® BreadCrumb LX4 USER GUIDE User Guide Version: 1.04 Firmware Version: 10.23 Date: March 22, 2011 Corporate Headquarters Rajant Corporation 400 East King Street Malvern, PA 19355 Tel: (484) 595-0233 Fax: (484) 595-0244 http://www.rajant.
FCC Compliance Statements This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with this instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
type indicated. Antenna types not included in this list, having a gain greater than the maximum gain indicated for that type, are strictly prohibited for use with this device.
Copyright Statement You may use the software provided with the products only on personal computers owned by the purchasing individual or entity, and may not use, load, or run any such software on any network or in any type of service bureau, time-sharing operation, or non-purchasing individual or entity's equipment. BCAdmin and BCAPI are trademarks; Rajant, the Rajant logo, BreadCrumb, Instamesh, BC|Commander, and Bring Your Network with You! are registered trademarks of Rajant Corp.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Table of Contents FCC Compliance Statements........................................................................................... IC Compliance Statements............................................................................................... Copyright Statement......................................................................................................... Preface.................................................
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 3.4.2 Deployment Methodology...................................................................................19 4 BreadCrumb USB Firmware Upgrade...........................................................................21 5 Troubleshooting..............................................................................................................23 5.1 Sporadic Network Connectivity................................................
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Preface Purpose and Scope This manual provides information and guidance to all personnel who are involved with and use Rajant Corporation’s BreadCrumb products. This manual begins with an introduction to the BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN). It then characterizes the features of the BreadCrumb. Finally, it describes common deployment scenarios and provides concise step-by-step instructions for each scenario.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 1 Introduction Rajant Corporation's (http://www.rajant.com) BreadCrumb LX4 utilizes the 802.11a and 802.11g wireless networking standards to form a wireless mesh network. The network is mobile, selfintegrating, self-meshing, self-healing, full-duplex and secure. The focus is on flexibility, adaptability, and simplicity.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 1.2 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Mobility through Meshing The key component to a BCWN is a technique known as Meshing. While this is generally handled automatically by BreadCrumbs, complex deployment scenarios require a basic understanding of how BreadCrumbs establish and maintain a mesh. 1.2.1 Mesh – A Definition A mesh is a collection of network devices (in our case, BreadCrumbs), each of which is linked to one or more other BreadCrumbs.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Example 1: Suppose you have three BreadCrumbs, called A, B, and C. Each has two radios. BreadCrumb A’s radios are on channels 1 and 8, B’s are on 8 and 11, and C’s are on 1 and 11. All three BreadCrumbs are using the default ESSID of "breadcrumb54-v10.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 1.3.1 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Radios The BreadCrumb LX4 contains between two and four radios. 802.11g radios are used in the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands, and 802.11a radios are used in the 4.9 GHz and 5 GHz bands. In general, only one antenna port per radio is utilized. Some BreadCrumb models offer the 900 MHz antenna diversity feature, in which case two antenna ports on the 900 MHz radio are utilized.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Table 2: 900 MHz Radio Channel and Frequencies. Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz) 5 912 6 917 The default channel for a 900 MHz BreadCrumb radio is 5 (912 MHz). Table 3: 5 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Table 4: 4.9 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies. Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz) 5 4942.5 10 4945.0 15 4947.5 20 4950.0 25 4952.5 30 4955.0 35 4957.5 40 4960.0 45 4962.5 50 4965.0 55 4967.5 60 4970.0 65 4972.5 70 4975.0 75 4977.5 80 4980.0 85 4982.5 90 4985.0 95 4987.5 The default channel for a 4.9 GHz BreadCrumb radio is 40 (4960.0 MHz).
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 1.3.2 Enclosure The LX4 enclosure has been designed to operate in extreme conditions, with protection against ingress of dust as well as protection against immersion in water. The enclosure dimensions are 195 mm x 187 mm x 61 mm (7.683” x 7.352” x 2.400”). The external features of the enclosure are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 1.3.3 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Antenna Connectors The BreadCrumb LX4 provides up to four Type N female antenna connectors. One connector is located on the front side of the enclosure (see Figure 3), the other three connectors are located on the back side of the enclosure (see Figure 4). There are many different LX4 Models available, each with a different configuration of radios and antennas.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 1.3.4.2 Ethernet BreadCrumb LX4 contains two 10/100 Base-TX Ethernet ports, which can be accessed through the 19-pin Amphenol connector on the enclosure (see Figure 3 and Figure 5). Both ports support Auto MDI/MDIX allowing the use of either straight-through or crossover data cables for connections.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 The Status LED combines the three base colors of red, green and blue to display a broader spectrum of colors which indicate the current status of a BreadCrumb. The meanings of the color code indicators are given in Table 5. Table 5: Status LED Color Codes.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Table 6 lists the possible configured and corresponding alternate display states of the Status LED. Table 6: Setting and alternate display states of the Status LED. Configured State Alternate State ON (SWITCHABLE) OFF ALERTS ONLY (SWITCHABLE) ON OFF (NON-SWITCHABLE) OFF OFF (SWITCHABLE) ON Note that state changes can occur only between options in the same rows of the table above.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Tip 12 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 The process of zeroizing keys and restoring factory defaults can also be performed remotely from within the BC|Commander management software. For details on this alternative method, refer to the BC|Commander User Guide.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 2 Using BC|Commander BC|Commander is Rajant’s software package used for monitoring the status of BreadCrumbs with version 10 firmware on a BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN). BC|Commander is also used for configuring version 10 BreadCrumbs and to graphically portray the network topology. Note BC|Commander includes an option called v10 Transitional Mode.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 3 Deploying the BreadCrumb Wireless Network There are many factors which need to be taken into account when deploying the BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN). Section 3.1 describes the addressing scheme of the BCWN. Section 3.2 discusses channel assignments. Section 3.3 details some of the most commonly occurring environmental factors that will have a major impact on the performance of the BCWN. Finally, section 3.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Table 7: Default Channel Assignments Radio Card Frequency Default Channel 900 MHz 5 2.4 GHz 11 4.9 GHz 40 5 GHz 152 In some cases, it may be necessary to manually set the radios to specific channels to provide critical links within a mesh. This can be especially important when using single-radio BreadCrumb devices. Refer to the BC|Commander User Guide for the details of BreadCrumb channel configuration. 3.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 the performance of the system. ● Devices placed too far away or in RF “shadows” may experience total loss of connection. ● RF transmit power and receive sensitivity are important in determining the distances over which the device will be effective. ● When placing a BreadCrumb device, check the connection status to the nearest available device using either the BreadCrumb device’s status LED (described in section 1.3.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 3.3.5 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Placement of BCWN Components The placement of BreadCrumb devices has a major impact on maximum effective range, and therefore network performance. The components must be elevated above the surrounding terrain to allow for adequate wave propagation. A device placed directly on the ground has a significantly reduced effective range. Elevating a device above the ground dramatically increased the maximum effective range.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 3.4.2 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Deployment Methodology The steps detailed in this section should assist you in successfully deploying the BCWN. 1. Scan the terrain on which the BCWN will be deployed. (a) Determine the initial distances between BreadCrumb devices. Refer to Rajant Troubleshooting Range User Guide for more information. (b) Note any LOS obstructions, and plan BreadCrumb placement to work around them. 2.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 4 BreadCrumb USB Firmware Upgrade Each BreadCrumb relies on low-level software known as firmware for proper execution. Rajant periodically releases updated BreadCrumb firmware. The updated firmware must be obtained from Rajant.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Note 22 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 An alternative method of upgrading the firmware of a BreadCrumb is explained in the BC|Commander User Guide. This method, called Over The Air (OTA) firmware upgrade, offers the convenience of remote and completely software controlled firmware upgrades.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 5 5.1 Troubleshooting Sporadic Network Connectivity Table 8: Sporadic Network Connectivity Issues. Problem Resolution As a BreadCrumb device’s battery approaches exhaustion, network connectivity will become sporadic for the BreadCrumb device and its associated wireless clients. Monitory battery usage and charge/replace batteries as necessary.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 Problem Resolution using the software accompanying your wireless card. 5.2 ● Ensure that the wireless client’s IP address settings are configured properly. ● Ensure that the security settings on the client device and BreadCrumb devices match. ● Ensure that the client device is not prevented from connecting by an ACL.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 5.3 BreadCrumb Power and Start-Up Issues Table 10: BreadCrumb Power and Start-Up Issues. Problem Discharged external batteries can cause a BreadCrumb to appear to power up(“PWR” LED is lit), but fail to start-up. Resolution Monitory battery usage and charge/replace batteries as necessary.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Appendix A: Error and Warning Codes All possible BreadCrumb error and warning codes are listed below: JR/LX/LX3/ME3 Firmware Upgrade Codes (1*). 11 – Flash image file does not exist. 12 – Current flash image version is greater than versions of files found on USB drive. 13 – No flash image files found. 14 – Unable to mount USB drive. 15 – Unlocking of /dev/mtd0 failed. 16 – fconfig for SetFailsafeBoot failed.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 128 – Failed to checksum file system image. 129 – Failed to create directory for next file system image. 131 – Failed to mount next file system image. 132 – Failed to create directory for settings. 133 – Failed to copy current settings to next file system image. 134 – Failed to unmount next file system image. 141 – Error retrieving flash file. ME2 Firmware Upgrade Codes (2*) 21 – Flash image file does not exist.
Rajant Corporation 03-100117-001 BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 38 – Resetting radio due to error. FIPS Codes (4*) 41 – FIPS self-tests failed. 411 – OpenSSL FIPS vector test programs not found. 412 – OpenSSL FIPS vector test hash mismatch. 413 – 802.11i AES-CCMP test vectors failed. 414 – Unable to use FIPS CCMP encryption. 415 – Kernel integrity check failed. 416 – Filesystem integrity check failed. 42 – Mixed SecNet/Non-SecNet configuration. 43 – Rekeying error. 44 – Rekeying error.
BreadCrumb® LX4 User Guide Version: 1.04 Battery Gas Gauge Codes (6*) 61 – Battery gas gauge i2c device could not be found. 62 – Incorrect gas gauge revision 1 EEPROM settings. 63 – Incorrect gas gauge revision 2 EEPROM settings. 64 – Incorrect gas gauge revision 3 EEPROM settings. 65 – Unknown gas gauge revision. 66 – Incorrect ME3 gas gauge revision 0 EEPROM settings. 67 – Internal battery charger disabled. Other Codes (7*) 71 – Host flapping detected. 72 – Critical I2C failure.
