® BreadCrumb LX4 USER GUIDE User Guide Version: 2.12 Software Version: 10.32 Date: January 17, 2013 Corporate Headquarters Rajant Corporation 400 East King Street Malvern, PA 19355 Tel: (484) 595-0233 Fax: (484) 595-0244 http://www.rajant.
FCC Compliance Statements This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with this instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
IC Compliance Statements 1) This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003. Cet appareil numérique de la classe A est conforme à la norme NMB-003 du Canada. 2) Under Industry Canada regulations, this radio transmitter may only operate using an antenna of a type and maximum (or lesser) gain approved for the transmitter by Industry Canada.
accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device. Le présent appareil est conforme aux CNR d'Industrie Canada applicables aux appareils radio exempts de licence. L'exploitation est autorisée aux deux conditions suivantes : (1) l'appareil ne doit pas produire de brouillage, et (2) l'utilisateur de l'appareil doit accepter tout brouillage radioélectrique subi, même si le brouillage est susceptible d'en compromettre le fonctionnement.
GNU General Public License Statement Certain components of the Rajant BreadCrumb firmware are subject to the GNU General Public License Version 2, or other so-called open source licenses ("Open Source Software").
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Table of Contents FCC Compliance Statements.........................................................................................ii IC Compliance Statements.............................................................................................iii GNU General Public License Statement........................................................................v Copyright Statement...................................................
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 4.4 Deployment Guidelines and Methodology.................................................................22 4.4.1 Deployment Guidelines......................................................................................22 4.4.2 Deployment Methodology...................................................................................23 5 BreadCrumb LX4 Firmware Upgrade................................................................
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Table 11: BreadCrumb Power and Start-Up Issues.............................................................
Preface Purpose and Scope This manual provides information and guidance to all personnel who are involved with and use Rajant Corporation’s BreadCrumb LX4. This manual begins with an introduction to the BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN). It then characterizes the features of the BreadCrumb LX4. Finally, it describes common deployment scenarios and provides concise step-by-step instructions for each scenario.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 1 Introduction to BreadCrumbs Rajant Corporation's (http://www.rajant.com) BreadCrumbs utilize the 802.11 wireless networking standards to form a wireless mesh network. The network is mobile, self-integrating, self-meshing, self-healing, and secure. The focus is on flexibility, adaptability, and simplicity.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 1.2 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Mobility through Meshing The key component to a BCWN is a technique known as Meshing. While this is generally handled automatically by BreadCrumbs, complex deployment scenarios require a basic understanding of how BreadCrumbs establish and maintain a mesh. 1.2.1 Mesh – A Definition A mesh is a collection of network devices (in our case, BreadCrumbs), each of which is linked to one or more other BreadCrumbs.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Example 1: Suppose you have three BreadCrumbs, called A, B, and C. Each has two radios. BreadCrumb A’s radios are on channels 1 and 8, B’s are on 8 and 11, and C’s are on 1 and 11. All three BreadCrumbs are using the default ESSID of "breadcrumb54-v10." Assuming that all three BreadCrumbs are within radio range of one another, the network will be connected, as shown below: Figure 1: All BreadCrumbs use the same ESSID.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 2 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Description of a BreadCrumb LX4 BreadCrumb LX4 is a portable, wireless device deployable in almost any environment. It is light in weight, offers up to 4 external antennas and is designed to be completely mobile as worn by an individual. The BreadCrumb LX4 must be powered by an external source. 2.1 Radios The BreadCrumb LX4 contains between two and four radios. 802.11g radios are used in the 900 MHz and 2.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Table 2: 900 MHz Radio Channel and Frequencies. Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz) Channel Bandwidth 4 907 Half (10 Mhz) 5 912 Full (20 Mhz) 6 917 Full (20 Mhz) 7 922 Half (10 Mhz) The default channel for a 900 MHz BreadCrumb radio is 5 (912 MHz). Half (10 MHz) and Quarter (5 MHz) bandwidth support is available on all 900MHz channels.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Caution Most 5 GHz antennas only support a subset of the 802.11a 5 GHz frequency channels the Rajant radio is capable of operating at. Before changing the channel of a 5 GHz radio, verify that the channel is supported by the connected antenna. Caution Since the radios operate at different frequencies, you must be careful to use the correct type of antenna with each radio. As an example, a 2.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Table 5: 4.9 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies. Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz) Channel Bandwidth 5 4942.5 Quarter (5 Mhz) 10 4945.0 Half (10 Mhz) 15 4947.5 Quarter (5 Mhz) 20 4950.0 Full (20 Mhz) 25 4952.5 Quarter (5 Mhz) 30 4955.0 Full (20 Mhz) 35 4957.5 Quarter (5 Mhz) 40 4960.0 Full (20 Mhz) 45 4962.5 Quarter (5 Mhz) 50 4965.0 Full (20 Mhz) 55 4967.5 Quarter (5 Mhz) 60 4970.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 2.2 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Enclosure The LX4 enclosure has been designed to operate in extreme conditions, with protection against ingress of dust as well as protection against immersion in water. The enclosure dimensions are 195 mm x 187 mm x 61 mm (7.683” x 7.352” x 2.400”). The external features of the enclosure are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 4.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 2.3 Antenna Connectors The BreadCrumb LX4 provides up to four Type N female antenna connectors. One connector is located on the front side of the enclosure (see Figure 6), the other three connectors are located on the rear side of the enclosure (see Figure 4). In general, only one antenna port per radio is utilized.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 2.4.1 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Power The input power interface to the BreadCrumb LX4 resides on the 19-pin Amphenol connector (see see Figure 6 and Figure 5). The device accepts external power in the range of 24 VDC to 48 VDC. The peak power consumption of BreadCrumb LX4 is 23 W with two radios, 30 W with three radios, and 37 W with 4 radios at 24 VDC. 2.4.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Warning BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 In order to avoid sparking and possible damage to the unit, be sure to connect the powered Ethernet cable to the BreadCrumb LX4 before applying power to the power supply.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 2.4.3 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 USB The signals that interface to the BreadCrumb LX4 device's USB port are located on the 19-pin Amphenol connector on the enclosure (see Figure 6 and Figure 5). The port is compliant to the Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI) and USB Transceiver 2.0 Macrocell Interface (UTMI+) Level 2 specifications. The port supports all three standard data transfer rates of low speed (1.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Figure 7: LX4 Cable Assembly Drawing.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 2.6 Status LED The Status LED (see Figure 6) is capable of displaying warning and error codes, and link states. The LED Mode can be configured in BC|Commander to be ON (switchable), ALERTS ONLY (switchable), OFF (non-switchable), or OFF (switchable). When the LED Mode is ON, the BreadCrumb LED alternates between displaying the link state and any warnings or errors.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 ● 2.7.1 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Zeroize Keys and Restore Factory Defaults LED Configuration This mode is used to control the display states of the Status LED. The LED Configuration function is accessed by pressing the switch and releasing it after a two second hold.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 ● BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Release the switch. The Status LED should change to display the blinking red error code 32. See Appendix A for a description of the blinking red color sequence. The BreadCrumb will then reboot using the factory default configuration. Warning Tip Do NOT turn off power or reboot a BreadCrumb that is being zeroized. An interruption to power during the zeroization process may result in the BreadCrumb being unable to boot properly.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 3 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Using BC|Commander BC|Commander is Rajant’s software package used for monitoring the status of BreadCrumbs with version 10 firmware on a BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN). BC|Commander is also used for configuring version 10 BreadCrumbs and to graphically portray the network topology. Note BC|Commander includes an option called v10 Transitional Mode.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 4 Deploying the BreadCrumb Wireless Network There are many factors which need to be taken into account when deploying the BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN). Section 4.1 describes the addressing scheme of the BCWN. Section 4.2 discusses channel assignments. Section 4.3 details some of the most commonly occurring environmental factors that will have a major impact on the performance of the BCWN. Finally, section 4.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Table 8: Default Channel Assignments Radio Card Frequency Default Channel 900 MHz 5 2.4 GHz 11 4.9 GHz 20 5 GHz 152 In some cases, it may be necessary to manually set the radios to specific channels to provide critical links within a mesh. This can be especially important when using single-radio BreadCrumb devices. Refer to the BC|Commander User Guide for the details of BreadCrumb channel configuration. 4.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 the performance of the system. ● Devices placed too far away or in RF “shadows” may experience total loss of connection. ● RF transmit power and receive sensitivity are important in determining the distances over which the device will be effective. ● When placing a BreadCrumb device, check the connection status to the nearest available device using either the BreadCrumb device’s status LED (described in section 2.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 4.3.5 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Placement of BCWN Components The placement of BreadCrumb devices has a major impact on maximum effective range, and therefore network performance. The components must be elevated above the surrounding terrain to allow for adequate wave propagation. A device placed directly on the ground has a significantly reduced effective range. Elevating a device above the ground dramatically increased the maximum effective range.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 4.4.2 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Deployment Methodology The steps detailed in this section should assist you in successfully deploying the BCWN. 1. Scan the terrain on which the BCWN will be deployed. (a) Determine the initial distances between BreadCrumb devices. Refer to Rajant Troubleshooting Range User Guide for more information. (b) Note any LOS obstructions, and plan BreadCrumb placement to work around them. 2.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 5 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb LX4 Firmware Upgrade Each BreadCrumb relies on low-level software known as firmware for proper execution. For a BreadCrumb to communicate with other BreadCrumb devices or a BC|Commander client, the firmware version of the device must be compatible with the firmware versions of all other devices within the network, and with the version of BC|Commander running on the client computer.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 code (see Appendix A for an explanation of error codes). Leaving the USB storage device connected, turn power to the BreadCrumb OFF and then ON again. Observe the Status LED to monitor progress. If, during this second firmware upgrade attempt, another error occurs, take note of the new error code and then apply for technical support. 6.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 6 6.1 Troubleshooting Sporadic Network Connectivity Table 9: Sporadic Network Connectivity Issues. Problem Resolution As a BreadCrumb device’s battery approaches exhaustion, network connectivity will become sporadic for the BreadCrumb device and its associated wireless clients. Monitory battery usage and charge/replace batteries as necessary.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Problem Resolution wireless card. 6.2 ● Ensure that the wireless client’s IP address settings are configured properly. ● Ensure that the security settings on the client device and BreadCrumb devices match. ● Ensure that the client device is not prevented from connecting by an ACL. ● Ensure that the VLAN settings for the BreadCrumb allow clients of the ESSID being used to communicate to the Local Port of the BreadCrumb.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 6.3 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb Power and Start-Up Issues Table 11: BreadCrumb Power and Start-Up Issues. Problem Discharged external batteries can cause a BreadCrumb to appear to power up(“PWR” LED is lit), but fail to start-up. Resolution Monitory battery usage and charge/replace batteries as necessary.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Appendix A: Error and Warning Codes All possible BreadCrumb error and warning codes are listed below: JR/LX/LX3/ME3/UX2400 Firmware Upgrade Codes (1*). 11 – Flash image file does not exist. 12 – Current flash image version is greater than versions of files found on USB drive. 13 – No flash image files found. 14 – Unable to mount USB drive. 15 – Unlocking of /dev/mtd0 failed. 16 – fconfig for SetFailsafeBoot failed.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 129 – Failed to create directory for next file system image. 131 – Failed to mount next file system image. 132 – Failed to create directory for settings. 133 – Failed to copy current settings to next file system image. 134 – Failed to unmount next file system image. 135 – Failed to mount /etc. 141 – Error retrieving flash file. ME2 Firmware Upgrade Codes (2*) 21 – Flash image file does not exist.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 37 – Failed to add ethernet port to bridge. 38 – Resetting radio due to error. FIPS Codes (4*) 41 – FIPS self-tests failed. 411 – OpenSSL FIPS vector test programs not found. 412 – OpenSSL FIPS vector test hash mismatch. 413 – 802.11i AES-CCMP test vectors failed. 414 – Unable to use FIPS CCMP encryption. 415 – Kernel integrity check failed. 416 – Filesystem integrity check failed. 42 – Mixed SecNet/Non-SecNet configuration.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 55 – Low memory - automatic reboot scheduled. UX Battery Fault Codes (51*) See BC|Commander System Alerts for more detailed information. 511 – Pack 1: does not exist|charge fault|charge gauge fault|discharge fault. 512 – Pack 2: does not exist|charge fault|charge gauge fault|discharge fault. 513 – Pack 3: does not exist|charge fault|charge gauge fault|discharge fault. 514 – Pack 4: does not exist|charge fault|charge gauge fault|discharge fault.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Appendix B: GNU General Public License Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. PREAMBLE The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 works based on the Program. In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License. 3.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License. 7.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) year name of author Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for details. The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 2.12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Appendix C: Using Pole Mount Bracket 1. Use the supplied four bolts to attach the mounting bracket to the LX4. 2. Use the U-Bolts to attach LX4 Pole Mount Bracket to a pole. 3. Tighten the four (4) nuts on the two (2) U-Bolts to secure the LX4 assembly to the pole. Figure 8: LX4 Pole Mount Bracket with U-Bolts.
