LMS4000 900 MHz Radio Network User Guide APCD-LM043-8.
: WaveRider Communications Inc. Software License Agreement This is a legal agreement between you (either an individual or an entity) and WaveRider Communications Inc. for the use of WaveRider computer software, hereinafter the “LICENSED SOFTWARE”. By using the LICENSED SOFTWARE installed in this product, you acknowledge that you have read this license agreement, understand it, and agree to be bound by its terms.
: The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies or organizations: Castlerock SNMPc Server / Castle Rock Computing Adobe Acrobat © 2002-2003 by WaveRider Communications Inc. All rights reserved. This manual may not be reproduced by any means in whole or in part without the express written permission of WaveRider Communications Canada Inc. RELEASE 8.0, August 2003 APCD-LM043-8.
: Warranty In the following warranty text, “WaveRider®” shall mean WaveRider Communications Inc. This WaveRider product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the date of purchase. During this warranty period WaveRider will, at its option, either repair or replace products that prove to be defective. For warranty service or repair, the product must be returned to a service facility designated by WaveRider.
: Contents Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: 3.5.3 Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.5.4 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.5.5 Data Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.5.6 Co-located Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.5.7 Duplexing . . .
: 5.2.4 Out-of-band Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.5 Using Bandpass Filters at CAP Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2.6 Single- or Multi-CAP Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 Multi-CAP RF Network Design Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3.1 Multi-CAP Network Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: 8.3 Configuring EUM IP Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Configuring Port Filtering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Configuring SNMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.6 Configuring the Customer List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 139 140 142 9 Installing the EUM .
: Appendix G CCU/EUM Data Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Appendix H Windows Ping Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Appendix I SNMP MIB Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Appendix J Operating Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Appendix K Sample IP Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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: Figures Figure 1 Sample WaveRider 900 MHz Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxii Figure 1 Quick Startup Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 2 Quick Startup — CCU Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 3 Quick Startup — EUM Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 4 Quick Startup — Ping Test (from EUM Ethernet port) . . . .
: xii Figure 32 Routed Mode – Ethernet Broadcast Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Figure 33 Switched Ethernet Mode – Ethernet Broadcast Domain for a single CCU . 63 Figure 34 Switched Ethernet Mode – Ethernet Broadcast Domain for multiple CCUs 64 Figure 35 Switched Ethernet Mode – using multi-port router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Figure 36 Example of a Spectral Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: Tables Table 1 CCU and EUM Stats Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix Table 1 LMS4000 900MHz Radio Network Channelization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Table 2 Typical Radio Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Table 3 Factory Default GOS Configuration File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Table 4 Factory Configured Community Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: xiv Table 33 Ethernet Interface Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Table 34 Power Supply Specifications Table 35 Environmental Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Table 36 CCU Factory Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Table 37 EUM Factory Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: Table 71 WaveRider CCU Authorization Table MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Table 72 CCU RFC MIB-II Traps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Table 73 WaveRider EUM Base MIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Table 74 WaveRider EUM General Information Enterprise MIBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Table 75 WaveRider EUM Radio Configuration Enterprise MIBs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
: xvi Table 109 Example – CCU Radio IP Addressing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Table 110 Example – EUM Subnet Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Table 111 Example – EUM IP Addressing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Table 112 Example – Subscriber Subnet Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Table 113 Example – Subscriber IP Addressing Plan . . . . . . . . . . . .
: Preface About this Manual WaveRider recommends that you read the following sections before proceeding with the instructions in this guide: • Software License Agreement on page ii • Warranty on page iv • Warnings and Advisories on page xix • Conventions on page xvii NOTE: The information contained in this manual is subject to change without notice. The reader should consult the WaveRider web site for updates. Document Scope This user guide refers to software version 4.0. What’s New in Version 4.
: TIP: Whenever you see this icon and heading, the associated text provides a tip for facilitating the installation, testing, or operation of the equipment or software. Regulatory Notices This device has been designed to operate with several different antenna types. The gain of each antenna type shall not exceed the maximum antenna system gain as given in Appendix F on page 229. Antennas having a higher gain are strictly prohibited by Industry Canada and FCC regulations.
: Operational Requirements CCU3000, EUM3000, and EUM3003 In accordance with the FCC Part 15 regulations: 1. The maximum peak power output of the intentional radiator shall not exceed one (1) watt for all spread spectrum systems operating in the 902 to 928MHz band. This power is measured at the antenna port of the CCU or the EUM. 2.
: WARNING! To comply with FCC RF exposure limits, the antennas for the CCU must be fix-mounted on outdoor permanent structures to provide a separation distance of 2m or more from all persons to satisfy RF exposure requirements. The distance is measured from the front of the antenna to the human body. It is recommended that the antenna be installed in a location with minimal pathway disruption by nearby personnel.
What’s New What’s New in Version 4.3 Version 4.3 introduces the following CCU and EUM features: Spectrum Analyser A major new feature available in Version 4.3 is the Spectrum Analyser, a tool useful for site surveys, installation and troubleshooting. Functionally, it provides an indication of signal level and interference, from external sources and from frequency re-use. On the CCU and EUM, the radio analyze command will force the radio to step across the 900 MHz ISM frequency band.
: Figure 1 Sample WaveRider 900 MHz Spectral Analysis Transmit Power Steps The transmit power level can now be programmed in 1 dB steps from +15 to 26 dBm. The ability to set the transmit power in 1 dB steps is particularly useful in high-density environments, where site-to-site interference may be a problem. RSSI, SQ and RNA on CCU The CCU now measures and reports RSSI, SQ and RNA on a per-EUM basis. RSSI is the received power measured when a packet is received from a particular EUM.
: Watch Display Summary Calculations The Watch Results display has been improved and now resembles the Statistics Summary display. Percentages and totals are now displayed for Transmitted Packets, Transmitted Payloads, Received and Expected Responses and Received Payloads. RSSI, SQ and RNA have also been added to the Watch Results display. Gratuitous ARP The EUM now transmits a “gratuitous” ARP (an ARP for its own IP address) two seconds after power up.
: What’s New in Version 4.0 Version 4.0 introduced the following CCU and EUM features: Switched Ethernet Mode and Through Only Mode The CCU can now act as an Ethernet Switch, with the CCU Ethernet and radio interfaces in the same Ethernet domain, rather than as a router. Packets arriving at the CCU from the radio port are switched either out the Ethernet port, back out the radio port, to the application and/or all three based on the Ethernet header.
: RADIUS Authorization and Accounting Support The CCU now supports RADIUS authorization and accounting. When enabled, the CCU generates a RADIUS access-request message for each registered EUM on a periodic basis. The responses from the RADIUS server are used to maintain the authorization table. If accounting is enabled, the CCU sends periodic accounting updates to the RADIUS server for each registered EUM.
: Previously, the CCU chose, at the beginning of each polling cycle, which EUM (or random access) to poll. If no EUM was ready to be polled, a random access poll was sent. Now, the CCU both chooses which EUM (or random access) to poll and when to do so. So, if no EUM (or random access) is ready to be polled immediately, it determines which will be ready soonest and schedules the poll for that time.
: Ethernet Link Status Indication Ethernet Link Status is now reflected in the esmc0 interface operational status MIB variable. It is Up if the link light is on, Down if not. Note that adminStatus is always Up as it is never turned off. These statistics are available from the snmp interface command or through SNMP. Radio Link Status Indication The radio command now displays the message “Radio disabled” if it is.
: Link Quality Test Shortcuts The file get command syntax has been extended to simplify link quality testing. The file get command, with no parameters, expands to file get buywavc null null, where is the gateway IP address for the unit. The operator is prompted for the password. This is the short form for the link quality test at an EUM where its gateway is the CCU.
: IP and Subnet Print Formatting The IP address, subnet, and subnet mask are now printed more clearly and in the format they are entered: • IP Address: 192.168.10.11 / 24 • IP Subnet : 192.168.10.0 ( 255.255.255.0 ) File Directory CRC The file dir command computes and displays a 32 bit CRC over each file in the file system. The FTP “LIST” command produces the same information. The sa1110.exe, sa1110.bak, port.cfg, and bootrom.bin CRCs are published in the software upgrade procedure.
: Radio Meter Improvement The radio meter command can now take an interval in seconds [1-30] as an argument and prints the metered values in rates per second, over that interval. The printouts continue at that interval until a key is pressed or the console times out. If no argument is given, the totals are printed. Only GOS classes that had some activity during the interval are displayed.
1 Introduction The LMS4000 system provides 900MHz and 2.4GHz wireless. high-speed Internet connectivity to business and residential subscribers.
1: Introduction indoor diversity antenna and extended coverage to installations using external highgain antennas.The 900 MHz ISM band is more suited to NLOS (non-line of sight) wireless Internet applications than other ISM bands because it has superior propagation performance, demonstrating the following benefits: • • • • High-speed Channel: The LMS4000 900MHz Radio Network provides a raw channel bit rate of 2.75Mbps, which translates to peak FTP rates of 2Mbps.
1: Introduction • DHCP Relay: CCUs support DHCP relay, which, once enabled, allows end-user PCs to automatically obtain their IP and DNS server addresses from the network operator’s DHCP servers. DHCP relay simplifies the EUM installation even further and makes it even easier for the modem to be installed by the end user. • End-user Registration: All end user modems automatically transmit a registration request to the LMS4000 system so they can access the wireless network.
1: Introduction • Extensive Installation, Maintenance and Diagnostic Support: The CCU and EUM are equipped with a wide range of features and utilities to facilitate unit installation, operation, maintenance, monitoring, and diagnostics: • • • • • • • • • • Visual status indicators on all units Simple-to-use command-line interface, offering full unit configuration capability Windows-based EUM configuration and installation utilities RSSI (receive signal strength indication) output, to simplify antenna poi
2 Quick Startup This section outlines the procedure for setting up a very simple LMS4000 900 MHz radio network consisting of one CCU and one EUM. This simple network, which can be set up in a lab environment, helps you become familiar with basic LMS4000 configuration and operation. As you become more confident and are ready to progress to customer installations, WaveRider recommends reading the other sections in the manual.
2: Quick Startup 2.2 Quick Startup Network Figure 1 shows the IP addressing scheme for the quick startup network described in this chapter. Gateway Router 192.168.10.1 /24 CCU Switched 192.168.10.2 /24 The EUM Ethernet IP address is conf igured. 192.168.10.250 /24 Subscriber Computer 192.168.10.251 /24 Figure 1 2.3 Quick Startup Network Equipment Setup Remove the equipment from the boxes and set up the physical configuration shown in Figure 2.
2: Quick Startup • Ensure the paths between the CCU and EUMs are relatively free from obstruction. 10 - 15 f t CCU set-up antenna EUM Power Supply EUM CCU3000 6 1 RS232 cable 4 2 CCU power supply EUM Antenna 5 7 3 Figure 2 Quick Startup — CCU Configuration For detailed information on connecting to CCUs and EUMs, please refer to Appendix E on page 221. This section explains how to configure CCU and EUM parameters using the CLI. 2.4 CCU Configuration The CCU serves as a switch.
2: Quick Startup You will see the CCU command prompt: 60:03:3a> NOTE: The default prompt on a CCU includes the last five characters of the CCU Serial Number. 3. Type the following commands to configure the CCU (commands are shown in bold): 60:03:3a> protocol switched CCU in Switched Ethernet Mode 60:03:3a> ip radio 192.168.10.2 24 IP Address: 192.168.10.2 / 24 IP Subnet : 192.168.10.0 ( 255.255.255.0 ) 60:03:3a> ip gateway 192.168.10.1 Gateway IP Address: 192.168.10.
2: Quick Startup CCU configuration is now complete. 6. Type exit and press Enter to log out of the CCU. 2.5 EUM Configuration The EUM serves as a bridge, connecting the PC Ethernet port to the airlink. In the following procedure, you will use the factory configuration of the EUM: • Ethernet IP address and subnet mask (192.168.10.250 /24) • Gateway IP address (192.168.10.1 /24) • Radio frequency (9050) Figure 3 shows the EUM configuration for the Quick Startup.
2: Quick Startup You will see the EUM command prompt: 60:ff:fe> NOTE: The default prompt on an EUM includes the last five digits of the EUM serial number. 3. Enter the commands shown in bold below to confirm the IP and radio configurations: 60:ff:fe> ip IP Address: 192.168.10.250 / 24 IP Subnet : 192.168.10.0 ( 255.255.255.0 ) Gateway IP Address: 192.168.10.1 60:ff:fe> radio RF Power: HIGH Radio Frequency: 9050 60:ff:fe> EUM configuration is now complete. 4.
2: Quick Startup 2.7 Testing CCU–EUM Communications Once you have completed the configuration of the Quick Startup, you can test communications between the CCU and the EUM by pinging the EUM from the CCU. To Run a Ping Test Through the EUM Ethernet Port 1. Connect the PC to the EUM Ethernet port, as shown in Figure 4. PC: Ethernet 192.168.10.251 /24 Gateway : 192.168.10.1 /24 CCU: Gateway : 192.168.10.1 /24 Radio: 192.168.10.2 /24 EUM: Ethernet 192.168.10.250 /24 Gateway : 192.168.10.
2: Quick Startup Reply from 192.168.10.250: bytes=32 time=60ms TTL=63 Ping statistics for 192.168.10.250: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 40ms, Maximum = 71ms, Average = 55ms C:\>ping 192.168.10.2 Pinging 192.168.10.2 with 32 bytes of data: Reply Reply Reply Reply from from from from 192.168.10.2: 192.168.10.2: 192.168.10.2: 192.168.10.
3 Detailed Description This section describes the technologies and features used in the LMS4000 900 MHz Radio Network. • LMS4000 Overview on page 14 • LMS4000 Transmission Concept on page 21 • Basic Data Transmission on page 24 • LMS4000 Protocol Stacks on page 31 • CCU–EUM Interface Physical Layer (DSSS Radio) on page 35 • CCU–EUM Interface MAC Layer (Polling MAC) on page 40 • CCU and EUM Feature Description on page 53 APCD-LM043-8.
3: Detailed Description 3.1 LMS4000 Overview Figure 5 is a high-level schematic of the LMS4000 system, showing the key system components and interfaces.
3: Detailed Description • Transmission Line on page 17 • Lightning Arrestor on page 17 (for outdoor antenna installation) EUM The EUM, shown in Figure 6, is a wireless modem that connects to the end-user’s computer through an Ethernet connection. The EUM, which acts as a network bridge, receives data from the CCU over the 900 MHz radio link, and then forwards this data to EUM internal processes or to the end-user’s computer through the Ethernet port.
3: Detailed Description mount vertically on walls (using drywall screws), or horizontally (on desks, for example, using the suction cups). The concave surface of the antenna is the front. Antenna Front Figure 7 WaveRider Indoor Directional Antenna with Switched-beam Diversity The WaveRider diversity antenna contains two vertical antenna elements mounted inside and on either side of the antenna housing.
3: Detailed Description comes from the CCU, the EUM samples the signal strength often—typically faster than once every 5 ms. The end user must position the switched-beam diversity antenna correctly to receive an adequate signal level. The Radio LED on the EUM, described in Indicators and Connectors on page 88, can be used to help with the alignment.
3: Detailed Description 3.1.2 Communications Access Point (CAP) The CAP is the collection and distribution point for data travelling to and from EUMs. In the EUM-to-network direction, the CAP aggregates data from the radio channels into a single data stream, which is passed either directly or over a backhaul facility to the Network Access Point.
3: Detailed Description Ethernet Port 10 BaseT Baseband Controller Console Port DB9, RS232 Media Access Controller Baseband Radio Baseband Processor Up/Down Converter Power Amplifier/ Low-noise Amplifier Antenna Radio Power 7.
3: Detailed Description Cavity Filters WaveRider recommends the use of cavity filters with all CCUs and is mandatory if co-located with other CCUs. Cavity filters help to isolate the CCU from inband interferers, such as colocated CCUs or non-WaveRider ISM band equipment, as well as out-of-band interferers, such as cellular base stations and paging transmitters. Lightning Arrestors Since the CCU antenna is mounted outdoors, lightning arrestors are required with all CCU installations.
3: Detailed Description 3.2 LMS4000 Transmission Concept This section explains the transmission concept for the following CCU protocol modes: • Routed Mode on page 21 • Switched Ethernet Mode on page 22 • Through Only Mode on page 23 3.2.1 Routed Mode In Routed mode, the LMS4000 900 MHz Radio Network can be thought of as an Ethernet switch with a built-in router, as shown in Figure 12.
3: Detailed Description 3.2.2 Switched Ethernet Mode Figure 13 shows the LMS4000 900 MHz Radio Network transmission concept for Switched Ethernet mode.
3: Detailed Description The network configuration in Figure 15 illustrates Switched Ethernet mode where the CCU supports a single IP subnet on the radio interface, all EUMs and subscribers are on the same subnet. Interface 0/0 10.2.23.6/24 192.168.60.5/24 Router Switch Internet Interface 0/1 192.168.60.1/24 DHCP, RADIUS Server 192.168.60.7/24 Gateway for EUMs & Suscriber: 192.168.60.1 EUM CCU3000 Antenna 192.168.60.101/24 subscriber 192.168.60.201/24 192.168.60.10/24 EUM 192.168.60.
3: Detailed Description 3.3 Basic Data Transmission This section describes how an EUM registers, and once it is registered, how data traffic flows from the Internet to the end-user PC and from the end-user PC to the Internet. The process in both directions involves CCU and EUM data tables, which are described in more detail in Appendix G on page 231.
3: Detailed Description 3. If the grade of service is not DENIED, the CCU adds the EUM to the Registration Table, described in Registration Table (CCU only) on page 240 and sends a Registration Response message to the EUM. Data communications are then enabled. However, if the Registration Table on the CCU is already full, the CCU treats it as DENIED. 4. If the grade of service is DENIED, the CCU sends a Deregistration Request to the EUM and data communications are disabled.
3: Detailed Description 3.3.2 Internet to End-user Computer Data Transmission using Routed Mode 1. Internet traffic comes through the gateway router, and possibly through backhaul and Ethernet switches, to the CCU Ethernet port. 2. The CCU receives a packet through the CCU Ethernet port and checks the TCP or UDP port number. If the port number appears in the CCU Port Filter Table, described in Port Filter Table (CCU and EUM) on page 231, the packet is discarded. 3.
3: Detailed Description 5. The EUM checks the destination MAC address. If the destination MAC address appears in the Bridge Table, meaning the destination is on the Ethernet side, the packet is discarded. 6. If the destination MAC address is the same as the EUM MAC address, then the packet is forwarded to the EUM application; otherwise, it is forwarded through the polling MAC and radio link to the CCU. 7. The CCU receives the packet through the CCU radio port.
3: Detailed Description 7. The packet is then transmitted through the Polling MAC and radio interface to the EUM. 8. The EUM receives the packet through the EUM radio port and checks the port number. If the port number appears in the EUM Port Filter Table, the packet is discarded. 9. If the path to the destination is through the CCU radio port, then the CCU obtains the destination Ethernet MAC address from the ARP Table, described in ARP Table (CCU and EUM) on page 236.
3: Detailed Description 3.3.6 End-user Computer to Internet Data Transmission using Through Only Mode 1. The EUM receives packets from the end-user’s equipment through the Ethernet port. 2. The EUM checks the port number. If the port is listed in the EUM Port Filter Table, the packet is discarded. 3. If it is not already in the list, the EUM adds the source Ethernet address to the Bridge Table, described in Bridge Table (EUM or CCU in Switched Ethernet or Through Only Mode) on page 242.
3: Detailed Description Figure 16 depicts the typical exchange of RADIUS messages between the CCU RADIUS Client and the remote RADIUS Server. Registeration EUMs Acc ess Request RAD IUS C lient CCU Ac ces s A cc ept Ac c es s Reject R ADIU S Serv er Deregisteration Database EUMID, GOS Figure 16 RADIUS Authorization 1. The CCU queries the RADIUS server with an Access Request message, which contains an EUM ID and RADIUS client (CCU) IP address. 2.
3: Detailed Description 3. On EUM deregistration, the RADIUS server sends an “Account Request – Stop” message with the final counts. 4. The RADIUS server sends an Accounting Response message to acknowledge any of the three Accounting Requests. 3.4 LMS4000 Protocol Stacks The LMS4000 900 MHz Radio Network is an IP (layer 3 for Routed mode; layer 2 for Switched Ethernet and Through Only modes) network that provides connectivity from the end-user’s computer to the Internet.
3: Detailed Description OSI Layer 5-7 End-User's Computer EUM3000 Applications (email, brow ser, ftp, telnet, ICQ, VoIP, ...
3: Detailed Description 3.4.1 Addressing of Packets Figure 21 shows how the source and destination MAC and IP addresses are sent in packets travelling between the end-user’s PC and the Internet network servers.
3: Detailed Description End-user PC to Network Server Destination IP Address Network Server IP Address Destination IP Address Source IP Address End-user PC IP Address Source IP Address Destination MAC Address NAP Router MAC A Address Internet Router MAC A Address Source MAC Address End-user PC MAC Address NAP Router MACB Address A EUM CCU Switch Backhaul Backhaul End-user PC B A Network MAC Server MAC Destination Address Address Internet Source MAC Router MAC B Address Address B NAP
3: Detailed Description 3.
3: Detailed Description adjacent to the ISM band does not exceed FCC and Industry Canada limits. 902 - 928 MHz ISM Band Lowest Channel 905 MHz Highest Channel 925 MHz FCC limit for emissions in adjacent band Figure 22 Determination of Lowest and Highest Channel The channel bandwidth also determines the minimum adjacent channel spacing for co-located CCUs. 3.5.3 Channels There are 101 channels in the band, set in 0.
3: Detailed Description • Reduced power spectral density: Spreading over a wider bandwidth reduces the spectral density (power per Hz of bandwidth) of the transmitted signal, allowing simultaneous operation of many spread-spectrum systems in the same frequency band and geographic area. The reduced spectral density also allows you to meet the regulatory emissions requirements in the ISM frequency bands.
3: Detailed Description 3.5.8 Transmit Power The maximum transmit power (HIGH power setting) of the CCU and EUM is +26 dBm, measured at the unit’s RF connector. It does not include gains and losses from antennas, transmission lines, and lightning arrestors, all of which affect the ERP (Effective Radiated Power) from the CAP or customer’s premise. Refer to Appendix F on page 229 for a discussion of related FCC and Industry Canada guidelines.
3: Detailed Description • More signal recovery from diffraction • More signal recovery from reflections Radio line of sight exists when there is a clear optical path between the CCU and EUM antennas, as well as adequate clearance of the path over terrain, foliage, and buildings. This clearance requirement is called the Fresnel clearance. The required clearance varies along the path and reaches a maximum at the path midpoint.
3: Detailed Description Table 2 shows the typical radio coverage (distance from the CCU) that the LMS4000 900 MHz Radio Networks can achieve. Table 2 should be used as a planning guideline only, due to the difficulty of accurately predicting radio coverage. Table 2 Typical Radio Coverage EUM Installation Typical LOS Range Typical NLOS Range Indoor Antenna (path to CCU is through a window) 3 mi (5 km) 1 mi (1.6 km) Outdoor Antenna 5 mi (8 km) 2 mi (3.
3: Detailed Description • Grade of Service (GOS) on page 43 • GOS Configuration Files on page 45 • Transmit Queue Limits on page 47 • Polling MAC Statistics on page 47 • Performance Modelling on page 47 • Atypical Applications on page 51 • Broadcast Applications on page 51 • Network Monitoring on page 52 • Voice Over IP (VoIP) on page 52 3.6.
3: Detailed Description In the registered/disassociated state, the EUM is still not being polled. But if the EUM has traffic to send, it tries to associate with the CCU through the random access channel. The EUM may also become associated if the CCU has a payload to send to the EUM. Once associated, the state of the EUM changes to active/associated. In the active/associated state, the EUM is polled often, at a rate consistent with its subscribed grade of service.
3: Detailed Description 3.6.3 Network Usage The design of the Polling MAC has been optimized to allow maximized user capacity for typical patterns found in Internet usage, which include browsing the world wide web, accessing email, transferring files, and streaming audio and video. The common characteristic of these uses is that they are bursty—data is transferred in bursts, with time in between the bursts when no data is transferred. As a result, not all users will be transferring data at the same time.
3: Detailed Description Operational objectives that are factored into the determination of the basic polling rate include the following: • Maximize overall user capacity and minimize the overhead related to empty polls. • Accommodate different types of data; for example, short, bursty data, such as email and browsing, and large file transfers. • Support differentiation of user classes in terms of committed information and maximum burst rate throughput levels.
3: Detailed Description In determining the order in which to poll the EUMs, the CCU tries to • ensure consecutive polls of an EUM occur within the range defined by the EUM's grade of service, • maintain the average time between polls defined by the grade of service, and • divide the total number of polls among EUMs consistent with the grades of service of the EUMs being polled.
3: Detailed Description Table 3 Factory Default GOS Configuration File Service Class Polling Rate (polls/second) FTP Rate (see note) Operator Assigned Best Effort 1 - 34 0 - 384 kbps Yes Bronze 1 - 90 0 - 1024 kbps Yes Silver 12 - 22 128 - 256 kbps Yes Gold 22 - 46 256 - 512 kbps Yes Broadcast Varies with channel load, from 16 to 29 Not applicable No Denied 0 0 Yes NOTE: While recognizing that the performance of data transmission through packet radio networks is randomly depen
3: Detailed Description 3.6.7 Transmit Queue Limits CCU transmit buffer space is a limited resource shared between the EUMs. If more traffic is received at the CCU for transmission to an EUM than can actually be transmitted to it, that EUM might eventually use up all available CCU buffer space, effectively starving all other users. Therefore, the number of packets in each EUM's transmit queue is intentionally limited.
3: Detailed Description • There are no channel errors • Servers are fast and do not present a bottleneck • There are no external link or backhaul bottlenecks • Typical CCU to EUM range is 0 to 3 km • GOS is unlimited • One end user for each EUM Probability that Performance was Exceeded Furthermore, assume that typical end-user traffic is Web browsing, averaging one 60 kbyte HTTP transfer every two minutes.
3: Detailed Description performance based on the number of EUMs that are associated at any given time, as is illustrated in Figure 27. 30 Frequency (%) 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Associated EUMs Figure 27 Associated EUMs — 100 EUMs, 60 kbyte HTTP every 2 minutes Of the 100 EUMs, each is associated at random times and for random intervals, so the probability of having more than ‘n’ EUMs associated must be determined statistically.
3: Detailed Description By increasing the number of EUMs to 300 and maintaining the same level of traffic per EUM, the modelled performance becomes Probability that Performance was Exceeded 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Performance (kbps) Figure 28 Net Throughput per Transfer (300 End users, 60 kbyte HTTP every 2 minutes) From Figure 28, each of the 300 end users can expect a net throughput better than 300 kbps 80% of the time, and better than 750 kbps 20% of the time.
3: Detailed Description From Figure 29, of 300 EUMs, eight were associated 12% of the time, and 14 were associated less than 3% of the time. The amount of time 25 or more EUMs were associated was less than 0.4%. All of these charts illustrate that many (LMS4000) users can share the limited bandwidth of the channel, yet most of the time, each perceives that they have most of the channel to themselves. 3.6.10 Atypical Applications The Polling MAC has been optimized for normal user applications.
3: Detailed Description Periodic Packet Sources Some applications send individual packets at fixed, often large, intervals, expecting only a single packet or small number of packets in response. The direct impact of these applications is that EUMs that are sent periodic packets remain associated for a longer period of time than that warranted by their end-user traffic level and continue to be polled unnecessarily.
3: Detailed Description direction. While the LMS4000 900 MHz Radio Network may be able to support this level, either as a guaranteed grade of service class parameter or on a best effort basis, VoIP applications result in a high per packet overhead on the radio channel. This overhead and the requirement for low latency mean the VoIP call occupies about 10% of the available bandwidth for the duration of the call. It obviously does not take very many VoIP users to significantly affect system performance.
3: Detailed Description The gateway router can provide DHCP server functionality, or you can implement a dedicated DHCP server, as shown in Figure 30. NMS Station Internet Router Switch DHCP Server DHCP Request (UDP) DHCP Response (UDP) EUM3000 Antenna DHCP Request CCU3000 (with DHCP Relay enabled) Figure 30 End-user Computer (with DHCP enabled) DHCP Response (layer-2 messages) DHCP Relay 3.7.2 Port Filtering The CCU and EUM both support TCP and UDP port filtering.
3: Detailed Description 3.7.3 SNTP/UTC Time Clock The Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP)/UTC feature provides LMS4000 devices with an accurate clock for time stamping events in the log file. SNTP/UTC Time Clock operation is illustrated in Figure 31.
3: Detailed Description 3.7.4 Customer List For each EUM, the system operator can control the number of end-user computers that can access the LMS4000 network for the purpose of controlling network performance or service differentiation. The use of this list is described in Bridge Table (EUM or CCU in Switched Ethernet or Through Only Mode) on page 242. 3.7.
3: Detailed Description CAUTION: By convention, most equipment ships with the default community strings defined in Table 4. WaveRider recommends that you change the community strings before you bring the LMS4000 equipment online, so that outsiders cannot see information about the internal network or configure system components. Management Information Bases (MIBs) All messages sent between the SNMP server and a network device are based on number codes.
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4 IP Network Planning This section is intended to guide you through the process of planning the topology of your LMS4000 900 MHz network, including IP addressing schemes and the placement and configuration of routers, Ethernet switches, and network servers. These decisions will be affected by your subscribers’ requirements, the services you intend to offer, your existing network environment, level of technical expertise, network size, and future expansion plans.
4: IP Network Planning its Ethernet interface into promiscuous mode and see all Ethernet traffic to and from another device on the same segment. For 10/100BaseT Ethernet, Ethernet devices connected directly, through Ethernet hub(s) or through Ethernet repeater(s) are on the same segment. Ethernet switches normally support one Ethernet segment per port since directed Ethernet traffic is switched from a port to only one other port, once the switch has learned which Ethernet devices are on which port.
4: IP Network Planning an IP subnet that allows 512 addresses (510 usable, since host address 0 and all 1s are reserved for IP broadcast) can be used. This is a subnet with a 23-bit netmask, allowing the last 9 bits of the IP address to be used for host addresses. If more than 510 IP addresses are needed at a later stage, then every EUM and subscriber needs to have a new IP subnet mask assigned. Routed mode does not allow the assignment of subscribers to different IP subnets in the radio network.
4: IP Network Planning Multiple Ethernet Broadcast Domains One IP subnet per Radio Network Internet EUM CCU1 Antenna subscriber EUM subscriber EUM CCU2 Antenna subscriber EUM subscriber Gateway Router Switch EUM CCU3 Antenna subscriber EUM DHCP, RADIUS Serv er subscriber EUM CCU4 Antenna subscriber EUM subscriber Figure 32 4.
4: IP Network Planning The radio networks for every CCU and the CCU Ethernet network, up to the router port, are part of a single Ethernet broadcast domain. All Ethernet devices connected to the same router port through Ethernet switches and radio networks contribute to broadcast traffic on this network, as shown in Figure 33 and Figure 34. Different IP subnets can be assigned to different devices in the radio network, if required.
4: IP Network Planning Interface 0 Internet Gateway Router Interface 1 Switch Serv ers (e.g DHCP, RADIUS) and/or other dev ices connected to switch(es) Ethernet Broadcast Domain, 1 or more IP subnets EUM CCU1 Antenna subscriber EUM subscriber EUM CCU2 Antenna subscriber EUM subscriber EUM CCU3 Antenna subscriber EUM subscriber EUM CCU4 Antenna subscriber EUM subscriber Figure 34 64 Switched Ethernet Mode – Ethernet Broadcast Domain for multiple CCUs APCD-LM043-8.
4: IP Network Planning 4.4 Through Only Mode This mode should only be used for PPPoE networks where ALL subscriber traffic is to be passed to or from a PPPoE server. This is a specialized configuration and not to be used for most networks. In Through Only mode, the CCU passes all radio network traffic to the CCU Ethernet network, regardless of the Ethernet destination MAC address.
4: IP Network Planning Note that with release V4.0 the CCU Ethernet port bridge table is limited to 256 entries. This imposes a further limit to the size of the Ethernet broadcast domain in Switched Ethernet and Through Only modes. A single CCU Ethernet port should see no more than 256 Ethernet devices. To compute this, take the total number of Ethernet devices in the broadcast domain, and subtract the number of Ethernet devices on the smallest radio network.
4: IP Network Planning Figure 35 shows an example of the second method, using a multi-port router. Interface 0 Internet Multi-Port Router Interface 1 Switch DHCP, RADIUS Serv er EUM CCU1 Antenna subscriber EUM Ethernet Broadcast Domains, each domain is one or more IP subnets subscriber EUM CCU2 Antenna subscriber EUM subscriber EUM CCU3 Antenna subscriber EUM subscriber EUM CCU4 Antenna subscriber EUM subscriber Figure 35 APCD-LM043-8.
4: IP Network Planning 4.6 Comparison of Modes Routed Mode 68 Switched Ethernet and Through Only Modes Ethernet Broadcast Domain Each radio network is a separate domain. The Ethernet network is a separate domain. The Radio networks and Ethernet networks are in the same domain, so all Ethernet devices up to the nearest router port share the domain. Number of Ethernet Devices. Recommend less than 650 per radio network and less than 650 on the Ethernet network.
4: IP Network Planning Routed Mode 4.7 Switched Ethernet and Through Only Modes IP Subnetting All radio network devices, including the CCU radio interface, EUMs, and subscribers are on one IP subnet. An arbitrary number of IP subnets can be supported as configured in the gateway router. Number of routes in gateway router One per radio network One per IP subnet defined.
4: IP Network Planning Through Only Mode • For a PPPoE Network only, where all subscribers use a PPPoE server. Routed Mode • Networks with adequate public IP addresses for all Radio Network Devices • Networks using private IP addresses for Radio Network Devices and NAT to map subscribers to public IP addresses. • Large networks where using added routers, multi-port routers or VLANs are not options. 4.7.
4: IP Network Planning 4.7.3 How many subscribers are supported per EUM? Number of Subscribers per EUM Network analysis shows that the maximum number of subscribers per radio network is 300, assuming a given subscriber profile. If there are subscribers that use more resources than this profile, then the network performance will start to degrade with fewer subscribers. With only one subscriber per EUM, this translates to a maximum of 300 EUMs. However, more than one subscriber can use an EUM.
4: IP Network Planning Switched Ethernet Mode Since multiple IP subnets can be supported over Switched Ethernet mode, the IP subnet mask for each subnet is up to you and is dependent on how many devices per subnet you wish to have. If private IP addresses are used to manage the EUMs, it is best to allocate a large enough subnet for the maximum number of EUMs supported. 72 APCD-LM043-8.
5 Radio Network Planning An important task in the implementation of LMS4000 900MHz Radio Networks is RF system planning and design. Whether you are deploying a single CCU or a complex multi-CAP, multiCCU network, proper system design is necessary to provide and maintain high-quality service to end users in your target serving area. 5.1 Design Methodology The following sections are not intended to provide detailed system design instructions; instead, they provide system design guidelines.
5: Radio Network Planning In all cases, these wide-ranging factors drive the system design and as a result, no two systems will be implemented the same way. The design methodology presented in this chapter uses a building-block approach. If the system you are designing is based on a single CCU, you need only read and learn about the guidelines presented in Basic System Design on page 74.
5: Radio Network Planning the spectral survey. See Spectrum Analyser on page 92 for details. The spectral survey is a critical first step in the system design. Not only does it provide the starting point for the RF network design, it establishes a baseline for the use and occupancy of the spectrum. Keep in mind that one of the major attractions of the ISM band is the fact that it is license free; as such, it is shared spectrum.
5: Radio Network Planning area, so that you can limit the impact of these potential interferers through proper site location, equipment configuration, and frequency selection. Figure 36 shows an actual spectral sweep, recorded using a spectrum analyser as part of a spectral survey, which shows the location of the cellular and paging transmitters in relation to the ISM band. Note the relative levels of the interfering signals.
5: Radio Network Planning approach would be to assign a higher frequency to sector A, such as 915MHz or 925MHz. Sector C Sector B CAP Sector A Cellular Transmitter Figure 37 Network Design in the Presence of Out-of-band Interference 5.2.5 Using Bandpass Filters at CAP Sites WaveRider provides high-quality, specially designed bandpass filters for use with the CCU. These filters reduce the effect of unwanted out-of-band and off-channel in-band interference.
5: Radio Network Planning engineer, as specified in Appendix A Specifications, the minimum separation between colocated channels is 6.6 MHz (an orthogonal adjacent channel) and requires a C/I ratio of 50 dB or better for non-interfering CCU operation. Once the antenna system gains and power output of the CCU radio are accounted for, the only way to practically provide adequate isolation for the required adjacent channel isolation is through the use of bandpass filters. 5.2.
5: Radio Network Planning The location of the CAP site in relation to the serving area determines whether the site will be a corner- or center-illuminated cell. Figure 38 illustrates the difference between these two methods of illumination.
5: Radio Network Planning configuration would triple the traffic-handling capacity of the site. Figure 39 illustrates the sectoring of a previously center-illuminated omnidirectional cell. CAP Figure 39 Sectored Cell Corner Illumination Corner illumination is generally used when it is not possible to establish a suitable CAP site near the middle of the target serving area.
5: Radio Network Planning multiple users, likely generates a lot more daytime traffic than a simple residential service used for Web browsing and email. In summary, the network design engineer must be aware of the intended use of the system — the customer profile, tariff rates, and committed grades of service — since these factors all influence the traffic demand on the system. 5.
5: Radio Network Planning information). Throughout this manual, however, WaveRider has referred to the standard frequency set shown in Table 5. Table 5 Standard Frequency Set 905.0MHz 915.0MHz 925.0MHz The standard frequency set represents a convenient and safe set of frequency assignments.
5: Radio Network Planning As an example, consider the frequency plan shown in Table 7. Table 7 Sample Frequency Plan — Multi-CAP Design Frequency Set A 905.0 - 911.6 - 918.4 - 925.0 Frequency Set A’ - 908.4 - 915.0 - 921.6 - In Table 7, Frequency Set A uses the minimum frequency spacing that should be considered for a single CAP site, 6.6MHz. Frequency Set A’ represents a set of channels which are interstitial to those in Frequency Set A.
5: Radio Network Planning provide enough time and resources for the engineering team to verify the design in the field through testing and signal-level measurements. Once you have established your CAP sites on the air, you can verify received signal levels throughout the network using a portable spectrum analyser. You can then compare these with those predicted by the RF system design.
5: Radio Network Planning 5.3.6 Summary of RF Design Guidelines A summary of guidelines presented in this chapter can be found in Table 8. Table 8 Summary of RF Design Guidelines DO • DO read and understand this chapter before you start your system design activity. • DO contact WaveRider Professional Services Group if you need assistance with spectral surveys, RF coverage analyses, or system engineering. • As a first step, always DO a spectral survey.
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6 Installation & Diagnostic Tools The CCU and EUM are equipped with the following features that facilitate unit installation, operation, maintenance, monitoring, and diagnostics: • Indicators and Connectors on page 88 • Command-line Interface on page 91 • EUM Configuration Utility on page 92 • Spectrum Analyser on page 92 • RSSI, Signal Quality, and Antenna Pointing on page 98 • Testing Connectivity Using the Ping Utility on page 100 • Testing the Radio Link Quality Using the File Get Command
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools 6.1 Indicators and Connectors The CCU and EUM are equipped with LED indicators that provide a visual indication of the status of the unit and its interfaces. The EUM LED indicators are illustrated in Figure 41, the CCU LED indicators in Figure 42, and a detail view of the Ethernet connector in Figure 43.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools LEDs (Power, Radio, and Network) USB (not used) Ethernet Connector Serial Port DC Power Connector RF Connector Figure 42 CCU LEDs and Connectors The LEDs are described below: 6.1.1 Network LED Table 9 Network LED LED State Ethernet Traffic Status OFF No Ethernet traffic present Slow Flash Ethernet traffic present but no radio traffic Fast Flash Ethernet and radio traffic present NOTE: A Network LED fast flash flashes at 2.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools 6.1.2 Radio LED In the following table, RSS is the Radio Signal Strength, in dBm. Table 10 Radio LED LED State RSS Value OFF No radio signal present Slow Flash Receive Threshold < RSS < -80 dBm Fast Flash -80 dBm < RSS < -70 dBm ON Solid RSS > -70 dBm NOTE: A Radio LED slow flash flashes at 0.83 Hz, 33% duty cycle, about once per second. A Radio LED fast flash flashes at 2.5 Hz, 50% duty cycle, about two or three times per second. 6.1.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools Table 12 Ethernet LEDs LED State Ethernet Status Link LED If the Link LED is ON, the Ethernet physical connection is configured and working properly. If the Link LED is OFF, then the Ethernet physical connection is not working properly, which could be because the wrong type of cable was used (a straight-through cable at the EUM instead of a crossover cable) or there is a problem with the host or device Ethernet interface.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools 6.3 EUM Configuration Utility The EUM can also be configured and monitored using the EUM Configuration Utility, a Windows-based graphical user interface (GUI) running on a PC. The PC connects to the EUM through the unit Ethernet port or from anywhere in the LMS4000 900 MHz Radio Network. The EUM Configuration Utility and EUM Configuration Utility User Guide can be downloaded from the WaveRider Web site at www.waverider.com. 6.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools Parameter Stop Description The upper boundary on frequencies sampled, also in 100’s of kHz. The default is 9300 (930.0MHz), which is also the maximum. Again, this is outside the allowed CCU and EUM transmission range.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools ftp> get specan.pdf local: specan.pdf remote: specan.pdf 200 Port set okay 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection 226 Transfer complete 6394 bytes received in 0.04 secs (171.3 kB/s) ftp> bye NOTE: Click here to obtain a copy of Acrobat Reader from the Adobe Web site. Examples of Spectrum Analyser graphical displays are shown in Figure 44, Figure 45, and Figure 46.
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96 6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools Figure 45 Spectral Analysis - Example B APCD-LM043-8.
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6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools To analyze and interpret the spectral graph, use the following guidelines: 1. If the Average RSSI (green dashed line) is greater than -40dBm, use an external filter at the output of the EUM or CCU. The EUM/CCU operating frequency should be at least 10MHz away from any signal that has an Average RSSI greater than -40dBm. 2.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools Table 15 Radio RSSI Data Data Description dBm Received radio power measured in dBm. RX The number of polls received from the CCU. A number between 16 and 700 is normal. TX The number of payloads transmitted and acknowledged on the first try from this EUM. This number will always be 0 unless there is some traffic from the EUM to the network.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools Table 16 Signal Quality Checks Retry Rate 6.6 Average SQ RNA RNB RSSI Indication High <8 < 20 Low (<-80 dBm) Poor signal. High <8 < 20 Good (>-80 dBm) Possible multipath or interference. If RNA and RNB are different, they may give an indication of the direction of the interferer. High >8 < 20 Good Possible severe multipath or interference problem.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools Measuring Radio Link Connectivity Different sized pings can help you gauge the quality of the wireless link. A good quality wireless link can pass large sized packets without any loss. If a link is of poor quality, small sized pings may be successful, while large sized pings may experience lost packets or packets that cannot transmit at all. CCUs and EUMs support pings with packets between 64 and 1460 bytes in length.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools 60:03:3a> ping 192.168.22.2 1460 Press any key to stop (time resolution: 16 ms) PING 192.168.22.2: 1452 data bytes 1460 bytes from 192.168.22.2: icmp_seq=0. time=80. ms 1460 bytes from 192.168.22.2: icmp_seq=1. time=32. ms 1460 bytes from 192.168.22.2: icmp_seq=2. time=64. ms 1460 bytes from 192.168.22.2: icmp_seq=3. time=64. ms 1460 bytes from 192.168.22.2: icmp_seq=4. time=48. ms 1460 bytes from 192.168.22.2: icmp_seq=5. time=48. ms 1460 bytes from 192.168.22.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools file transfer complete Transfered "/tffs0/null" Okay. 60:ff:fe> NOTE: For more information about the “file get” command, refer to Appendix C on page 189. 4. At the CCU, use the watch command to view the EUM watch statistics.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools NOTE: Output Packets and Octets (from the CCU's perspective have increased by 2 MB after the file get command from the EUM. 6.8 Testing End-to-End Throughput The procedures outlined below will get a file from the CCU, and then put a file onto the CCU. In both cases, you can record the file transfer performance. WaveRider recommends doing this procedure with a screen capture, so you have a permanent record to baseline the performance of the link.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools ftp> hash Hash mark printing On ftp: (2048 bytes/hash mark) . ftp> binary 200 Type set to I, binary mode ftp> get null 200 Port set okay 150 Opening BINARY mode data connection ############################################################################ ############################################################################ ################################################################## 226 Transfer complete ftp: 463713 bytes received in 10.80Seconds 42.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools replyOrRssiTimeouts: 25 7. At the EUM, use the stats summary command to view the EUM statistics. 60:ff:fe> stats summary ----------------- MAC Summary --------------------------------Transmitted Payloads 1Ok 2Ok 3Ok 4Ok Fail Retry Fail Timeout : : : : : : 921 99 5 0 0 0 89.8% 9.6% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% Received Packets HCRC Error Directed Broadcast No Match : : : : 2 3955 3097 0 0.0% 56.0% 43.9% 0.0% : : : : 102 36 0 1467 6.3% 2.2% 0.0% 91.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools Once you have obtained and installed these MIBs, you will, from the SNMP manager, be able to carry out the following functions for both CCUs and EUMs: • Read hardware and software configuration parameters, such as unit serial number, MAC address, regulatory domain, and hardware and firmware version. • Read operator-configurable parameters, such as IP addresses, radio frequency, transmit power level, and the contents of the CCU Authorization and Registration Tables.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools NOTE: CRCs are available in the upgrade procedure. 6.12 FTPing CCU and EUM Configuration Files FTP enables you to transfer configuration files to CCUs and EUMs from anywhere that has network access to the LMS4000 900MHz Radio Network. FTP is a useful tool for the following operations: • Restoring a unit to an earlier working state. • Restoring configuration files that have been corrupted. • Configuring replacement CCUs and EUMs when units have failed.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools CAUTION: Use FTP to transfer configuration files between like units only; for example, from a CCU to another CCU. (Ensure the file is transferred using image or binary mode.) Although port filters are used in both the CCU and EUM, there may be differences between the port configuration file for the CCU and the port configuration file for the EUM. One way of using this feature is to build configuration files using a spare CCU and a spare EUM.
6: Installation & Diagnostic Tools 110 APCD-LM043-8.
7 Configuring the CCU This section explains the following procedures and topics: • CCU and EUM Serial Number, MAC Address, and Station ID on page 112 • Setting the CCU Password on page 112 • Configuring the CCU RF Parameters on page 113 • Configuring CCU Protocol Modes and IP Addresses on page 114 • Configuring DHCP Relay on page 118 • Configuring Port Filtering on page 119 • Configuring the SNTP/UTC Time Clock on page 120 • Configuring SNMP on page 124 • Adding EUMs to the Authorization
7: Configuring the CCU CAUTION: After you have finished making your configuration changes, remember to disconnect your terminal from the CCU. 7.
7: Configuring the CCU The system displays a message that your password has been successfully changed. Example: 60:03:3a> password Enter Current Password: ******** Enter New Password: ******** Verify password: ******** Saving new password Password Changed 60:03:3a> CAUTION: Remember to record the password. Unlocking the CCU can only be performed by contacting WaveRider Technical Support. 7.3 Configuring the CCU RF Parameters To Set the CCU Operating Frequency 1.
7: Configuring the CCU The following example • Sets the CCU operating frequency to 917 MHz, • Sets the transmit power level to high, NOTE: Changes to the transmit power level take effect immediately, they do not require a CCU reboot. • Saves the new settings, • Reboots the CCU so that the new parameters take effect, and • Displays the CCU RF parameters.
7: Configuring the CCU • CCU radio IP address and subnet mask • CCU Ethernet IP address and subnet mast (Routed Mode only) 7.4.1 Configuring Routed Mode NOTE: The CCU gateway IP address must be on either the Ethernet or the radio IP subnet, as explained in IP Network Planning on page 59. To Configure the CCU to Operate in Routed Mode 1. Type protocol routed and press Enter to set the CCU to routed mode. 60:06:4e> protocol routed CCU in Routed Mode 2. Type ip ethernet
7: Configuring the CCU 6. Type reset and press Enter to reboot the CCU. 60:06:4e> reset rebooting CCU ... 7. On reset, type protocol and press Enter to display the protocol mode. 60:06:4e> protocol CCU in Routed Mode 8. Type ip and press Enter to display the ip addresses. 60:06:4e> ip Radio IP Address: 172.16.6.1 / 22 Radio IP Subnet : 172.16.4.0 < 255.255.252.0 > Ethernet IP Address: 192.168.60.13 / 24 Ethernet IP Subnet : 192.168.60.0 < 255.255.255.0 > Gateway IP Address: 192.168.60.
7: Configuring the CCU 60:06:4e> save Basic Config saved Port Filter Config saved sntp cfg file saved Route Config saved Authorization Database saved DHCP Server Config saved 5. Type reset and press Enter to reboot the CCU. 60:06:4e> reset rebooting CCU ... 6. On reset, type protocol and press Enter to display the protocol mode. 60:06:4e> protocol CCU in Switched Ethernet Mode 7. Type ip and press Enter to display the ip addresses. 60:06:4e> ip IP Address: 192.168.60.99 / 24 IP Subnet : 192.168.60.
7: Configuring the CCU 3. Type ip gateway and press Enter to set the CCU IP address. • is the CCU gateway IP address, which is also the IP address of the gateway router • is the CCU radio IP address subnet mask 60:06:4e> ip gateway 192.168.60.1. 24 Gateway IP Address: 172.16.6.10 4. Type save and press Enter to save the new settings.
7: Configuring the CCU 2. Repeat step 1 for any alternate DHCP servers in your network. WaveRider recommends that your network have at least one alternate DHCP server. 3. Type save or commit and press Enter. The following example • Enables DHCP relay, • Adds a DHCP server with IP address 192.168.50.1 /24, • Adds an alternate DHCP server with IP address 192.168.50.15 /24, • Saves the new settings, and • Displays the DHCP status. 60:03:3a> dhcp enable 60:03:3a> 60:03:3a> dhcp relay add 192.168.50.
7: Configuring the CCU To Add a Port Filter 1. Type port add and press Enter. • is the number of the port you want to filter. • is the type of IP packet you want to filter, either udp, tcp, or both. 2. Repeat step 1 for any other ports that you want to filter out. 3. Type save or commit and press Enter.
7: Configuring the CCU • Add an NTP server, if the one to which you want the CCU to synchronize has not already been added. You may want to delete the default NTP servers, to force the CCU to synchronize to the server you are adding. • Set the SNTP client resynchronization period. The factory default setting is 3600 seconds, and WaveRider recommends not changing this default setting. NOTE: These factory defaults are stored in the supplied sntp.cfg file.
7: Configuring the CCU To Enable SNTP Relay NOTE: Enabling time relay on a CCU causes the CCU to forward the time to the EUMs. 1. Type time relay enable and press Enter. 2. Type save or commit and press Enter. 60:00:43> time relay enable Relay enabled. 60:00:43> To Display the SNTP Configuration and NTP Server List • Type time print and press Enter. 60:00:43> time print SNTP Client and Relay Configuration ----------------------------------Relay Enabled : Destination : Send time on...
7: Configuring the CCU To Force a Time Update • Type time relay period 0 and press Enter. 60:00:43> time relay period 0 14-AUG-2002 20:21:19 60:00:43> NOTE: This command does not change the time client period. APCD-LM043-8.
7: Configuring the CCU 7.8 Configuring SNMP To fully configure SNMP • Set the SNMP contact (name of the WISP, for example). • Set the SNMP system location (physical location of the CCU, for example). • Add an SNMP read community. • Add an SNMP write community. • Add an SNMP trap community. To Set the SNMP Contact 1. Type snmp contact and press Enter. • is text field, often used for a contact name and phone number, a URL, or an email address, from 1-80 characters in length. 2.
7: Configuring the CCU • Sets the SNMP contact as WaveRider, • Sets the SNMP location as Calgary_South, • Adds SNMP read community WaveRider_Calgary, • Adds SNMP write community WaveRider_Calgary, • Adds SNMP trap server WaveRider_Calgary, IP address 10.0.1.68, • Saves the new settings, and • Displays the SNMP settings.
7: Configuring the CCU The following example • Adds EUM ID 60:0a:32 to the Authorization Table, and assigns it the gold grade of service, • Saves the new settings, and • Displays the Authorization Table.
7: Configuring the CCU configured to work with the LMS4000, and a list of authorized EUMs, with their grades of service, have been entered in the RADIUS server’s user table. If RADIUS accounting is enabled, the CCU will periodically send accounting updates to the RADIUS server for each registered EUM.
7: Configuring the CCU Internet RADIUS Server EUM3000 CCU3000 Antenna (RADIUS Client) EUM3000 End-user Computer End-user Computer Figure 48 RADIUS Configuration - LMS4000 Wireless Application In the LMS4000 wireless application, the RADIUS client is the CCU which, in many ways, can also be considered a “modem bank”. The links that are being controlled are the “always on” connections between the EUMs and the CCU.
7: Configuring the CCU Table 18 RADIUS Database - LMS4000 User Attributes username XX:XX:XX (EUMID) password buywavc WaveRider-Grade-of-Service be, bronze, silver or gold To illustrate the configuration of the RADIUS server, consider the following entries, which are required to configure FreeRADIUS, a commonly used open-source, free RADIUS software application.
7: Configuring the CCU Table 20 Free RADIUS Files - Examples dictionary $INCLUDE dictionary.waverider ... ## WaveRider Communications Ltd. # http://www.waverider.com/ # # Copyright 2002 WaveRider Communications Ltd. # Freely Distributable # VENDOR WaveRider 2979 dictionary.waverider BEGIN-VENDOR WaveRider ATTRIBUTE Grade-of-Service 1 integer VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE Grade-of-Service Grade-of-Service Grade-of-Service Grade-of-Service be 1 bronze 2 silver 3 gold 4 END-VENDOR WaveRider ... ... 192.168.
7: Configuring the CCU 60:06:4e> auth radius primary 192.168.60.96 Enter password (up to 16 chars): ********* Radius Authentication Enabled, Period: 5 Radius Accounting is Disabled Radius Primary Server : 192.168.60.96 Radius Secondary Server: NOTE: This password must match the Shared Secret Password entered at the RADIUS server. 3. If your network includes a second RADIUS server, set the RADIUS server IP address and Shared Secret Password. Otherwise, set the secondary RADIUS server IP address to “none”.
7: Configuring the CCU Access Request (CCU to RADIUS Server) The following is an example of an Access Request, transmitted from a CCU to the RADIUS server. 04:12:14.355196 192.168.10.11.1024 > 192.168.10.10.
7: Configuring the CCU Table 22 Example - RADIUS Access Response Code 02 ID 08 Length Authenticator (encrypted) 0020 0df8 7527 66c6 4ee5 252e 3b56 46dd ef30 1a0c 0000 0ba3 0106 0000 0003 WaveRider-Grade-of-Service Attribute: APCD-LM043-8.
7: Configuring the CCU 134 APCD-LM043-8.
8 Configuring the EUM This chapter covers the following procedures: • Setting the EUM Password on page 135 • Configuring the EUM RF Parameters on page 136 • Configuring EUM IP Parameters on page 137 • Configuring Port Filtering on page 139 • Configuring SNMP on page 140 • Configuring the Customer List on page 142 Before you configure the EUM • Familiarize yourself with the CLI commands, syntax and shortcuts, outlined in Appendix C on page 189.
8: Configuring the EUM 3. At the Enter New Password prompt, type the new password. TIP: Passwords are alphanumeric and case-sensitive. For example, “abc” is not the same as “aBc”. 4. At the Verify password prompt, type the new password again. The system displays a message that your password has been successfully changed.
8: Configuring the EUM numerically set the power level may be useful in high-density environments, where site-to-site interference is a problem. 2. Type save or commit and press Enter. 3. Before the new power level will take effect, you must reboot the EUM by typing reset and pressing Enter. The following example • Sets the EUM operating frequency to 917 MHz, • Sets the transmit power level to high, NOTE: Changes to the transmit power level take effect immediately, they do not require an EUM reboot.
8: Configuring the EUM To Set the EUM Ethernet IP Address 1. Type ip ethernet and press Enter. • is the EUM Ethernet IP address. • is the number of bits set in the net mask (1 to 32). CAUTION: The EUM only accepts subnet masks using the shorthand notation; for example, it accepts ‘16’, but not ‘ffff0000’ or ‘255.255.0.0’. 2. Type save or commit and press Enter. 3.
8: Configuring the EUM 8.4 Configuring Port Filtering The procedure for configuring port filtering on an EUM is identical to the procedure for a CCU. To add a port filter: • Determine the port number you want to filter. • Determine whether you want to filter UDP, TCP, or both types of packets. • Add the port filter to the EUM. To Add a Port Filter 1. Type port add and press Enter. • is the number of the port you want to filter.
8: Configuring the EUM 8.5 Configuring SNMP The procedure for configuring SNMP on an EUM is identical to the procedure for a CCU. To fully configure SNMP • Set the SNMP contact (name of the WISP, for example). • Set the SNMP system location (physical location of the EUM, for example). • Add an SNMP read community. • Add an SNMP write community. • Add an SNMP trap server. To Set the SNMP Contact 1. Type snmp contact and press Enter.
8: Configuring the EUM The following example • Sets the SNMP contact as WaveRider, • Sets the SNMP location as Calgary_South, • Adds the SNMP read community WaveRider_Calgary, • Adds the SNMP write community WaveRider_Calgary, • Adds the SNMP trap server WaveRider_Calgary, IP address 10.0.1.68, • Saves the new settings, and • Displays the SNMP settings.
8: Configuring the EUM 8.6 Configuring the Customer List You can set the maximum number of customers or PCs (customer_max) that can concurrently access the radio link through the EUM, as described in Bridge Table (EUM or CCU in Switched Ethernet or Through Only Mode) on page 242. NOTE: The simulation data presented in Performance Modelling on page 47 is based on one end user (one PC) per EUM.
9 9.1 Installing the EUM Before you Start the EUM Installation NOTE: The following procedure assumes the end-user PC is using DHCP. Before you start the EUM installation, ensure the following points have been addressed: • The EUM has been configured with at least the following settings: • • • • IP address Subnet mask Gateway IP address Radio frequency • The CCU network is installed and verified.
9: Installing the EUM 9.2 Other EUM Programming Considerations Although the IP settings identified above are required for basic EUM operation, you should also consider pre-configuring the following EUM parameters: SNMP SNMP communities can be configured in the EUM to enable remote monitoring of the EUM using an SNMP manager. Refer to Configuring SNMP on page 140. Customer List The factory default configuration allows only one PC to be logically connected to the EUM at any given time.
9: Installing the EUM 8. Connecting the End-user’s PC on page 154 9. Obtaining Valid IP Addresses for the End-user’s PC on page 156 10. Testing the Data Link on page 156 11. Configuring the Browser Application on page 160 12. Completing the Installation on page 160 13. Baselining the Installation on page 160 9.4 Installation Procedures 9.4.1 Opening the Box Before you install the EUM components, verify that the EUM kit is complete.
9: Installing the EUM 9.4.2 Turning off the End-user’s Cordless Phones Turn off all cordless phones in the customer’s premises, and any other equipment that uses the 900MHz ISM band. Once the installation is complete, turn this equipment back on. 9.4.3 Choosing a Location for the EUM and Antenna The location of the antenna has a significant effect on the performance of the EUM installation.
9: Installing the EUM When you have completed the above tasks, connect the EUM AC/DC adaptor to an AC power bar or outlet. Bracket Antenna Antenna Step 1 Antenna Cable Connector Ethernet 2 1 Step 3 AC Cable Power Bar EUM Step 2 DC Cable Connector DC Power AC/DC Adapter Connector Denotes reserved ports. Do NOT Connect. Figure 50 Connecting the EUM Components To Connect the EUM Components 1.
9: Installing the EUM NOTE: The DC power cable features a secure locking connector. To disconnect the cable, pull the collar back on the connector, then continue pulling to detach the DC power cable from the EUM. The EUM uses a custom antenna cable and connector. If you need to extend this cable, contact WaveRider Communications Inc. 3. Connect the AC power cord between the AC/DC adaptor and either an AC power bar (preferred) or AC outlet (Figure 52).
9: Installing the EUM 9.4.5 Conducting a Preliminary Check of the EUM Check the LED indicators on the front of the modem to ensure that the EUM is functioning properly.
9: Installing the EUM softkey to access the EUM. You can download the EUM Antenna Alignment Tool from the WaveRider website at http://www.waverider.com. To Align the EUM Antenna 1. Connect the indoor antenna to the EUM and power up the EUM. 2. Point the antenna in the general direction of the CCU, as shown in Figure 55.
9: Installing the EUM Radio LED Display Status Slow Flash ON/OFF 0.83 times per second. The signal strength is poor to marginal. Fast Flash ON/OFF 2.5 times per second. The signal strength is good. Solid On The signal strength is very good. 4. If the best location produces a Fast Flash or ON Solid Radio LED, then the received signal level is good to excellent, and this is a good location to install the antenna. 5.
9: Installing the EUM To Mount the Antenna 1. Thread the attached antenna cable through the guides in the back of the antenna bracket, as necessary. Antenna Cable Bracket Guides Antenna Bracket Figure 56 NOTE: Rear View of Antenna Bracket Bending the antenna cable too sharply can degrade EUM performance. Never allow less than a 1.25 cm (0.5 in.) bend radius. If a quarter (25-cent piece) fits into the curve, the bend is acceptable.
9: Installing the EUM Spring Clip Suction Cup Hole Screw Hole Screw Hole Suction Cup Hole Figure 57 Antenna Bracket Components Table 25 Surface Mounting Options for the Antenna Side Mount Mount the antenna on a wall, window, window frame, or solid furniture with spring clip side closest to the ceiling. Top Mount Hang the antenna from a ceiling or the shelf of a bookcase. Bottom Mount Mount the antenna on solid furniture (a desk or shelf) or on a window sill.
9: Installing the EUM human body. WaveRider recommends installing the antenna in a location where personnel are not able to bump into it, obstruct the signal from the base station, or trip over antenna cables. 3. Position the antenna in the bracket according to one of the configurations illustrated in Figure 58. Click and lock the antenna in place.
9: Installing the EUM 1. Connect the end-user’s PC, shown in Figure 59, by attaching the crossover Ethernet cable with ferrite bead that is included with the kit between the Ethernet port on the end-user’s computer and the Ethernet port on the EUM. Bracket Antenna Antenna Computer Step 1 Antenna Cable Step 4 4 Ethernet Cable 4 Connector Ethernet 2 1 Step 3 AC Cable Power Bar Step 2 DC Cable Connector EUM DC Power AC/DC Adapter Connector Denotes reserved ports. Do NOT Connect.
