are shown: - LRMS, RRMS, AvgRMS, DJ, TJ and Goodness of Fits - LRMS is the RMS value from the Gaussian fitted to the left tail. - RRMS is the RMS value from the Gaussian fitted to the right tail.
With TailFit Enabled - See TailFit Theory Accumulated view shows the Gaussian curves fitted to the left and right tails. This Example shows three views from a histogram with TailFit enabled: The top, Bathtub curve shows where the TJ is calculated. The right, Summary view shows the values for goodness-of-fits (Chi-Squared), extracted DJ and fitted rmsJ. The rmsJ values are smaller than the 1-sigma for the histogram.
Histogram Theory of Operation The Histogram is the most basic information that the instrument and GigaView software will provide. The Hits per Measure determines how many time measurements will be in each histogram. Time values are binned and displayed on the x-axis (horizontal) while the y-axis (vertical) represents the number of hits that occurred in that bin.
Histogram In-depth Description The SIA-3000™ asynchronously measures times between threshold crossings. fall time = t2 These "hits" are made randomly. This randomization ensures that no jitter would be masked out by a constant sampling rate. Each hit, or time sample, is then binned into a histogram. The histogram is complete once the number of Hits per Measure has been reached. Additionally, the SIA-3000™ is not triggered.
Example 1 Single Mode Histogram - A Good Clock This histogram shows a single Gaussian distribution. This is typical of a random sampling of clock periods.
Example 2 Bimodal Histogram-Equal Heights This histogram shows two distributions (modes) that have roughly equal amounts of hits. The histogram relates to the probability of times being measured. Equal numbers of hits means that there is a equal probability (50%-50%) of measuring either short or long times (periods in this example). So in reality the clock would be alternating short, long, short, long, etc.
Example 3 Bimodal Histogram - Unequal Heights This histogram shows two distributions (modes) that have unequal amounts of hits. The histogram relates to the probability of times being measured. Unequal numbers of hits means that there is an unequal probability of measuring short or long times (periods in this example). Here, the left mode has four times as many samples as the right mode. The associated probabilities are 75% and 25% respectively.
High Frequency Modulation Tool Applications • • • • View accumulated jitter in the modulation domain Look at the frequency components of jitter using an FFT Determine the amplitude, power or relative contribution to total jitter of each spectral component View how the jitter changes over time or output cycles. Overview High Frequency Modulation Analysis allows the user to see jitter accumulation or spectral content of the jitter.
Making a Measurement Setup Directions On the Dialog bar menu along the right side of the initial GigaView screen, select then . The Dialog Bar menu default settings permits users, under most conditions, to immediately begin making measurements. Once the tool is open, users may reconfigure the Dialog bar menus for optimum viewing. Once the menus are configured a basic measurement can be made.
Interpreting views (plots) • 1-Sigma view - Edges (or time) vs. 1-sigma • Pk-Pk view - Edges (or time) vs. 1-sigma • FFT N-clock view - Frequency vs. power • FFT 1-clock view - Frequency vs. power (N-clock FFT with 20dB/decade Low Frequency roll-off) • Summary view - View data in a text format and save user notes 1-Sigma View Each point on the plot represents the 1-sigma value from a histogram of measurements.
Peak-to-Peak View Each point on the plot represents the peak-to-peak value from a histogram of measurements. The user is able to see how the peak-to-peak value changes relative to accumulating clock periods. Horizontal x-axis shows either Time or number of Edges over which a histogram is made. Vertical y-axis shows the peak-to-peak value. Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line.
FFT N-clock view The user is able to see the frequency components and amplitude of the jitter. Horizontal x-axis shows Frequency. Vertical y-axis shows the power in dBs or time. Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line.
FFT 1-clock view The user is able to see the frequency components and amplitude of the jitter affecting a single clock period. Compared to the N-clock view, the 1-clock view has a 20dB/decade roll-off for low frequencies. The purpose of this is to show the effect of jitter on a single clock period. Low frequency jitter components will affect single cycles of a clock much less than higher frequency jitter components. Horizontal x-axis shows Frequency. Vertical y-axis shows the power in dBs or time.
Summary View The data represents values from histograms of measurements. -The values in the 1-sigma row show the mean/min/max and pk-pk 1-sigma values from the 1-sigma plot. -The values in the pk-pk row come from the pk-pk plot and show the mean, max and pk-pk of the pk-pk values. -1-clock PJ and Freq show only the highest peak from the FFT (1-clock) view. -N-clock PJ and Freq show only the highest peak from the FFT (n-clock) view.
High Frequency Modulation Theory The High Frequency Modulation Analysis tool enables the user to see jitter accumulation and frequency components of the jitter. This tool acquires data by creating many histograms of measurements. Each histogram contains successively increasing numbers of periods. For example, a histogram of single periods is made, then a histogram of two periods, then three and so forth.
Strip Chart Tool Overview The Strip Chart tool plots histogram statistics at regular intervals defined by the user. The user can select to view the AVERAGE of the measurements and/or the AVERAGE, plus the RMS Jitter or the ± peak jitter. This is selected in the View pull-down menu. The most vertical data represents the highest one-shot measurement of jitter and the lowest line being the most negative one-shot measurement of jitter.
Interpreting Strip Chart Views (plots) • Ave/Max/Min • Pk-Pk/1-Sigma • Summary Ave/Max/Min See long term changes in the Average, Maximum and Minimum measured values. Horizontal x-axis shows time. The time Increment between points is set by the user. Vertical y-axis shows the measured time. The top line represents the Maximum; middle line, the Average; and bottom line, the Minimum values from histograms. Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line.
1-Sigma View/Pk-Pk See long-term changes in the Peak-to-Peak and 1-sigma measured values. Horizontal x-axis shows time. The user sets the increment between points. Vertical y-axis shows the measured time. The top line represents the Peak-to-Peak values and the bottom line shows the 1-sigma values from histograms. Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line. Summary View Shows the statistics from the most recent histogram.
Strip Chart Theory of Operation The Strip Chart tool displays histogram data in a horizontal format with histograms being created at time intervals set by the user. It provides a means of compiling "snap-shots" of histograms over long periods of time to analyze wander, temperature effects or power fluctuations. The user can select to view the AVERAGE/MINIMUM/MAXIMUM of the measurements or the 1-SIGMA/PKPK values. In all, the data for up to 500 histograms are displayed across the screen.
PLL Analysis Tool Applications of the PLL Analysis Tool • Find the transfer function of a 2nd-order PLL • View the Bode plot of a PLL. • Identify poles and zero of a 2nd-order PLL. • Determine PLL characteristics such as lock in damping factor, natural frequency, lock range, lock-in time, pull-in time, pull-out range, etc. Overview The PLL Analysis tool permits users to study characteristics and parameters of a 2nd-order PLL.
Making A PLL Analysis Measurement Setup Directions • Open the Advanced PLL tool. • Connect the signal to a measurement channel (see below). Set the measurement channel in GigaView by going to the Acquire Option menu and choosing Channel. • Confirm that a valid signal exists at the measurement channel by using Pulsefind • Set the Rec Length (µs) and the Meas Incr (Periods). All other parameters are left as default. • Begin acquisition by pressing Single/Stop button on the front panel . .
Interpreting PLL Analysis views (plots) • 1-Sigma • PLL Transfer • Bode Plot • Poles & Zero • Summary 1-Sigma Plot The time domain data can be viewed by selecting 1-Sigma under the View menu. The x-axis shows the span of the jitter accumulation. The y-axis shows the rms standard deviation of the accumulated jitter at a certain span.
PLL Transfer Plot The domain of the transfer function is frequency normalized to the natural frequency magnitude in dB. 84 Section 4 - GigaView ωn .
Bode Plot The domain of the Bode Plot is frequency normalized to the natural frequency amplitude in dB and the lower plot is phase in degrees. ©WAVECREST Corporation 2005 ωn .
Poles and Zero Plot The axes of the plot is complex frequency normalized to the natural frequency 86 Section 4 - GigaView ωn .
Summary Plot This view contains many calculated PLL characteristics such as damping factor, natural frequency, input noise level, lock range, lock-in time, pull-in time, pull-out range, and noise bandwidth. Data summary and PLL characteristics The PLL characteristics provided in the summary window are the following: • Damping factor – ζ as defined in Eq. 1 (see PLL Analysis Theory). • Natural frequency – ωn as defined in Eq. 1. • PSD of noise – level of white input noise.
PLL Analysis Theory of Operation The PLL Analysis measurement tool is based on a white paper authored by WAVECREST Corporation [1]. The fundamental measurement of this tool is the 1-sigma (σ ) vs. UI plot similar to the High Frequency Modulation tool [2]. The relationship between the jitter variance (σ2) and the jitter power spectral density (PSD) is well established [3]. The jitter PSD of the PLL output clock is related to the PLL reference clock noise via the transfer function.
OTHER CLOCK TOOLS Statistics - Displays time measurements including frequency and duty cycle. Low Frequency Modulation - Power-up testing of PLL circuits; view low frequency jitter - below 20kHz. Phase Noise - Show the amplitude and frequency of phase noise relative to the carrier signal frequency. Locktime - Analyze PLL stabilization time. Cycle-to-Cycle - Displays a histogram of the difference between two adjacent cycles of a clock.
Statistics Tool Overview The Statistics panel displays the results of several basic clock parameters in text format: mean, minimum, maximum, 1-sigma, peak-to-peak, hits, frequency and duty cycle. Also displayed are the measured Vstart, Vstop as well as the Vp-p, Vmax and Vmin of the two input channels. The Statistics panel provides a summary of the statistics from a single histogram of measurements of the chosen function (period, rise-time, fall-time, positive pulse width and negative pulse width).
Low Frequency Modulation Tool Overview The Low Frequency Modulation Tool is useful for power-up testing of PLL circuits or measuring low frequency jitter problems (<20kHz), both synchronously and asynchronously, with either the AUTO ARM or EXTERNAL ARM modes being enabled. Making a Measurement Setup Directions • Verify the proper input signal levels • Connect the source to any input and verify that the proper channel is chosen in the dialog bar menu.
Interpreting views (plots) • Time – Edges (or time) vs. time • FFT 1-clock - Frequency vs. power (N-clock FFT with 20dB/decade Low Frequency roll-off) • FFT N-clock – Frequency vs. power • Summary - View data in a text format and save user notes Time This view shows the modulation waveform. The X-axis shows a timestamp value. The y-axis shows the measured period value.
FFT 1-Clock Periodic components indicate modulation is present. This plot shows the Frequency and amplitude of jitter. The highest peak is set to 0dB and all other peaks are referenced to it. The cursor coordinates also show the power in time. Horizontal x-axis shows frequency. Vertical y-axis shows power. Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line.
Summary This view shows a summary of the most recent time measurements and the frequency information from the largest peak on the FFT 94 Section 4 - GigaView ©WAVECREST Corporation 2005
Low Frequency Modulation Theory of Operation This circuitry is used to record the time at which a measurement is made, in other words, each single time measurement in a histogram is time stamped. A single histogram of a number of hits is gathered. The statistical values from this histogram are recorded in the Summary view. The data in this tool is not plotted as a histogram. In Time View, the single measurements, or hits, are plotted in the order they occur.
By decreasing the Maximum Frequency, the time between measurements is increased and lower jitter frequencies can be captured. The following figure shows the Maximum Frequency divided by two with the same number of Minimum Data Points, 10, as in the previous figure.
Phase Noise Tool Overview The Phase Noise tool allows users to measure phase noise in clock/oscillator sources. By simply choosing the highest frequency to be displayed and the frequency resolution, the tool will measure and display the phase noise spectrum. A summary view reports the phase noise values at common offset frequencies. The Phase Noise tool is used to show the amplitude and frequency of phase noise relative to the carrier signal frequency.
Interpreting views (plots) • FFT - Time amplitude vs. frequency content of jitter • Summary - View data in a text format and save user notes FFT View This is the FFT of the acquired data. This plot shows the spectral power density of the jitter component frequencies from the carrier frequency to the Maximum Frequency entered in the options. In the following plot example, a phase noise measurement is made on a clock signal with injected phase noise.
Summary View The Phase Noise Summary view reports values from acquired measurements. Mean is the measured period time; note that if the Maximum Frequency setting is changed, this will effectively skip edges and measure over many periods. Min, Max, Pk-Pk, and 1-sigma are values from the histogram of measurements that the mean came from. dBc/Hz is the reported value from the chosen offset frequency and offset width.
Phase Noise Theory a) b) Power Carrier Phase Noise f0 Phase Noise (dBc/Hz) Phase noise is the random fluctuation of phase in a clock signal and is typically used to specify the quality of a PLL circuit. In the frequency domain, phase noise appears as sidebands of the carrier frequency (Figure a). Phase noise is commonly shown as a single side band at frequencies offset from the carrier (Figure b). Typical domain of interest is frequencies within a few kilohertz of the carrier.
Locktime Tool Applications • Measure Locktime or PLL settling time. • View the synchronous jitter. • Locktime Tool enables the user to view information about the measured function of the signal on the measurement channel with respect to some arming point. The user can view any synchronous jitter pattern that may exist. View the frequency or period settling time of a PLL after a change, such as a lock signal or input frequency change.
Making a Measurement Setup Directions This tool requires an Arming signal. With Locktime, the user is able to make synchronous, single channel measurements. • Verify the proper input signal levels. • Connect the source to any channel • Connect an arm signal to any open channel PLL Output Signal Generator Frequency Lock Signal Device Under Test The arm signal provides a point of reference for the measurements to be made. For measuring PLL locktime, period or frequencies are measured.
Interpreting views (plots) • Time - Time (edge) vs. Mean • FFT - Frequency vs. Power (in dBs or Seconds) • 1-sigma - Time (edge) vs. 1-sigma • Pk-Pk view - Time (edge) vs. Peak-to-Peak • Summary - View data in text format and save user notes Time Each point on the plot represents the mean value from a histogram of measurements. The user is able to see how the mean of the measured Function changes after an Arm signal (see Arming).
FFT The user is able to see the frequency and power of the measured Function. Vertical axis shows the power in dBs or time from the FFT of the Time View. Horizontal axis shows Frequency. The cursor coordinates on the bottom status line show power in dBs or time.
1-Sigma Each point on the plot represents the 1-sigma value from a histogram of measurements. The user is able to see how the 1-sigma of the measured Function changes after an Arm signal. Vertical axis shows the 1-sigma value from the Function being measured. Horizontal axis shows either Time or Edge after the Arm.
Peak-to-Peak Each point on the plot represents the 1-sigma value from a histogram of measurements. The user is able to see how the peak-to-peak of the measured function changes after an Arm signal. Vertical axis shows the peak-to-peak value from the function being measured. Horizontal axis shows either Time or Edge after the Arm.
Summary The data represent values from a histogram of measurements.
Locktime Theory The Locktime tool is actually an automated histogram process. The tool gathers time measurements to create many histograms. Statistical information from these histograms is then plotted. The Locktime tool uses the Arm for synchronization to a signal such as a frequency lock or power-up signal. In short, the tool creates a histogram of measurements of Functions, for example, period, rise-time, falltime, positive pulse width, negative pulse width and frequency measurements.
In-depth Description The Locktime tool enables the user to view the measured value of the signal, on either or both channels, with respect to its cycle count starting from some trigger/arming point supplied by a pulse generator, ATE system or circuit under test. For example, the Locktime tool would be used to measure PLL frequency or period settling time from the point where the change was initiated. For the period following the Arm, a histogram of time measurements is created.
Statistical information from these histograms is plotted relative to the corresponding period. If Time view is chosen, the mean (from each histogram) is plotted on the y-axis relative to the period after the arm (xaxis). Similarly, other Views will plot the Pk-Pk or 1-sigma values on the y-axis. The Arm must be periodic in order for the measurement process to work. A single power up or a single frequency lock will not allow this process to occur.
Cycle-to-Cycle Tool Overview The Cycle-to-Cycle tool will display a histogram of the difference between two adjacent cycles of a clock. Making a Cycle-to-Cycle Measurement Setup Directions Connect the clock source to be analyzed to a measurement channel. From the front panel, verify under 'Acquire Options' that the correct measurement channel is set. Press pulsefind and single acquire. • Verify that a signal is connected to an input and that the proper channel is chosen in the menu.
Interpreting views (plots) • Norm Adjacent - Shows a single histogram of the most recently acquired measurements. • Acum Adjacent - Shows a histogram of all measurements made since a 'Clear'. Pressing "run" will continuously acquire measurements. • Maxi Adjacent - Shows a histogram of the most recently acquired measurements and an overall envelope of all measurements made since a 'Clear'. • Bathtub - Shows a bathtub curve • Summary - Displays text of measurement values.
Acum Adjacent This view shows the results of running acquires or multiple single acquires of time measurements displayed as a histogram. The statistics and plot relate to all measurements taken since the last clear. Horizontal x-axis shows Time. Vertical y-axis shows the number of measurements (hits per edge). Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line.
Maxi Adjacent This view shows the Maximum number of hits per edge displayed as a histogram. Multiple acquires will only change the plot if the hits per edge for a given time exceeded the values from a previous acquire. It can be thought of as a maximum envelope of time measurements. Horizontal x-axis shows Time. Vertical y-axis shows the number of measurements (hits per edge). Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line.
Bathtub Bathtub Curve is also referred to as an "error probability density plot". This plot is derived from a convolution of DJ and RJ values from TailFit. The plot shows a view of the long-term reliability of the signal under test. Total Jitter (TJ) is extracted directly from this plot and is a pk-pk value at a specific bit error rate or number of clock cycles. The TJ value is read from the curve at the point that the color turns to gray.
Summary A text output is shown. The "Normal" row shows statistics from the normal histogram view. "Accum" row shows statistics from the accumulated histogram view. V1 and V2 show the voltage thresholds for the measurements. If Duty Cycle is enabled, it will be displayed here. If TailFit is enabled, results will be displayed here.
Cycle-to-Cycle Theory The measurements made are basically the same as a period measurement for a histogram. Rather than capturing two edges, three edges are captured and the difference of the two periods is a sample in the histogram (P2-P1). See Histogram Theory. By changing the "cumulative cycles" value, the difference between a number of periods can be measured.
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DRCG Tool Applications of DRCG Tool • Characterize the effect of the second phase aligner stage of the DRCG on a cycle-by-cycle basis as specified in the Rambus DRCG specification. Overview The purpose of this tool is to provide an easy to use graphical user interface for the analysis, debug and characterization of clock signals using Adjacent Cycle Jitter Statistics as required for Rambus DRCG devices.
Making A DRCG Measurement Setup Directions Connect the clock source to be analyzed to a measurement channel. From the front panel, verify under 'Acquire Options' that the correct measurement channel is set. Press pulsefind and single acquire. 120 • Verify that a signal is connected to an input channel and that the proper channel is chosen in the menu. • On the top toolbar press Pulse Find • Press the Single Acquire button or press the Run/Cycle button accumulate a continuous series of measurements.
Interpreting DRCG views (plots) • Jitter Plot • Summary DRCG Jitter Plot This plot shows the worst-case measurements low or high for both rising and falling edge measurements for each adjacent group of periods. The x-axis shows the number of periods in adjacent groups. The yaxis shows the worst-case time. Each group of periods (one through 6) has two bars that represent rising edge period measurements or falling edge period measurements.
DRCG Summary View The summary view shows measured values from multiple acquisitions. Each sweep consists of 10,000 samples of the relationship specified in the row header. Each sweep has a Minimum measured value (-) and a Maximum measured value (+). Four sweeps are made. The worst Min and Max values for each relationship are then displayed in the worst column.
DRCG Theory of Operation This tool measures the absolute difference between two adjacent periods as seen in the figure below. 10,000 measurements are made for each group. So for '1 cycle-to-cycle', 10,000 measurements are made of single adjacent periods, then the worst-case minimum difference between two periods (Period1Period2) is displayed as '1 cycle-to-cycle (-)'. The worst-case maximum difference between two periods is displayed as '1 cycle-to-cycle (+)'.
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Spread Spectrum Clock Tool Overview The Spread Spectrum Clock (SSC) tool automatically measures SSC effects on signals. The tool will measure the frequency of the SSC as well as its plus and minus parts per million (ppm) delta from a nominal frequency. Making a Spread Spectrum Clock Measurement Setup Directions • Connect signal to Channel 1. Most tools default to Channel 1, however, the input channel can be changed. For single-ended measurements, use just the top input SMA leaving the bottom unconnected.
Interpreting Spread Spectrum Clock views (plots) • Histogram • 1-Sigma • Summary Spread Spectrum Histogram view This plot shows the PPM histogram used to calculate the SSC PPM.
Spread Spectrum 1-Sigma view This plot show the I-sigma's for the histograms acquired between the span of 'Min SSC freq. (kHz)' and 'Max SSC freq. (kHz).
Spread Spectrum Summary view This view shows the summary values for the SSC tool.
Spread Spectrum Clock Theory of Operation The SSC tool will measure the appropriate number of the input clock cycles to see the maximum peak-topeak deviation due to the SSC profile (see figure below). This will be equal to the fundamental frequency divided by the frequency of ½ the SSC cycle. The tool will search for this maximum deviation within the range of possible SSC frequencies entered in the "Max. SSC Freq. (kHz)" and "Min. SSC Freq. (kHz)" inputs.
The SSC tool will then measure a histogram of this span and determine the PPM deviation form the input "Nominal Freq. (MHz)". The figure below shows what this corresponds to in the frequency domain.
Data Tools Data Tools Overview There are different tools available for measuring data signals. Each tool requires specific signal types to provide measurements. Choosing the right tool depends on what signals you have or are capable of producing and what information you wish to get from the tool. Each tool section includes a table that shows which measurements are made by each tool, the Views available, the signal types and benefits and disadvantages of using a particular tool.
Known Pattern with Marker Applications of Known Pattern with Marker tool • Show Jitter and its components on a pattern relative to its ideal position • Analyze a data pattern and decompose or separate the various jitter components so the designer can better understand and improve system performance • Measure the deterministic components: Duty-Cycle Distortion and Intersymbol Interference (DCD+ISI), Periodic Jitter (PJ), Bounded Uncorrelated Jitter (BUJ), Deterministic Jitter (DJ) • Measure the Gaussi
Making a KPWM Measurement This tool defaults to a Fibre Channel setup. The description covers most basic measurements and configuration. • Connect a data signal to IN1 and a Pattern Marker to IN2. • If the "Pattern" window on the Dialog bar does not show the pattern to be measured, use one of the 3 options below for choosing the pattern to be analyzed: A dialog box will appear allowing you to choose a previously stored file.
Possible Errors and solutions "Failed bit rate calc – bad pattern or signal" This error generally indicates that the pattern that the instrument is measuring at the input channel is not the same as the pattern chosen. Check that the signal is present and the input pattern matches the chosen pattern. "Failed DDJ Measure – bad pattern or signal" This error generally indicates that the pattern that the instrument is measuring at the input channel is not the same as the pattern chosen.
Known Pattern with Marker Setup Directions Device Under Test Data Pattern Pattern Marker – Arming Signal Interpreting KPWM Views (plots) • DCD+ISI Hist view - UI vs. # of measurements • DCD+ISI vs. Span view - time vs. edge of pattern • 1-Sigma view - time vs. UI span in #edges • FFT view - time vs. frequency content of jitter • Bathtub view - UI vs. probability of error • UI Distribution view - # of measurements vs.
DCD + ISI Histogram This view displays the "normalized accumulation" of all the DCD+ISI measurements taken during each acquire run. The width of the plot is normalized to one Unit Interval (UI) of the data period. This view shows jitter components that are correlated to the data and relates to the DCD+ISI number in the Summary view. The plot contains two histograms, one for all the rising edges of the pattern and one for all the falling edges of the pattern.
DCD + ISI vs. Edge This view plots the DCD+ISI relative to the pattern. It gives information about how the DCD+ISI component of jitter varies relative to bit position of the pattern. The information in the UI Distrib view is over laid on the DCD+ISI information to show where in the pattern it occurred. This plot shows jitter components that are correlated to the data and relates to the DCD+ISI number in the Summary view.
1-Sigma view This view allows the user to see jitter modulation. It shows the 1-sigma values for many histograms. This plot shows jitter components that are NOT correlated to the data and relates to the RJ and PJ numbers in the Summary view. Refer to explanation of Accumulated Time Analysis for more information on the measurement technique used to generate this plot. If TailFit option is enabled, another line will be displayed on this plot.
FFT view This is the FFT of the Autocorrelation of the variance from the 1-sigma view. This plot shows the spectral power density of the uncorrelated jitter frequencies from the corner frequency specified to the Nyquist of the Bit Rate. This plot shows jitter components that are NOT correlated to the data and relates to the PJ number in the Summary view. The x-axis shows frequency content of the PJ with higher frequency on the right and lower frequency on the left.
Bathtub view This is referred to as the "error probability density plot" of a data signal. The plot is normalized to one UI. The TJ number in the Summary view is derived from this plot. The x-axis shows 2 UI. The plotted data will be displayed between 0 and 1, a distance that represents one UI. The y-axis shows Bit Error Rate from 0 at the top to 1*10e-16 at the bottom.
UI Distrib view Unit Interval distribution plot. This shows all measurement data taken of the serial data signal during the DCD+ISI measurement segment of the acquire run. The Unit Interval number is directly measured by the system and shows rising and falling edges. This plot does not relate directly to any number in the Summary view, but does give an idea of the quality of data that was acquired. The edge location in the pattern can be determined from this plot and compared to the DCD+ISI vs. Edge view.
Summary This view shows measured jitter values. Each of these values relates to one of the other plots. DCD+ISI - This is the pk-pk difference between the absolute minimum and maximum values on DCD+ISI vs. edge position plot (y-axis). PJpk-pk - The amplitude (in time) of the largest peak displayed on the FFT plot. DJpk-pk - The sum of DCD+ISI and PJ pk-pk RJ (1-sigma) with TailFit "off" - This value is from the Blackman-Tukey algorithm on the FFT that gives a noise floor or RJ value.
Known Pattern with Marker Theory This section will give a basic overview of the methodology behind the KPWM measurement. In addition to the data signal to be analyzed, this tool requires a pattern marker to be connected to the Arm Channel. The Marker signal has an edge relative to the same bit of the pattern each time the marker occurs.
P a tte rn M a rk e r D a ta P a tte rn ∆ t1 ∆ t2 ∆ t3 ∆ t4 ∆ t5 ∆ t6 ∆ t7 ∆ t8 ∆ t9 ∆ t10 ∆ t11 ∆ t12 ∆ t13 Lastly, data is gathered to show PJ and RJ frequency components. PJ and RJ components are determined by taking the variance of timing measurements from the histogram at each UI. The variance is the square of the standard deviation of the histogram at each UI. If any "holes" in the variance record exists, they will be interpolated by either a cubic or linear fit.
Random Data with Bit Clock This tool makes measurements relative to a bit-clock. Therefore modulation or PJ cannot be determined. Similarly because the histogram is composed of many different data transitions, the DCD+ISI value is not directly determined. The DJ, RJ and TJ values are determined from a TailFit on the histogram of Rising and Falling data edges.
Making a RDBC Measurement Random Data w/Bit Clock Setup Directions • Verify the proper input signal levels. • Connect the data signal to any open channel input. • Connect the bit clock to any open channel input.
Interpreting RDWBC views (plots) • Histogram • Probability • Bathtub • Summary Histogram View Histograms of Data Rising and Falling edge times measured from the Reference Edge of the Bit Clock are plotted. Horizontal x-axis shows time (from Reference Edge of Bit Clock). Vertical y-axis shows the number of Hits. Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line. This plot has TailFit enabled.
Probability Histogram View Histograms of Data Rising and Falling edge times measured from the Reference Edge of the Bit Clock are plotted. Horizontal x-axis shows time (from Reference Edge of Bit Clock). Vertical y-axis shows the Probability of a Hit. Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line.
Bathtub View This plot is derived from the TailFit. Using RJ and DJ information it shows a TJ value at a specified Bit Error Rate (BER default is 1*10-12). The thick part of the line indicates measured values; the thin part indicates calculated values. The color stops at the BER where TJ is determined. The plot gives the user information about failure (when the lines cross) and margin, if the part fails below the specified BER. Horizontal x-axis shows Time (of one unit interval) or Unit Interval.
Summary This view shows a summary of the information gathered. With TailFit enabled, DJpk-pk, Lt-rmsJ, RtrmsJ, Avg-rmsJ, and TJ are displayed. Goodness-of-fits indicates the CHI square values for the measured values and the TailFit values. V1 is the threshold of the data edge; V2 is the threshold of the clock edge.
Random Data with Bit Clock Theory of Operation This tool automates a few different operations related to the Propagation Delay/Skew Histogram. The Data signal is connected to Channel 1 and Bit Clock Signal is connected to Channel 2, therefore, two histograms can be made. One histogram represents a measurement of Data RISING edges to clock reference edge; the other represents Data FALLING edges to the clock reference edge.
This tool provides results very similar to those obtained from an oscilloscope: The histogram of a particular rising/falling edge referenced to a bit-clock (see figure below). Because of the sampling method, the instrument and GigaView software are able to display separately the rising and falling data edge histograms. The underlying technique for this measurement is simply a propagation delay or skew measurement from the bit clock on one channel to the data rising and falling edges on another channel.
In-depth theory When making a propagation delay measurement, the instrument will measure various combinations of bit clock edges to different data "periods". For example, a "101" transition would give a distribution of lower values than a "110011" transition. Therefore, the resulting histograms will have many distributions separated by the time of a Unit Interval (UI).
The following figure shows the Rising and Falling histograms which are the actual output of the tool.
Random Data with No Marker Applications • When a marker or bit clock is not available, such as live data on a network. This tool is useful for diagnostics, but cannot be used for compliance testing. Overview This tool analyzes a single data signal. Because there is no bit clock or marker, the bit rate must be entered in this tool very accurately. The measurement then assumes that this is the ideal bit rate and measures the data relative to that ideal time. The tool must therefore make assumptions.
Making a Random Data No Marker Measurement Random Data, No Marker Setup Directions 156 • Connect the data signal to any open measurement channel. • Type in the correct bit-rate and press single acquire.
Interpreting RDNM Views (plots) • DCD + ISI • 1-Sigma • FFT • Bathtub • Summary DCD + ISI Displays the "normalized accumulation" of all the Rising and Falling edge measurements taken during each run. The width of this plot is normalized to one Unit Interval of the data period. Ideally, all measurements would fall at zero on the x-axis with no jitter present. This zero value is the Ideal Unit Interval as determined calculated by the Bit Rate that was entered.
1-Sigma This is a plot showing the accumulation of jitter over increasing numbers of Unit Intervals (UI) This view shows the 1-sigma values for the histograms of each binned UI measurement. Allows the user to see jitter accumulation. Modulation present shows up as a periodic variation of 1-sigma values. This information is used by the FFT view to show the actual frequency components and amplitude of the modulation.
FFT Shows Frequency components of the data. The x-axis shows frequency. The y-axis shows amplitude or power. Because this tool does not use a Marker with the data, the frequency of the jitter components cannot be separated from the frequency components of the data. Therefore, a 1/0/1 transition or an 11/00/11 transition shows up as frequency components on the FFT. These periodic components are not directly separated in the Summary table as they are in the Known Pattern with Marker Tool.
Bathtub Shows the "error probability density plot" of a data signal. The plot is normalized to one UI and the Total Jitter (TJ) number in the statistics area is derived from this view. The thick part of the line represents actual measurements. The thin part indicates extrapolated information based on RJ and DJ values. The point at which the color stops is the BER that TJ is determined.
Summary Shows the "error probability density plot" of a data signal. The plot is normalized to one UI and the Total Jitter (TJ) number in the statistics area is derived from this view. The thick part of the line represents actual measurements. The thin part indicates extrapolated information based on RJ and DJ values. The point at which the color stops is the BER that TJ is determined.
Random Data No Marker Theory This method is not as accurate as known pattern with a marker when the DCD/ISI component is large because the histogram of measurements at each multiple of the UI is comprised of different bit sequences. This could potentially increase the standard deviation for each multiple UI measurement, which in turn could inflate the autocorrelation function of RJ and PJ. TailFit is used to determine RJ.
Known Pattern with Bit Clock and Marker This tool can operate either with the Clock Recovery option installed or with an external bit clock applied to another input. A pattern marker is necessary and is possibly derived from the data pattern generator. But, in many cases, this signal is not externally available and it is useful to have the SIA-3000 Pattern Marker (PM50) option. The pattern requirements are such that it needs to be a repeating pattern.
If you enable this feature, you have the choice of setting a –3Db HPF frequency or the tool will calculate the HPF filter setting by dividing the bit rate by 1667. The value will be displayed in the corner frequency window. If you enable this feature, you have the choice of setting a –3Db HPF frequency or the tool will calculate the HPF filter setting by dividing the bit rate by 1667. The value will be displayed in the corner frequency window. Assign your channels using the Acquire Options menu.
Interpreting views (plots) • Total Histogram - Shows the Clock to Data measurements. • DCD + ISI Histogram - Displays the "normalized accumulation" of all the DCD+ISI measurements • DCD + ISI vs Span - Plots the DCD+ISI relative to the pattern • 1-Sigma - Shows the 1-sigma values for many histograms • FFT - Shows the spectral power density of the uncorrelated jitter frequencies from the corner frequency specified to the Nyquist of the bit rate.
DCD + ISI Histogram View This view displays the "normalized accumulation" of all the DCD + ISI measurements taken during each acquire run. The width of the plot is normalized to one Unit Interval of the data period. This plot shows jitter components that are correlated to the data and relates to the DCD+ISI number in the Summary view. The plot contains two histograms, one for all the rising edges of the pattern and one for all the falling edges of the pattern.
DCD + ISI vs. Span View This view plots the DCD+ISI relative to the pattern. It gives information about how the DCD+ISI component of jitter varies relative to bit position of the pattern. The information in the UI Distrib view is over laid on the DCD+ISI information to show where in the pattern it occurred. This plot shows jitter components that are correlated to the data and relates to the DCD+ISI number in the Summary view. A zoomed in view of this plot will show three lines at each edge position.
1-Sigma View This view allows the user to see jitter modulation. It shows the 1-sigma values for many histograms. This plot shows jitter components that are NOT correlated to the data and relates to the PJ numbers in the Summary view. Refer to explanation of High Frequency Modulation Theory for more information on the measurement technique used to generate this plot. The 1-sigma values are plotted to give the user a view of the modulation that may be causing PJ. The x-axis shows span of accumulated edges.
FFT View This is the FFT of the Autocorrelation of the variance from the 1-sigma view. This plot shows the spectral power density of the uncorrelated jitter frequencies from the corner frequency specified to the Nyquist of the bit rate. This plot shows jitter components that are NOT correlated to the data and relates to the PJ number in the Summary view. The x-axis shows frequency content of the PJ with higher frequency on the right and lower frequency on the left.
Bathtub View This is referred to as the "error probability density plot" of a data signal. The plot is normalized to one UI. The TJ number in the Summary view is derived from this plot. The x-axis shows 1 Unit Interval. The plotted data will be displayed between 0 and 1, a distance that represents one UI. The y-axis shows Bit Rate from 0 at the top to 1*10e-16 at the bottom.
Summary View This view shows measured jitter values. Each of these values relates to one of the other plots.
Known Pattern with Bit Clock and Marker Theory This section will give a basic overview of the methodology behind the Known Pattern with Bit Clock and Marker measurement tool. In addition to the data signal to be analyzed, this tool requires a pattern connected to an Arm channel along with a bit clock supplied to another channel. If your system has a PM-50 card installed, you can connect the data signal directly to channel 1.
If you have selected to have a Diagnostic FFT performed, the PJ frequency components are determined by taking the variance of timing measurements from the histogram of each UI. The variance is the square of the standard deviation of the histogram at each UI. If any "holes" in the variance record exists, they are interpolated by either a cubic or linear fit. The plot of variance versus UI (1 – sigma view) is the autocorrelation of the periodic jitter.
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Data Standards Tools PCI Express Fibre Channel Compliance Serial ATA InfiniBand PCI Express Tools PCI Express 1.1 Hardware Clock Recovery (CR) Tool PCI Express 1.1 Software Clock Recovery (CR) Tool PCI Express 1.1 Clock Analysis Tool PCI Express 1.
Making a PCI Express 1.1 Hardware CR Measurement Setup Directions This tool uses the Multi-Rate Clock Recovery option. The option provides a compliant clock with characteristics as required in the PCI Express Specification. • Connect the SIA-3000 as shown below. NOTE: When the SMA jumpers are installed, it is necessary to Check the "Voltage Correction" in the EDIT|CR Config Menu (See figure below). • From the Main Menu, press "Data Standards" and "PCI Express", then choose "PCI Express 1.
Interpreting views (plots) Oscilloscope - Shows the voltage vs. time for a portion of the pattern. Trans Eye - Shows the transition eye. De-emph Eye – Shows the de-emphasized eye. Total Histogram - Shows a histogram of time samples measured from clock to data. Bathtub - Shows the predicted Total jitter at a specific Bit Error Rate. Summary - Shows a textual summary of the specifications measured along with Pass/Fail indicators. Oscilloscope View This view shows the voltage vs.
Transition Eye View This view shows the Transition Eye. The Mask size changes depending on the compliance point at which the measurement is taken. De-emphasized Eye View This view shows the De-emphasized Eye. The Mask size changes depending on the compliance point at which the measurement is taken. This view is unavailable for the RX Spec compliance point because an eye is not defined.
Total Jitter Histogram View The Total Jitter Histogram view shows the Clock to Data measurements. Bathtub View The Bathtub curve shows the predicted Total jitter at a specific Bit Error Rate. Bit Error Rate is displayed on the vertical axis and one UI is displayed on the horizontal. As jitter increases, the two lines will move closer to each other. Random jitter affects the slope of the lines. A small change in RJ has a larger effect on TJ than the same change in deterministic jitter.
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PCI Express 1.1 Software Clock Recovery (CR) Tool Overview This tool is for use with the PCI Express 1.1 specification and uses a software clock recovery. This tool does not use the hardware Clock Recovery. It will perform measurements using software algorithms to determine the compliant clock characteristics. The PCI Express specification identifies a test pattern to be used for all signal integrity tests. This pattern is 40-bits long and is composed of the following bits: K28.5, D21.5, K28.5, D10.
• When the SMA jumpers are installed, it is necessary to Check the "Voltage Correction" in the EDIT|CR Config Menu. • From the Main Menu, press "Data Standards" and "PCI Express", then choose "PCI Express 1.1 Software CR" to open the tool. • Select your compliance point: Transmitter (TX Spec), Receiver (RX Spec), TX add-in, RX add-in, TX System or RX system. To perform the measurement, first, click the ‘Pulse Find’ button levels. Then click the ‘Single/Acquire’ button to complete.
Interpreting views (plots) Oscilloscope - Shows the voltage vs. time for a portion of the pattern. Trans Eye - Shows the transition eye. De-emph Eye – Shows the de-emphasized eye. Median to Maximum Histogram - Shows a histogram of time samples measured from the Median to the Max. DCD + ISI Histogram - Shows the DCD+ISI Histogram. DCD + ISI vs. Span - Shows the DCD+ISI vs. Span of Unit Intervals. 1-Sigma vs. Span - Shows how the 1-sigma values change over an accumulation of unit intervals.
Transition Eye View This view shows the Transition Eye. The Mask size changes depending on the compliance point at which the measurement is taken. De-emph View This view shows the De-emphasized Eye. The Mask size changes depending on the compliance point at which the measurement is taken. This view is unavailable for the RX Spec compliance point because an eye is not defined. Median to Max Histogram View This view shows a histogram of time samples measured from the Median to the Maximum.
DCD + ISI Histogram View This view shows the DCD+ISI Histogram. It allows you to distinguish rising and falling edges and see the effects of Data Dependent Jitter. DCD + ISI vs. Span View This view shows the DCD+ISI vs. Span of Unit Intervals. This allows you to see how the DCD+ISI changes over a range of unit intervals. Zooming in on a vertical line reveals 3 lines. This represents the histogram of that edge the center line is the Mean, the left and right show the Peak to Peak.
FFT View This view shows an FFT of the Periodic jitter. It allows you to help diagnose and determine the frequencies at which Periodic jitter may be a problem. Periodic jitter is often due to crosstalk from clock or data lines, or power supply noise. Bathtub Curve View The Bathtub curve shows the predicted Total jitter at a specific Bit Error Rate. Bit Error Rate is displayed on the vertical axis and one UI is displayed on the horizontal axis.
PCI Express 1.1 Clock Analysis Tool Overview PCI Express 1.1 Card Electromechanical (CEM) specification gives the jitter requirements and testing method for the 100 MHz reference clock. The total jitters for the reference clock are specified at BER=106 and BER=10-12, and are derived from the phase jitter distribution function after a band-pass filter function is applied. The 1.1 clock tool conducts the 100 MHz reference clock measurement per PCI Express 1.
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PCI Express 1.0a Tool Overview The PCI Express 1.0a Tool provides both timing and amplitude compliance measurements in any environment, system or IC, electrical or optical. Compliance tests can be completed in seconds with a simple pass/fail indication for each test parameter. It is the most comprehensive and easy to use signal integrity test solution on the market today. The PCI Express 1.0a Tool accurately determines device performance by quantifying random and deterministic jitter components.
Interpreting views (plots) Oscilloscope - Shows the voltage vs. time for a portion of the pattern. Trans Eye - Shows a collection of Transition bits across a record of 250UI. De-emph Eye – Shows a collections of de-emphasized bits across a record of 250UI. Total Histogram - Shows the Clock to Data measurements. Bathtub - Shows the predicted Total jitter at a specific Bit Error Rate. Summary - Shows a textual summary of the specifications measured along with Pass/Fail indicators.
Transition Eye View The Transition Eye is a collection of Transition bits across a record of 250UI. The reference point for these bits is from an estimation of the bit time across 3500UI. A transition bit is a bit that occurs after an edge. For any string of consecutive bits, (ones or zeros) the first bit is a transition bit and all others are De-Emphasized bits.
De-emphasized Eye View The De-Emphasized Eye is a collection of De-Emphasized bits across a record of 250UI. The reference point for these bits is from an estimation of the bit time across 3500UI. For any string of consecutive bits (ones or zeros), the first bit is a transition bit and all others are DeEmphasized bits. Any string of bits after the transition bit are de-emphasized bits.
Total Histogram View The Total Jitter Histogram view shows the Clock to Data measurements. An arrow at the center top of the plot indicates the mean of the Total Jitter Histogram. Two other histograms to the left and right are the histograms of edge measurements from the earliest and latest measured mean edge times. The means for each of those are indicated by different colored arrows at the top left and right. Bathtub View The Bathtub curve shows the predicted Total jitter at a specific Bit Error Rate.
Summary View Shows a textual summary of the specifications measured along with Pass/Fail indicators. Many specifications continue to evolve and may change.
PCI Express Theory of Operation This section will give a basic overview of the methodology behind the KPWM measurement. In addition to the data signal to be analyzed, this tool requires a pattern marker to be connected to the Arm Channel. The Marker signal has an edge relative to the same bit of the pattern each time the marker occurs.
P a tte rn M a rk e r D a ta P a tte rn ∆ t1 ∆ t2 ∆ t3 ∆ t4 ∆ t5 ∆ t6 ∆ t7 ∆ t8 ∆ t9 ∆ t10 ∆ t11 ∆ t12 ∆ t13 Lastly, data is gathered to show PJ and RJ frequency components. PJ and RJ components are determined by taking the variance of timing measurements from the histogram at each UI. The variance is the square of the standard deviation of the histogram at each UI. If any "holes" in the variance record exists, they will be interpolated by either a cubic or linear fit.
Fibre Channel Compliance Tool With fewer controls to configure, this tool provides single-button compliance measurements of specifications summarizing relevant measurement plots.
Making a Fibre Channel Measurement Setup Directions The tool requires a known repeating pattern such as CRPAT, CJTPAT, K28.5, etc. • If the SIA-3000 has the PM50 Pattern Marker option installed, connect the data directly to Channel 1 (IN1). Note: If the Pattern Marker Option is not installed, you must have a pattern marker signal supplied externally. The Marker is a pulse that repeats once per pattern. Pattern Generators typically have a "pattern trigger" or "pattern sync" that will work.
Note: If the Pattern Marker Option is not installed, connect a marker from your pattern generator to channel 2 and select channel 2. With an externally supplied pattern marker, uncheck the pattern marker box. The Data Channel defaults to channel 1 and does not need to be changed. • Press Specifications and configure for the setup you have. Configuring these settings allows the tool to determine if the measured results pass or fail the specification requirements.
DCD + ISI Histogram View This view shows the rising and falling edge histograms relative to the center time of all edges measured. DCD + ISI vs. Span View This view shows a representation of the pattern. Each edge is displayed as three lines that are the min, mean and max times measured for that edge. The "raw" line shows long or short UI bits. The LPF and HPF are the receiver filter characteristics.
FFT View This view is derived from the 1-Sigma vs. Span view. It shows the spectral content of the jitter. The largest spike on this plot is reported as PJ. Bathtub View Shows the predicted Total Jitter (TJ) at a specific BER—1*10-12. Summary View Shows a textual summary of the specifications measured along with Pass/Fail indicators.
Fibre Channel Compliance Theory The Fibre Channel Compliance Tool utilizes the Known Pattern with Marker tool for the measurements. In addition to the data signal to be analyzed, this tool requires a pattern marker to be connected to the Arm Channel. If your SIA-3000 is equipped with the PM-50 option, the marker signal will be generated on the card and no additional input signals are required for making a measurement.
Serial ATA Tools Serial ATA II Compliance Hardware Clock Recovery (CR) Tool Serial ATA II Compliance Software Clock Recovery (CR) Tool Serial ATA 1.0 Compliance Tool Applications of Serial ATA Tools • • • • • • • • • SERDES, Host Bus Adaptors, Switches, Hard Drives, motherboards, Cables, Bridges, clocks PLLs The SATA standard defines a jitter generation specification profile. This tool automates these measurements and provides pass/fail results.
Making a SATA II Hardware CR Compliance Measurement Setup Directions This tool is able to measure SATA Gen 1x and Gen2x usage models. While there are a number of patterns that are defined in the specification, this tool does not require a repeating pattern. The Data signal is connected to the input of the Multi-Rate Clock Recovery (see figure below). Note that the Inverting input is on the left and the non-inverting input is on the right.
Interpreting views (plots) • Histograms - Shows a histogram of rising and falling data edge times relative to the recovered clock. • Eye Diagram - Shows an eye diagram. • Bathtub Curve - Shows eye opening at a specific Bit Error Rate. • Summary - Shows the results with "Pass" "Fail" status for each jitter level. Histogram View This view shows a histogram of rising and falling data edge times relative to the recovered clock.
Bathtub Curve View The bathtub curve shows eye opening at a specific Bit Error Rate. This tool shows all RJ, DJ, and TJ values at 1*10-12 BER. Initially the default is to show the bathtub curves for all three different filter corner frequencies. Different applied filters will possibly result in different bathtub curves because of the presence or absence of Periodic jitter at certain frequencies. Summary View This view shows a text summary of the results.
Serial ATA II Software Clock Recovery Compliance Tool This tool is for usage models 1x, 2i and 2m and utilizes a software recovered clock model. The SATA II Electrical Specification Rev. 1.0 describes these usage models: Gen1x: Extended Length 1.5 Gb/s Electrical Specification or "Gen1x": These are newly developed electrical specifications, described here, aimed at 1.5 Gb/s links in "long" backplanes and system-tosystem applications.
The Data Channel defaults to Channel 1 and does not need to be changed if your data is connected to IN1. • . Several views are available once the To perform the measurement, press “Single/Stop” measurement is complete. All views are displayed with the results summarized to the left of the plot. The specification value, the measured value and Pass or Fail is displayed. Interpreting views (plots) • Oscilloscope - Shows the waveform from the input and the inverting input.
DCD + ISI Histogram View This view shows a histogram of rising and falling edge times across one pattern repeat. It can give an indication of DCD+ISI. Or it allows you to see if there is a difference in the distributions of rising and falling edges. For example, the rising edges could have a bimodal distribution while falling could be single mode. DCD + ISI vs. Span View This view shows how the DCD+ISI changes across a repeat of the pattern.
1-Sigma View The 1-sigma view shows the accumulation of jitter across a number of UI. When cross talk or Periodic Jitter is present, this plot looks like the example with 'hills and valleys'. This record is used to generate an FFT of the Periodic and Random Jitter spectrum. A constantly rising plot line typically indicates that the random jitter is constantly increasing or that there is a very low frequency periodic jitter present. FFT View The FFT shows the jitter spectrum for Periodic and Random Jitter.
Bathtub Curve View The bathtub curve shows eye opening at a specific Bit Error Rate. This tool shows all RJ, DJ and TJ values at 1*10-12 BER. Initially the default is to show the bathtub curves for all three different filter corner frequencies. Different applied filters will possibly result in different bathtub curves because of the presence or absence of Periodic jitter at certain frequencies. Summary View Shows a text summary of the results.
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Serial ATA 1.0 Compliance Tool The SATA standard defines a jitter generation specification profile. This tool automates these measurements and provides pass/fail results. Making a Serial ATA 1.0 Compliance Measurement Setup Directions • Verify setup • Choose the correct "Specifications" on the Dialog Bar to the right: • Press "Run" ( or ) Interpreting views (plots) • Jitter vs. Span - Shows the specification jitter levels and the actual measured values for each UI span from 0 to 250.
Jitter vs. Span View This view shows the specification jitter levels (Version 1.0 of the SATA spec.) as the dotted line for both TJ and DJ. Then, it shows the actual measured values for each UI span from 0 to 250. This gives a visual indication of when and where a specification jitter level has been violated. Histograms View This shows a selection of jitter histograms that make up the data for the 0 to 250 UI spans of the "Jitter vs. Span" plot. When this View is selected, the "Current Hist.
Serial ATA Theory of Operation The SATA Specification requires that jitter measurements be made from Data edge to Data edge across varying spans. The spans are from 0 to 5 UI, and then from 6 to 250 UI. This tool automates these measurements and provides pass/fail results. For the specification point A2, or 25,000 UI, a 1010 pattern is used and the Low Frequency Modulation tool can be used. This tool requires no knowledge of the data stream prior to making a measurement.
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InfiniBand Tool Overview Typical Applications of the InfiniBand Tool • SERDES, • Host Channel Adaptors, • Target Channel Adaptors, • Switches, This tool automates these measurements and provides pass/fail results. Making an InfiniBand Measurement Setup Directions Measurements are complete when Single/Stop light turns off. Several views are available once the measurement is complete. All views are displayed with the results summarized to the left of the plot.
Interpreting views (plots) • Histogram - The Total Jitter Histogram view shows the Clock to Data measurements. • Eye Diagram - This view shows the voltage vs time as an eye diagram using the recovered clock as a trigger. • Bathtub - The Bathtub curve shows the predicted Total jitter at a specific Bit Error Rate. Bit Error Rate is displayed on the vertical axis and one UI is displayed on the horizontal. As jitter increases, the two lines will move closer to each other.
Bathtub View The Bathtub curve shows the predicted Total jitter at a specific Bit Error Rate. Bit Error Rate is displayed on the vertical axis and one UI is displayed on the horizontal. As jitter increases, the two lines will move closer to each other. Summary View Shows a textual summary of the specifications measured along with Pass/Fail indicators.
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CHANNEL-to-CHANNEL TOOLS Propagation Delay and Skew Data Bus Locktime Strip Chart – See Clock Strip Chart Tool Propagation Delay & Skew Tool Making A Propagation Delay & Skew Measurement Setup Directions This tool requires signals connected to each measurement channel. • Verify the proper input signal levels. • Connect a signal to any input channel. • Connect a signal to any open input channel. Times will be measured from chosen edges on the first channel to chosen edges on the second channel.
Interpreting Prop Delay & Skew Views • Accumulated Histogram • Bathtub Histogram • Maxi Histogram • Summary View Acum Histogram This view shows the results of running acquires or multiple single acquires of time measurements displayed as a histogram. The statistics and plot relate to all measurements taken since the last clear. This example shows TailFit enabled. Horizontal x-axis shows Time. Vertical y-axis shows the number of measurements (Hits per Edge).
Maxi Histogram This view shows the Maximum number of hits per edge displayed as a histogram. Multiple acquires will only change the plot if the hits per edge for a given time exceeded the values from a previous acquire. It can be thought of as a maximum envelope of time measurements. Horizontal x-axis shows Time. Vertical y-axis shows the number of measurements (Hits per edge). Cursor coordinates are displayed on the bottom status line.
Bathtub This plot is derived from the TailFit. Using RJ and DJ information it shows a TJ value at a specified Bit Error Rate (BER default is 1*10-12). The thick part of the line indicates measured values; the thin part indicates calculated values. The color stops at the BER where TJ is determined. The plot gives the user information about failure (when the lines cross) and margin, if the part fails below the specified BER. Horizontal x-axis shows Time (of one unit interval) or Unit Interval.
Summary View The data represent values from histograms of measurements. Normal Histogram shows statistics from a single histogram. Accumulated Histogram shows statistics from all histograms since a clear. The user is able to annotate this page.
Propagation Delay & Skew Theory The instrument asynchronously measures times between threshold crossings. These hits are made randomly. This randomization ensures that no jitter would be masked out by a constant sampling rate. Each hit, or time sample, is then binned into a histogram. The histogram is complete once the number of Hits per edge has been reached. Additionally, the instrument is not triggered.
Databus Tool Overview With the SIA-3000™ Signal Integrity Analyzer and GigaView Databus software, single-ended and differential clock and data signals can be characterized for timing, clock and data jitter, clock-to-data skew, channel-to-channel skew, and Bit Error Rate (BER) on up to ten channels in parallel. The analysis is done using one reference clock and up to nine data channels. Users can input the setup and hold specifications and they are illustrated on the graphical user interface.
Making a Databus Measurement Databus Tool Setup Directions 228 • Connect a Bit Clock to the chosen "reference channel". Connect Data channels. • Choose the Data channels to add and press "add/del channel" Press Pulse find and Run.
Interpreting Databus Views (plots) • Data Histogram - Shows clock to data histograms. Setup and hold specifications are displayed as gray shaded areas • Data Bathtubs - Displays bathtub curves for each data channel. These curves are used for viewing longterm statistical BER. • Clock Histogram - Displays a histogram of the reference clock signal. Identical to using the Histogram clock analysis tool. • Clock Bathtub - Displays bathtub curve for clock signal.
Data Bathtub Displays bathtub curves for each data channel. These curves are used for viewing long term statistical BER. The x-axis shows a 1 Unit Interval (UI) window. The y-axis shows BER.
Clock Histogram Identical to using the Histogram clock analysis tool, this tool displays a histogram of the reference clock signal. The x-axis shows the measured time of a clock period. The y-axis shows the number of measurements or hits.
Clock Bathtub Displays bathtub curve for clock signal. The curves show the long term statistical BER. The x-axis shows a 1 Unit Interval (UI) window. The y-axis shows BER.
Databus Summary Displays a summary of the values measured off of each channel.
Databus Theory of Operation This tool automates a few different operations related to the Propagation Delay/Skew Histogram. The Data signal is connected to Channel 1 and Bit Clock Signal is connected to Channel 2, therefore, two histograms can be made. One histogram represents a measurement of Data RISING edges to clock reference edge; the other represents Data FALLING edges to the clock reference edge.
Channel-to-Channel Locktime Tool Overview Applications of the Channel-to-Channel Locktime Tool • Measure skew between channels relative to an arm • Measure Input/Output jitter relative to an arm This tool is actually an automated histogram process. The tool gathers time measurements to create many histograms. Statistical information from these histograms is then plotted. In this tool, The Skew between channels is the measurement being made. This measurement is then stepped out from an arm signal.
Interpreting views (plots) • Time View - Time (edge) vs. Mean • FFT View - Frequency vs. Power (in dBs or Seconds) • 1-Sigma View - Time (edge) vs. 1-sigma • Pk-to-Pk View - Time (edge) vs. Peak-to-Peak • Summary View - View data in text format and save user notes Time View Each point on the plot represents the mean value from a histogram of measurements. The user is able to see how the mean of the measured Function changes after an Arm signal.
FFT View The user is able to see the frequency and power of the measured Function. Vertical axis shows the power in dBs or time from the FFT of the Time View. Horizontal axis shows Frequency. The cursor coordinates on the bottom status line show power in dBs or time.
1-Sigma View Each point on the plot represents the 1-sigma value from a histogram of measurements. The user is able to see how the 1-sigma of the measured Function changes after an Arm signal. Vertical axis shows the 1-Sigma value from the Function being measured. Horizontal axis shows either Time or Edge after the Arm.
Pk-Pk View Each point on the plot represents the 1-sigma value from a histogram of measurements. The user is able to see how the peak-to-peak of the measured function changes after an Arm signal. Vertical axis shows the peak-to-peak value from the Function being measured. Horizontal axis shows either Time or Edge after the Arm.
Summary View The data represent values from a histogram of measurements.
Channel-to-Channel Locktime Theory This tool is an automated histogram process. The tool gathers time measurements to create many histograms. Statistical information from these histograms is then plotted. In this tool, the Skew between channels is the measurement being made. This measurement is then stepped out from an arm signal. A histogram of time measurements is created of the first edge on CH1 to the first edge on CH2 following the arm.
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Help Tools Help Tools Overview Use this button to access the opening screen of Help. From the opening screen, you can jump to step-by-step instructions for using GigaView as well as various types of reference information. Once you open Help, you can click the Contents button whenever you want to return to the opening screen. The Getting Started Wizard will provide a series of options or questions to determine an appropriate tool.
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Other Tools Other Tools Overview This feature allows access to other WAVECREST products using GigaView. For more information on the operation of the DTS-550™ Jitter Generator, DSM Switch Matrix, Arm Generator 100, Optical Interface or Pattern Marker please refer to the appropriate User Manual or Product Description included with your GigaView installation CD or the Documentation selection on the Help pull-down menu.
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DTS-550 Jitter Generator Tool The DTS-550™ is a versatile clock generator allowing precise control of jitter amplitude, frequency and distribution on digital clock waveforms. This capability allows accurate, repeatable characterization of jitter tolerance in clock recovery circuits for performing worst-case analysis. Jitter amplitudes are programmable over a wide dynamic range at jitter frequencies. GigaView allows direct control of DTS-550 features through the Utilities window.
DTS-550™ Setup Connect the DTS-550 to the SIA-3000™ using an IEEE 488 cable to the back of both units. Using the SIA-3000 GigaView software, select Other Tools on the tool menu. Next, select Jitter Generator on the Other Tools menu. The SIA-3000 will begin to communicate with the DTS-550; this may take several seconds for the initialization of the DTS-550. From the Dialog Bar the user can select Output Settings, Sync Settings and Jitter Settings.
Switch Matrix Tool – DSM-16x Overview The WAVECREST DSM-16(x) is intended to extend the input capability of the SIA-3000™. In Compatibility mode, the DTS-207x input capability can be extended from 2 to 16 channels as a 1 of 8 matrix to the DTS channel input (1 of 8 to channel 1, and 1 of 8 to channel 2 — See Figure below). The DSM-16(x) includes an RS232C cable for connecting to the SIA-3000 and DTS-207x Series of Digital Time Measurement products.
The Configuration dialog box will be displayed. Select Reset HW, then select OK to restart GigaView.
After GigaView has restarted, select Other Tools on the main Dialog Bar and then select Switch Matrix on the Other Tools dialog bar. Change the Input Channels of the DSM-16 by changing the number on the desired channel. Press Tool on the front panel or select the tool icon measurement tool.
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Arm Generator 100™ Tool Overview Please refer to your AG-100 User's Manual for more information on the operation of the instrument. Functions of the AG-100 • Produce a pattern marker from a data pattern. • Perform marker placement automatically or manually. • Generate a marker based on pattern match or transition time (Edge Count). • Generate a marker for Fibre Channel, InfiniBand and Gigabit Ethernet signals. • Used in compliance testing Fibre Channel and Gigabit Ethernet devices.
Making a Measurement AG-100™ Setup On the back of the instrument: • Ensure AC power cable is connected. • Connect the AG-100 to the SIA-3000™ with a standard GPIB cable. • Check the GPIB address on the pushwheels. The SIA-3000 defaults to ‘07’ as an expected address. The pushwheel switch setting must match the GPIB address in the SIA-3000. If you need to change the address, go to the Edit, Configuration menu on the SIA-3000 and select AG-100 from the pull down.
Configure the AG-100 Utility. Use the table to choose the proper mode for the data pattern to be analyzed. Pattern Match Mode Fibre Channel GigaBit Ethernet InfiniBand 1x 1.06Gb/s 1.25Gb/s 2x 2.12Gb/s 2.50Gb/s 2.50GB/s Pattern Length must be a multiple of 20bits: i.e. 20, 40, 200, 2640 to use pattern match mode. If not, Edge Count Mode must be used. Edge Count Mode Used for any pattern with odd number of bits (i.e. PRBS 2^7-1= 127bits) Used for any data rate less than 2.
AG-100™ Theory of Operation The AG-100 works with Fibre Channel, GigaBit Ethernet and InfiniBand data rates in Pattern Match mode. For Fibre Channel and Gigabit Ethernet protocols, the instrument works at either 1X or 2X speeds. For InfiniBand (2.5Gb/s) the unit must be set to for 2X Gigabit Ethernet operation. In Edge Count mode the AG-100 works up to 2.5Gb/s. The Arm Generator allows the user to easily adapt to various testing environments.
OE-2 Tool Overview WAVECREST OE-2 converts optical communication signals into electrical signals. Combining a WAVECREST DTS or SIA system with an OE-2 provides accurate, high performance jitter and timing The measurements on optical signals. The OE-2 can be controlled through its GPIB interface or with WAVECREST’s GigaView software. The OE-2 incorporates all of the features needed for taking dual-channel, high performance optical signal measurements.
Optical Interface Theory of Operation The OE-2 consists of a high-performance optical-to-electrical converter followed by wide-bandwidth signal processing devices. Dual-channel models include two identical signal paths. The block diagram below shows the structure of a single-channel OE-2. The optical input signal is converted to an electrical current using a low-noise, temperature-stabilized photoreceiver.
PM50 Tool Overview The WAVECREST PM50 option enables the user to obtain compliant jitter measurements. By inputting a data stream with a repeating pattern into a SIA-3000 channel card, the user can gather quantitative information on DJ, RJ, PJ, DCD&ISI and their contribution to Total Jitter. Functions of the PM50 • Generate a pattern marker based on pattern match at discrete data rates or in edge count for data rates up to 5Gb/s.
Making a Measurement Using the PM50 and the Known Pattern with Marker Tool The tool defaults to a Single Rate Fibre Channel setup. The description covers a basic measurement and configuration. • Connect a repeating data signal to a Channel with the Pattern Marker option. A channel with the Pattern Marker option will be labeled "Pattern Marker Enabled" on the front of the SIA-3000™. • Select "Pattern Options". • Select “Load Pattern” to load the pattern (*.ptn) file.
Pattern Match mode has some restrictions and is used to generate a marker when the data has occasional insertions of bits (idles, for example). Pattern Match mode must also be used with the Bit Error Counting (BEC) capability in the PM50 utility. The data must be at one of the specific rates in the “Patn Mkr Standard” pull-down menu such as 1x FC, 2x FC, etc. Additionally the pattern must be 10, 20, 40 bits or divisible by 40. The pattern match word must contain a K28.5 character.
Interpreting PM50 Views (plots) • Pattern View - Plots the number of errors versus bit location in the data pattern when using the Bit Error Counter • Summary View – Pattern marker information in text format Pattern View This view plots the number of errors versus bit location in the data pattern when using the Bit Error Counter. Used only in Pattern Match Mode, this view is useful for locating specific errors in the pattern that may repeatedly occur.
Summary View This view displays Pattern Marker information in text format.
Pattern Marker Theory of operation The PM50 produces a pattern marker from a 40-bit unique portion of the pattern or by counting a user specified number of data edges. The pattern marker option decreases the measurement time compared to using a pattern generator pattern marker or pattern trigger because the PM50 option generates a marker for every pattern repeat.
Folded Eye Diagram Tool This tool will display an Eye Diagram/Eye Mask using the Bandwidth Extension. A repeating pattern is required for this tool. This tool utilizes the PM50 so that the Oscilloscope can trigger on the waveform. The waveform must be periodic such as a clock or repeating pattern. After the waveform is measured, Bandwidth Extension is applied to the waveform enhancing the analog bandwidth to 10GHz and then the eye is created by folding the data pattern around a 1UI interval.
Summary View This view shows hits in the mask region compared to how many samples are on the screen. Folded Eye Diagram Theory of Operation The "folded eye" tool provides the capability to perform an eye mask measurement using the enhanced bandwidth setting. The oscilloscope tool cannot create an eye mask with the bandwidth enhancement enabled. This is because the bandwidth enhancement requires a periodic waveform.
Composite Plot Tool Access to this tool is through the Toolbar by clicking on the button. The Composite Tool is used to overlay various plots that relate to each other. The plots must be of the same plot type, for instance, overlaying multiple FFT's. Different plot types cannot be overlaid, such as an FFT and a Histogram. To overlay plots, select the View in the tool that has the plot that you want to overlay. Open Composite Tool and select the plot from the View pull-down menu and press Add this Plot.
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APPENDIX A- Macro Interface Overview GigaView provides Macro Record and Playback features for scripting and automating activities performed on a repetitive basis. The Macro interface is based on Microsoft's VBScript language, which includes the ability to control program execution using conditional and looping statements. Macros can be recorded and then modified, or written from scratch. The Macro interface can also be used to access GigaView functions from an external application.
Cascade Method - This method cascades all the child views inside the main window frame. Syntax AppObj.Cascade AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. Example Dim Visi Set Visi = CreateObject ("Visi.Application") Visi.New ("Histogram") Visi.New ("Oscilloscope") Visi.Cascade Clear Method - This method clears any data and plots associated with the current tool. Syntax AppObj.Clear AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. Example Dim Visi Set Visi = CreateObject ("Visi.
DialogBar Method - This method can be used to hide or show the Dialog Bar which is used to modify tool parameters. Syntax AppObj.DialogBar(Show) AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. Show is the required Boolean variable indicating whether the DialogBar should be shown or not. Example Dim Visi Set Visi = CreateObject ("Visi.Application") Visi.New ("Histogram") Visi.
GpibClose Method - This method can be used to terminate a connection previously opened using the GpibOpen method. Syntax AppObj.GpibClose(DevID) AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. DevID is the required Numeric variable that was returned on a previous call to the GpibOpen method. Example Dim Visi Set Visi = CreateObject ("Visi.Application") Visi.New("Histogram") Dev = Visi.GpibOpen("", 0, 6) Visi.GpibSend Dev, ":ARM:SOUR IMM;:TRIG:SOUR INT2" Visi.GpibSend Dev, ":FREQ 150 MHZ" Visi.
(GpibOpen Method continued) Visi.GpibSend Dev, ":HOLD VOLT;:VOLT1:HIGH 800 MV;:VOLT1:LOW -800 MV" Visi.GpibSend Dev, ":HOLD VOLT;:VOLT2:HIGH 800 MV;:VOLT2:LOW -800 MV" Visi.GpibSend Dev, ":PULS:TRIG1:VOLT ECL" Visi.GpibSend Dev, ":PULS:TRIG2:VOLT ECL" Visi.GpibSend Dev, ":OUTP1 ON;:OUTP2:POL INV;:OUTP2 ON;" Visi.GpibClose(Dev) GpibRead Method - This method can be used to retrieve data from a GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus) device on a connection previously opened using the GpibOpen method.
MarkerMode Method - This method can be used to hide or show the Horizontal and Vertical Markers on the current plot view. Syntax AppObj.MarkerMode(HorzShow, VertShow) AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. HorzShow is the required Boolean variable indicating whether the Horizontal Markers should be displayed on the current plot view. VertShow is the required Boolean variable indicating whether the Vertical Markers should be displayed on the current plot view.
Modify Method - This method provides a means to change tool parameters listed in the Dialog Bar on the right side of the main window frame. The menu containing the parameter to be changed must be active. The Options method can be used to make it active. Syntax AppObj.Modify(Label, Value) AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. Label is a required String variable that contains the identifier for the parameter to be changed.
NewWindow Method - This method can be used to create an additional view of the current tool. Syntax AppObj.NewWindow AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. Example Dim Visi Set Visi = CreateObject ("Visi.Application") Visi.New ("Histogram") Visi.NewWindow Open Method - This method can be used to open a previously saved tool. Syntax AppObj.Open(ToolPath) AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. ToolPath is a required String variable that contains the path to the tool to be opened.
Print Method - Issues the Print command to the current tool. The default printer and current print settings will be used. Syntax AppObj.Print AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. Example Dim Visi Set Visi = CreateObject ("Visi.Application") Visi.New ("Histogram") Visi.Print Restore Method - This method restores the current child view to its normal size within the main window frame. This command will reverse the effect of a Minimize or Maximize command. Syntax AppObj.
Show Method - This method makes the GigaView application visible. It is only necessary if GigaView is launched via an external program such as Microsoft’s Visual Basic. Syntax AppObj.Show AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. Example Dim Visi Set Visi = CreateObject ("Visi.Application") Visi.Show Visi.New ("Histogram") SingleStop Method - Issues the SingleStop command to perform a single acquisition on the current tool.
View Method - This method can be used to select which Plot View is displayed for the current tool. Syntax AppObj.View NewView AppObj is the required GigaView Application Object. NewView is a required Numeric variable that contains the number of the Plot View (1-N) to be displayed. Example Dim Visi Set Visi = CreateObject ("Visi.Application") Visi.New ("Histogram") Visi.View 2 Zoom Method - This method can be used to set the Zoom within the current plot view. Syntax AppObj.
COMPARISON OPERATORS - Used to compare expressions. Syntax result = expression1 comparisonoperator expression2 Operator < <= > >= = <> Description Less than Less than or equal to Greater than Greater than or equal to Equal to Not equal to CONTROLLING PROGRAM EXECUTION - Using conditional statements and looping statements (also known as control structures), you can write code that makes decisions and repeats actions. If...Then...
APPENDIX B - Tailfit™ Theory The tail-part of an histogram distribution reflects the random jitter (RJ) process. Physically, random jitter is due to the random motion of particles within a device or transmission medium. The random velocity of these particles in an equilibrium state is best described as a Gaussian distribution. Therefore, RJ is naturally modeled by a Gaussian function.
With Tailfit™ Enabled Accumulated view shows the Gaussian curves fitted to the left and right tails. This Example shows three views from a histogram with Tail-Fit enabled: The top, Bathtub curve shows where the TJ is calculated. The right, Summary view shows the values for goodness-of-fits (Chi-squared), extracted DJ and fitted rmsJ. The rmsJ values are smaller than the 1-sigma for the histogram. The bottom, Accumulated Histogram View shows the Gaussian curves fitted to the left and right tails.
Appendix C – SIA-3000™ Calibration Calibration Options The Calibration selection is used to access the instrument's calibration options and has a separate button for each calibration option. The instrument firmware version is used by GigaView™ to determine which features the instruments can support and is displayed at the top of the dialog window. **Make sure matched cables are used in all calibrations.
Passing values do not necessarily reflect actual SIA noise floors. These values only reflect the measurement of the calibration signal. If the values pass, it is still possible that a calibration will improve accuracy or noise floors. The verification just ensures that the instrument will meet basic specifications. In some cases, this calibration verification may be too simplistic with coarse values. If a more thorough verification is desired, check with Wavecrest for additional procedures.
Timer Calibration - This calibration mode affects all other calibrations and should be performed first. The Timer calibration characterizes the internal ramps that provide the fine accuracy and resolution for time measurements. The calibration data is stored in the instrument and used each time a measurement is taken. This calibration should be performed whenever the SIA-3000 has been off for a long period of time or if it is moved to a significantly different operating environment (>5οC).
Deskew Calibration with DC Offset The Deskew Calibration with DC Offset calibration compensates for DC offsets and then automatically performs a “Deskew Calibration”. This calibration ensures less than 10ps skew between all channels at the input connectors. This does not calibrate to the end of the cables used, only internal paths. Upon completion of this step, you may close the calibration dialog box and resume using the SIA-3000; it is not necessary to continue with further calibrations.
A quick test to check Deskew Calibration The GigaView software can be used to check the calibration. The deskew calibration has two parts. The first part is the internal channel Deskew Calibration that deskews a channel path. To check this calibration, do the following. • • • • Connect the calibration signals to the channel you want to check. (Make sure the 'Normal Calibration Output State' in the Calibration menu is set to '900MHz sine – Out of Phase'.) Open the tool.
Manual Channel Skews This step is optional, it allows fixed time offsets to be added to or subtracted from a channel when a Channel-to-Channel measurement is made. This can be used to compensate for different cable delays between channels. This will affect all channel-to-channel measurements or any measurement such as DataBus, Random Data w/ Bit Clock or any measurement using one channel as a “reference”. To clear these values, press “Reset”.
Appendix D – SIA-3000 Specifications and Maintenance Mainframe Specifications Channel card options...........................2, 5 and 10. Visit our website at wavecrest.com for current channel card specifications. Hardware Resolution ...........................200 fs Internal timebase reference Frequency.................................................10 MHz Aging/year (after 24 hrs on).....................1.5 × 10-7 Aging/day (after 24 hrs on)......................
General Specifications Power requirements Voltage.....................................................100-120 VAC ± 10%, 200-240 VAC ± 10% Frequency.................................................47-63 Hz Power .......................................................800 Watts for a five-channel system Environmental Requirements Operating Temperature Range.................15- 40ºC Temperature range for Calibration...........Cal temp ±5ºC Humidity ..................................................10-85% R.H.
Fuse Replacement The IEC plug-in at the back of the SIA-3000 provides the input connection for the AC power cord. A small compartment on the IEC plug houses two Wickmann 10AT/230V fuses (5x20mm). To gain access to the fuses, remove the power to the SIA-3000 and disconnect the power cord. With a small screwdriver, pry open the fuse compartment on the IEC plug. Remove the fuses and install the new fuses prior to closing the compartment and reinstalling the power cord.
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APPENDIX E – Clock Recovery Option The clock recovery option enables signal integrity compliance and diagnostics measurements when access to a bit clock is not available. The clock recovery option also removes the need for awkward setups to obtain accurate and repeatable compliant signal integrity measurements - simply plug in your test signal to make eye diagram and jitter measurements. Setup: The data from the DUT is sent into the Clock recovery Data In.
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APPENDIX F – Remote GigaView Installation Remote GigaView software provides one of the most comprehensive jitter analysis software packages on the market today. The Windows-based GUI, Getting Started Wizard and online help will enable new users to confidently acquire useful data in seconds.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Windows 95/98/2000/NT 4.0/XP • MS Windows 95, 98, 2000, XP or NT 4.0 Operating Systems • National Instruments GPIB driver to match GPIB card used (see Hardware Requirements) SUN/Solaris • Solaris version 1.x (SunOS 4.1.x), or • Solaris version 2.x (SunOS 5.x), and • National Instruments GPIB driver: NI-488.2M Hewlett Packard • HP 9000 O/S 10.x and above • National Instruments GPIB driver: • HP E2091 HP I/O Libraries for HP 9000 series 700. a) NI-488.
Remote GigaView ™ INSTALLATION Windows™ 95/98/2000 /NT 4.0/XP If a previous version of Remote GigaView has been installed, backup copies of existing files should be made or a different installation directory should be chosen during Step 4 below. To install Remote GigaView: 1. Insert Remote GigaView CD into the CDROM drive. 2. Wait for Autostart program to run setup program. If Autostart does not start the installation program, click the Start button and then click Run. 3.
UNIX Although it is not mandatory, it is recommended that root user perform the Remote GigaView installation. If root user is unavailable, write permissions to the installation directory are needed. A symbolic link is created by the root user in the /bin directory in order to provide universal access to the program. To install Remote GigaView: 1. Mount the CDROM using the applicable method for your workstation. 2. Issue the following command for SUN/Solaris: //setup.sun or for HP-UX 10.
Glossary of Terms +/- 0.5 UI Filter - Available when a pattern marker is being used and Quick-mode is not enabled. Eliminates stray errors due to insertion of extra IDLE characters compensating for device re-clocking that disrupts standard Fibre Channel test patterns. Filters are automatically calculated and applied to throw away any measurements that are more then +/0.5 UI away from their expected positions. If more than 5% of the edges are filtered, an error will be reported.
button will display a Add/Delete Channel - Clicking on selection box for adding or deleting channels. Use the keypad to select one or more channels to measure. Buttons will toggle channel on or off. Click on Enter when done. Add command (View menu) - Adding a view opens a new (default) tool window associated with the active tool. There may be many opened window views of one tool, but all views reflect any measurements or settings for that tool.
Arm2 Gating – DTS compatibility mode. Enables/disables Arm2 input as a gating input. With Arm2 Gating On, the trip voltage set by Arm2 Gating Voltage is used. Rising sets gating high and falling sets gating low. Arming - The SIA-3000™ is not a triggered instrument in the sense that measurements are made based on a trigger. Rather the Arm provides a "get ready" signal to prepare the measurement channel to make a time measurement. Jitter on the arm will not transfer to jitter on the measurement.
Back - Return to previous Dialog bar page or Getting Started Wizard page. Bandwidth Enhanced - Selecting "Bandwidth Enhanced" by checking the box in the Global Tool Settings dialog box applies DSP to the measurement results enhancing the analog bandwidth to 10GHz. The waveform must be periodic such as a clock or repeating pattern. It applies to the waveform shown in all tools using the oscilloscope other than SATAII Hardware Clock Recovery and InfiniBand.
Bit Rate Patterns - Determines the number of patterns over which a single time measurement is made. Because the pattern and total number of UI is known, the Bit Rate that is reported is an average value derived from the total time across a number of patterns (defined by Bit Rate Patterns) divided by the total number of UI contained in that many patterns. Bit Rate Samples - Determines the total number of time samples acquired for the single time measurement.
Cascade command (View menu) - Arranges windows so they overlap starting in the upper left-hand corner with the active tool screen being displayed. The title bar of each window tool remains visible allowing easy selection of any window. Center Mask Horizontally - This button will center the mask horizontally in the view. Channel - Select any channel for single channel functions. The default is Chan 1 or Ref 1.
Clock Recovery Configuration Dialog Box - If your SIA-3000 has the Clock Recovery (CR) option, it will need to be configured for the specific data rate that you wish to measure. The configuration is a global setting and may be accessed from the Edit menu under "CR Configuration". Or, from within the tools that may utilize the CR, you can access the same global configuration setup (See figure to the right). The CR data rate that is set is displayed in the bottom status bar.
Crosspoint Detect - Crosspoint detect normalizes the data rising edge and falling edge histograms relative to the bit clock (see Figure below). Pulsefind (Auto) sets the threshold automatically to the 50% level. Crosspoint detect changes pulsefind to User Volts and automatically varies the threshold until the histograms of rising and falling edges are overlaid. Note: Above the 50% threshold, Falling edges precede Rising edge while below it, Rising edges precede falling edges.
DataBus Arm Violations - There are 4 possible arm violations in this tool. The examples below show cases where the Arm Delay could be set improperly. If you encounter one of these cases, change the 'Arm Delay' and reacquire the measurements. The first is shown in the following figure. In this case, the histograms have tall, main peaks but, on the right side, the short distributions trail off close to a full UI to the left.
The third example is shown in the following figure and displays a situation where the falling edges are 1 UI away from the rising edges. This occurs when the data has Duty Cycle Distortion (DCD) and the Rising edges are seen but the falling edges aren't. The last situation occurs when the distance between the Data histograms isn't correct. As you can see in the following figure, the UI should be 321ps (3.125Gbps) but the actual distance is 212ps.
If you change your view to the clock histogram (see figure below) you will see that there is a positive histogram centered at 320ps and a negative one at –320ps. When this tool measured the clock to get the UI, the mean of these 2 histograms was 212ps (see the summary in Table 1 below). Thus, when the data is mirrored to the other side of the clock (see DataBus measurement theory) it's not the correct distance.
Data Channel - Select channel for data input. Data Path - The Data Path button allows you to change directories if you frequently save measurement data to directories other than C:\Visi. Data Dependent Jitter (DDJ) - The jitter that is added when the transmission pattern is changed from a clock-like to non-clock-like pattern. Includes Intersymbol Interference (ISI). DDJ is generally due to bandwidth effects of the transmission media.
DCD + ISI LPF - This option applies a Low Pass Filter to the DCD+ISI data. The resulting, filtered data is plotted on top of the raw DCD+ISI data in the DCD+ISI vs. Edge plot window. This feature allows the modeling of receiver performance given the measured (transmitted) data pattern if the characteristics of the receiver are known. DCD + ISI Patterns - Enter number of pattern intervals for which measurements will be taken. Defaults to 1 for compliance testing.
DCD + ISI Samples - This is the number of time samples in each histogram for each edge of the pattern. The histogram MIN, MEAN and MAX times can be seen in the DCD + ISI vs. Edge view. It is the mean value of the histogram that is compared to an ideal unit interval for each edge. DCD + ISI Standard Error - Indicates when suspect measurements have been taken, usually as a result of improper pattern selection. Default is 0.5 UI.
Delete this Plot Button - Clicking on button will delete the selected plot. Deskew Calibration - Measures the difference between the channel paths in order to zero out those differences when taking a measurement. GigiView™ has two Deskew calibration buttons. The Deskew Calibration button will guide the user through the measuring of the channel paths (AC channel calibration). The Deskew with DC Cal button will guide the user through both the AC calibration as well as DC calibrations.
Dimensions Options - Opens menu for the sizing and positioning of the box used for histograms. Disable All command (Action menu) - Use this command to stop all running windows simultaneously. Shortcut Key: F8 Disconnect Network Drive - Disconnect a network drive that is currently mapped to this instrument. Display Errors - Displays up to 64, 20-bit portions of the pattern that contained a bit error. The bit in error is marked with a marker above the number.
Edges to Skip - Will determine the number of edges to skip before the time measurement stops. When measuring Period, a value of zero will create a histogram of single period measurements. A value of one will create a histogram of double period measurements, etc. Thus, when skipping one edge, the mean measurement would be doubled. Edit Mask - Clicking on the Edit Mask button will provide access to fields for changing the position and size of the mask.
Error Tolerance (UI) - Measurements of an edge that exceed this value will cause an error. Extended (Calibration) - The "Extended" check box will allow the user to select increased time periods for the Timer Calibration. Extended (internal) Calibration allows the user to possibly reduce jitter due to the noise floor of the instrument through the use of longer internal calibration periods. A pull down menu to the right of the Extended check box selects the length of the calibration.
Filters - Enables/disables time and range filtering. The Window Filter is a post-processing filter that ignores measurements acquired outside of the filter parameters. The summary window will show the statistics from the measurements within the filter window and the histogram view will display the filtered region. The filter does not change the number of samples that fall within the filtered area, so the Hits Per Edge reflects the total unfiltered histogram.
Gaussian - A statistical distribution (also termed "normal") characterized by populations that are not bounded in value and have well defined "tails". Analog amplifiers are the most important source of Gaussian noise in serial data transmissions. The term "random" in this document always refers to jitter that has a Gaussian distribution. Global Tool Settings... - This popup dialog box allows access to settings that can affect all tool applications.
Histogram Options button - This button will open a menu for configuring a histogram window. The histogram shows statistics from the samples that fall inside this window. Hits per Pass - Number of time measurements included in an Histogram. Hold Time (ns) - Enter the hold time specification. This will change the darkened area on the Data Histogram plot, showing a window of pass or fail. Hold Zoom command (Display menu) - Maintain current zoom setting when in Run/Cycle mode.
Jitter - Jitter is a period / frequency displacement of a signal from its ideal location. These displacements can occur in amplitude, phase or pulse width and are generally categorized as either deterministic or random in nature. The reference event is the differential zero crossing for electrical signals and the nominal receiver threshold power level for optical systems. Jitter is composed of both deterministic and Gaussian (random) content.
Keep Out Enable - By turning this feature on, the user is able to define an exclusion region for Tail Fit. When a keep out region is defined, the Tailfit or Gaussian distributions will only be fit to the left and right of the keep out region. To define a keep out region the Current View must be either on Left or Right Histogram. This feature can be useful for capturing low probability events. Keep Out Left Limit (ns) - A user definable time for the left side of the distribution for exclusion.
Learn Pattern - A pattern may be "learned" if it is not already stored as a .ptn file or too long to be manually entered in Edit Pattern. The data stream must be relatively jitter free and a suitable pattern marker must be available as an external arm. The number of bits in the pattern must be known and the Bit Rate must be entered as precisely as possible.
Manual Channel Skew - Clicking on this button will reveal a panel for entering relative channel skews for up to 10 channels. Manual Channel Skew is used to compensate for external paths. The Deskew Calibration Only and Deskew Calibration with DC Offset will deskew the internal paths of the SIA-3000 to the front panel SMA connectors. These calibrations do not compensate for external cables from the SIA-3000 inputs. Some measurements that the SIA-3000 makes are between channels or "channel to channel.
Maximum SSC Frequency (kHz) - When the 'Data Standards' selection is "Custom", this in combination with Minimum SSC Frequency, determines the SSC frequency range over which the tool will search for the maximum SSC ppm deltas. Measure Bit Rate (Mb/s) - Measures the Bit Rate based on a correctly defined pattern. The bit rate is derived by measuring the total time over a number of pattern repeats and calculating an ideal unit interval.
Minimum Effective Rate - Enter minimum value for curve fit range when calculating effective deterministic and random jitter. Minimum Filter (MHz) - Lower frequency limit for the window over which RJ and PJ is calculated. Default is Corner Frequency. This setting cannot be set lower than the corner frequency. Minimum Hits - A Tailfit is not attempted until the number of hits specified is acquired.
Offset (mV) - Sets the voltage offset of the waveform, or use the "Vertical Position" knob on the front panel. Offset (ps) - Offsets the specification area (in picoseconds). Offset Frequency (Hz) - Frequency at which dBc is calculated. Offset Width (Hz) - Range of frequencies, centered on the offset frequency, over which the dBc is calculated. Offset\Width Limits - Choose between typical setup and hold limits and worst case setup and hold limits. "Typical" references the Mean of the clock histogram.
Output Termination - Sets the termination impedance for the selected channel. This list control is available only when the Custom 1-Custom 3 presets are selected. Overlays command (Display menu) - Gives the user the option of displaying up to 10 measurements, or sets of measurements, on top of each other for comparison on the same plot. The most recent measurement is a dark line while previous measurements are light lines of the same color.
Perform Placement Button - Automatically places an arm edge in a low transition portion of the pattern. Periodic Jitter (PJ) - Periodic Jitter (PJ) is caused by one or more sine waves and its harmonics. It is typically the result of signal crosstalk. Jitter that is sinusoidal and is bounded. Plot Display - Display plots overlaid or stacked in rows on top of one another.
Pulsefind Button/selection (Action menu) - Performs a peak-to-peak voltage measurement and sets the voltage threshold to be used for timing measurements. This is normally the 50% point unless rise or fall time is being measured where 20%-80% or 10%-90% is used. These rise or fall thresholds are set in the Edit|Configuration dialog box. Pulsefind Mode - Selects the mode used when determining voltages for calculating voltage thresholds. The default is Peak.
RJ + PJ High Pass Filter - A post-processing filter that is applied to the data after acquisition. The filter affects the determination of what are considered peaks in the FFT views. The highlighted peaks are then reported among the values displayed in the Summary View. Choices are Natural Rolloff and Brickwall. User can enter value in box labeled High Pass Frequency (MHz) only when the Brickwall selection is enabled. The displayed values are not used when options are deselected.
Save Mask - Opens a dialog box for saving the open mask. Scale to Fit - Once the settings are selected, pressing this button will scale the eye mask as a percentage of the actual signal displayed. Select Button - Pressing on the Select Button highlights one of the displayed Markers and allows the user to move the marker using the dial. Serial ATA Specifications - This selection enables the specification levels to be set for the proper measurement point.
Start Arm - Choose channel for Start Arming input. See also Arming. Start Delay (Periods) - Set number of periods to delay before taking measurements relative to the Arm edge. Start Edge Voltage - When Threshold Voltage is in Auto, this box displays the voltages set by Pulsefind. When Threshold Voltage is in USER, the box permits manual entry of a voltage. Start Voltage - This is the voltage threshold used to start the chosen measurement.
Sync Mode - Used to specify the mode of operation of the SYNC OUT signal. Jitter Sync This mode will cause the SYNC OUT to follow the Jitter Frequency value. The Jitter Frequency value must be greater than 510.8Hz. The Jitter Output On/Off control does not need to be enabled. The Sync Freq and Sync Divide controls will be disabled with this selection. Bit Clock This mode will cause the SYNC OUT to follow the main Frequency value. The Sync Divide control is enabled.
Threshold Voltage - When set to Auto, sets start and stop threshold reference voltages (see Pulsefind) based on the minimum and maximum pulse level found on each channel. The level of input voltage at which a binary logic circuit changes from one logic state to the other. Jitter is indicated by distributed transitions (crossings) of the threshold as the data toggles between logic states. Histograms of transition regions can be taken at the threshold level.
Total Jitter Spec (ns) - The width used in the Bathtub View to assess the Error Probability in nanoseconds. Different specs will yield different bathtub curves) without re-acquiring measurements. Total Jitter Spec = 500ps Total Jitter Spec = 300ps Transimpedance - The ratio of differential output voltage to differential control current. Trigger - Select trigger source channel. Trigger button - Select and configure a trigger channel.
Verify Calibration - This verification does NOT change any calibration values, it only checks them and suggests whether or not a calibration should be performed. As the next step after verification, a calibration may need to be performed. View List - Displays open tools. User can activate open tool by selecting. Voffset (mV) - Position the histogram box vertically. Voltage Average/RMS - Toggle on or off the display/measurement of Average and RMS values.
Window Maximum - Enter maximum filtering time in seconds. See also Filters. Window Minimum - Enter minimum filtering time in seconds. See also Filters. Window Width - Enter filter range (0 to ±2.49 seconds) of Window Filter. See also Filters. Wizard To use the Wizard: 1) Press the button for the type of measurement you would like to make. 2) Follow Setup Directions. 3) Choose parameter to be measured. The SIA-3000 will make that measurement. Some measurements may take a while to complete.
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