® BreadCrumb LX / LX3 USER GUIDE Version: 2.94 Date: September 10, 2010 Corporate Headquarters Rajant Corporation 400 East King Street Malvern, PA 19355 Tel: (484) 595-0233 Fax: (484) 595-0244 http://www.rajant.
FCC and IC Statements This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the device is operated in a commercial environment. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with this instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Table of Contents FCC and IC Statements.................................................................................................... Copyright Statement......................................................................................................... Preface....................................................................................................................................v Purpose and Scope..........
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 5.1 Sporadic Network Connectivity..................................................................................25 5.2 BreadCrumb Device Cannot Connect to BCWN.......................................................26 5.3 BreadCrumb Power and Start-Up Issues..................................................................27 Appendix A: Error and Warning Codes.....................................................................
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Preface Purpose and Scope This manual provides information and guidance to all personnel who are involved with and use Rajant Corporation’s BreadCrumb products. This manual begins with an introduction to the BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN). It then characterizes the features of the BreadCrumb. Finally, it describes common deployment scenarios and provides concise step-by-step instructions for each scenario.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 1 Introduction Rajant Corporation's (http://www.rajant.com) BreadCrumb LX/LX3 utilizes the IEEE 802.11a and 802.11g wireless networking standards to form a wireless mesh network. The network is mobile, self-integrating, self-meshing, self-healing, full-duplex and secure. The focus is on flexibility, adaptability, and simplicity.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 necessary at all, providing an instant TAN (Tactical Area Network). Moreover, because BreadCrumbs use industry-standard 802.11 communications, client devices such as laptops or handheld computers require no special hardware, software, or configuration to access a BCWN. 1.2 Mobility through Meshing The key component to a BCWN is a technique known as Meshing.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Example 1: Suppose you have three BreadCrumbs, called A, B, and C. Each has two radios. BreadCrumb A’s radios are on channels 1 and 8, B’s are on 8 and 11, and C’s are on 1 and 11. All three BreadCrumbs are using the default ESSID of "breadcrumb54-v10.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 1.3.1 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Radios BreadCrumb LX offers two radios, while BreadCrumb LX3 offers three radios. 802.11g radios are used in the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands, and 802.11a radios are used in the 4.9 GHz and 5 GHz bands. The radios support the following channels and frequencies in the United States and Canada: Note Not all channels are allowed for use everywhere around the world.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Table 2: 900 MHz Radio Channel and Frequencies. Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz) 5 912 6 917 The default channel for a 900 MHz BreadCrumb radio is 6 (917 MHz). Table 3: 5 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Table 4: 4.9 GHz Radio Channel and Frequencies. Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz) 5 4942.5 10 4945.0 15 4947.5 20 4950.0 25 4952.5 30 4955.0 35 4957.5 40 4960.0 45 4962.5 50 4965.0 55 4967.5 60 4970.0 65 4972.5 70 4975.0 75 4977.5 80 4980.0 85 4982.5 90 4985.0 95 4987.5 The default channel for a 4.9 GHz BreadCrumb radio is 40 (4960.0 MHz). One antenna port per radio is utilized.
Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 1.3.2 BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Enclosure The LX/LX3 enclosure has been designed to operate in extreme conditions. The Ingress Protection (IP) rating of the enclosure has been tested per IEC 60529. The enclosure has demonstrated performance compliant to IP67 requirements, providing complete protection against ingress of dust (6) as well as protection against immersion in water (7).
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 A: ½” Closure Plug (Not Utilized). Type N RF Connector for the 2.4 GHz, 4.9 GHz or 5 GHz Antenna (Not Shown). B: Type N RF Connector for the 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9 GHz or 5 GHz Antenna. Type N RF Connector for the 900 MHz or 5GHz Antenna (LX) (LX3) (LX) (LX3) Figure 4: BreadCrumb LX/LX3 Enclosure Features (Bottom-Rear Side). 1.3.3 Antenna Connectors The BreadCrumb LX provides two Type N female antenna connectors.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Table 5: BreadCrumb LX Radio/Antenna Configurations. LX Model Front Side Antenna Back Side Antenna LX-2409 2.4 GHz 900 MHz LX-2424 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz LX-2449 2.4 GHz 4.9 GHz LX-2450 2.4 GHz 5 GHz The BreadCrumb LX3 provides three Type N female antenna connectors. The connector located on the front side of the enclosure (see F in Figure 3) interfaces to the 2.4 GHz antenna.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Warning 1.3.4 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 To avoid possible damage to the BreadCrumb radio(s), always connect or disconnect external antennas with the power to the BreadCrumb LX/LX3 off. Power and Ethernet Connectors The BreadCrumb LX/LX3 contains two 10/100 Base-TX Ethernet ports named ETH0/PWR RJ45 and ETH1 RJ45 (see Figure 3).
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Figure 5: BreadCrumb LX/LX3 Ethernet and Passive PoE Connections. Warning 1.3.5 In order to avoid sparking and possible damage to the unit, be sure to connect the powered Ethernet cable to the BreadCrumb LX/LX3 before applying power to the power supply. Status LED The Status LED is capable of displaying alerts, error codes, and link states. The LED Mode can be configured in BC|Commander to be ON, OFF, or ALERTS ONLY.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Table 7: Status LED Color Codes.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Table 8: Default and alternate display states of the Status LED. Default State Alternate State ON (SWITCHABLE) OFF ALERTS ONLY (SWITCHABLE) ON OFF (NON-SWITCHABLE) OFF OFF (SWITCHABLE) ON Note that state changes can occur only between options in the same rows of the table above. For example, it is possible to toggle the state back and forth between ALERTS ONLY and ON, but not between ALERTS ONLY and OFF.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Tip 14 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 The process of zeroizing keys and restoring factory defaults can also be performed remotely from within the BC|Commander management software. For details on this alternative method, refer to the BC|Commander User Guide.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 2 Using BC|Commander BC|Commander is Rajant’s software package used for monitoring the status of BreadCrumbs with version 10 firmware on a BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN). BC|Commander is also used for configuring version 10 BreadCrumbs and to graphically portray the network topology. Note BC|Commander includes an option called v10 Transitional Mode.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 3 Deploying the BreadCrumb Wireless Network There are many factors which need to be taken into account when deploying the BreadCrumb Wireless Network (BCWN). Section 3.1 describes the addressing scheme of the BCWN. Section 3.2 discusses channel assignments. Section 3.3 details some of the most commonly occurring environmental factors that will have a major impact on the performance of the BCWN. Finally, section 3.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Table 9: Default Channel Assignments Radio Card Frequency Default Channel 900 MHz 6 2.4 GHz 11 4.9 GHz 40 5 GHz 152 In some cases, it may be necessary to manually set the radios to specific channels to provide critical links within a mesh. This can be especially important when using single-radio BreadCrumb devices. Refer to the BC|Commander User Guide for the details of BreadCrumb channel configuration. 3.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 the performance of the system. ● Devices placed too far away or in RF “shadows” may experience total loss of connection. ● RF transmit power and receive sensitivity are important in determining the distances over which the device will be effective. ● When placing a BreadCrumb device, check the connection status to the nearest available device using either the BreadCrumb device’s status LED (described in section 1.3.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 3.3.5 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Placement of BCWN Components The placement of BreadCrumb devices has a major impact on maximum effective range, and therefore network performance. The components must be elevated above the surrounding terrain to allow for adequate wave propagation. A device placed directly on the ground has a significantly reduced effective range. Elevating a device above the ground dramatically increased the maximum effective range.
Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 3.4.2 BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Deployment Methodology The steps detailed in this section should assist you in successfully deploying the BCWN. 1. Scan the terrain on which the BCWN will be deployed. (a) Determine the initial distances between BreadCrumb devices. Refer to Rajant Troubleshooting Range User Guide for more information. (b) Note any LOS obstructions, and plan BreadCrumb placement to work around them. 2.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 4 BreadCrumb USB Firmware Upgrade Each BreadCrumb relies on low-level software known as firmware for proper execution. Rajant periodically releases updated BreadCrumb firmware. The updated firmware must be obtained from Rajant.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Note 24 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 An alternative method of upgrading the firmware of a BreadCrumb is explained in the BC|Commander User Guide. This method, called Over The Air (OTA) firmware upgrade, offers the convenience of remote and completely software controlled firmware upgrades.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 5 5.1 Troubleshooting Sporadic Network Connectivity Table 10: Sporadic Network Connectivity Issues. Problem Resolution As a BreadCrumb device’s battery approaches exhaustion, network connectivity will become sporadic for the BreadCrumb device and its associated wireless clients. Monitory battery usage and charge/replace batteries as necessary.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Problem Resolution using the software accompanying your wireless card. 5.2 ● Ensure that the wireless client’s IP address settings are configured properly. ● Ensure that the security settings on the client device and BreadCrumb devices match. ● Ensure that the client device is not prevented from connecting by an ACL.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 5.3 BreadCrumb Power and Start-Up Issues Table 12: BreadCrumb Power and Start-Up Issues. Problem Discharged external batteries can cause a BreadCrumb to appear to power up(“PWR” LED is lit), but fail to start-up. Resolution Monitory battery usage and charge/replace batteries as necessary.
Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Appendix A: Error and Warning Codes All possible BreadCrumb error and warning codes are listed below: JR/LX/LX3/ME3 Firmware Upgrade Codes (1*). 11 – Flash image file does not exist. 12 – Current flash image version is greater than versions of files found on USB drive. 13 – No flash image files found. 14 – Unable to mount USB drive. 15 – Unlocking of /dev/mtd0 failed. 16 – fconfig for SetFailsafeBoot failed.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 128 – Failed to checksum file system image. 129 – Failed to create directory for next file system image. 131 – Failed to mount next file system image. 132 – Failed to create directory for settings. 133 – Failed to copy current settings to next file system image. 134 – Failed to unmount next file system image. 141 – Error retrieving flash file. ME2 Firmware Upgrade Codes (2*) 21 – Flash image file does not exist.
Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 38 – Resetting radio due to error. FIPS Codes (4*) 41 – FIPS self-tests failed. 411 – OpenSSL FIPS vector test programs not found. 412 – OpenSSL FIPS vector test hash mismatch. 413 – 802.11i AES-CCMP test vectors failed. 414 – Unable to use FIPS CCMP encryption. 415 – Kernel integrity check failed. 416 – Filesystem integrity check failed. 42 – Mixed SecNet/Non-SecNet configuration. 43 – Rekeying error. 44 – Rekeying error.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Battery Gas Gauge Codes (6*) 61 – Battery gas gauge i2c device could not be found. 62 – Incorrect gas gauge revision 1 EEPROM settings. 63 – Incorrect gas gauge revision 2 EEPROM settings. 64 – Incorrect gas gauge revision 3 EEPROM settings. 65 – Unknown gas gauge revision. 66 – Incorrect ME3 gas gauge revision 0 EEPROM settings. 67 – Internal battery charger disabled. Other Codes (7*) 71 – Host flapping detected. 72 – Critical I2C failure.
BreadCrumb® LX/LX3 User Guide Version: 2.94 Rajant Corporation 03-100101-001 Appendix B: Using Pole Mount Bracket 1. Use the supplied four (4) M5 screws to attach the mounting bracket to the LX/LX3. 2. Use the U-Bolts to attach LX/LX3 Pole Top Bracket to a pole. 3. Tighten the four (4) nuts on the two (2) U-Bolts to secure the LX/LX3 assembly to the pole. Figure 6: LX Pole-Top Bracket with U-Bolts. Figure 7: U-Bolts Holding the LX Pole-Top Bracket to a Pole.
