Powerwave Fiber Optics Preface User’s Manual Fiber Optics – English VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual Rev.
Preface Powerwave Fiber Optics This document contains descriptions of Powerwave fiber optic units. Most sections in the document do not contain comlete information for building, installation, or commissioning systems and are therefore not allowed to be used as any kind of installation or commissioning guide. Only sections specificly declared to be installation or commissioning instructions are allowed to be used for that purpose.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Preface Contents Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................. v 1. Safety ......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 Human Exposure of RF Radiation ..................................................................................... 1-3 Repeater Antennas ..............................
Preface Fiber Optics Powerwave 5. IP Over Fiber ............................................................................................................................ 5-1 IP Network Terminology ................................................................................................... Requirements ..................................................................................................................... F-Net Characteristics ........................................................
Powerwave Fiber Optics Preface Abbreviations Abbreviations used in the document, in the software and in supported hardware: 3G AGC ALI ALR ALT AMPS AR BCCH BMU BA BS BSA BSC BSel BTS CDMA CH CHA CMB CSA CSel CU CW DAMPS DAS DC DCS DFB DIA DIF DL DNS DMB DPX EEPROM EGSM ETACS ETS F2F FCC FLI F-link F-net FON FOR FOT FOU GSM GPS HW ICMP IM IP LAN LED VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual Third Generation mobile system. Automatic Gain Control. Alarm Interface (board).
Preface Fiber Optics LinDAS LNA MACID MRX MS MSC NAPT NMT NS OCM OM-Online OMS OMT16 OMT32 OSP PA PEP PCN PCS PPP PSM PSTN PSU PTFE R2R R2R net RAS RCC RCM RCU RF RH RIA RMS RMU RSSI RTC RX SLW SW TACS TDMA TX UDP UL UPS VAC VDC WAN WBA WCDMA WCS WDM WLI W-link W-net WRH vi Powerwave Light Indoor Distributed Antenna System. Low Noise Amplifier (unit). Physical address to RIA or CU board (comparable with Ethernet card MACID). Measurement Receiver (board). Mobile Station. Mobile Switching Center.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 1. Safety In this chapter, the word ’repeater’ includes all Powerwave repeating units, such as repeaters, hubs and radio heads. It is necessary that any personnel involved in installation, operation or service of units included in an Powerwave repeater system understand and follow the below points. • The Powerwave repeaters are designed to receive and amplify signals from one or more base stations and retransmit the signals to one or more mobile stations.
Fiber Optics • Powerwave The FON unit contains a class IIIb laser transmitter that emits 2 – 5mW invisible laser radiation during operation. Avoid direct exposure from unconnected laser transmitter or fiber cord as follows: – Do not power up the FON unit if a fiber cable is not attached to the fiber output UL port, neither if a fiber cable is attached to the port but unattached in the other end. – Never look in the end of a fiber cable.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Human Exposure of RF Radiation This section contains a few words about repeater antennas and prescriptions for installaton and maintenance of antenna systems. Also, it describes how to calculate safety distances needed for RF radiation at different antenna power and frequencies.
Fiber Optics Powerwave Radiation Exposure WHO, World Health Organization, and ICNIRP, International Commission on NonIonising Radiation Protection, have determined recommendations for radiation exposure.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 100 50 9W/m2 (1800MHz) 10W/m2 (2100MHz) 31.6 4.5W/m2 (900MHz) 40 10.0 35 3.2 30 1.0 25 0.3 20 0.1 15 0.03 10 0.01 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 Safety distance to antenna in meter 1.1 1.2 1.3 Antenna output power in W Antenna output power in dBm 45 1.4 Figure 1-1. Safety distance to active antenna Indoor GSM 900MHz Repeater output power Feeder loss Antenna gain EIRP +22dBm –5dB +1dBi +18dBm The safety distance can be read to 0.
Fiber Optics Powerwave Static Electricity Static electricity means no risk of personal injury but it can severely damage essential parts of the equipment, if not handled carefully. Parts on the printed circuit boards as well as other parts in the equipment are sensitive to electrostatic discharge. Never touch the printed circuit boards or uninsulated conductor surfaces unless absolutely necessary.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 2. Introduction The first official demonstration of the fiber optics technology took place at the British Royal Society in London, 1870. It was given by natural philosopher John Tyndall. He used a container with a spout and water. As the water poured through the spout, the light from the inside of the container followed the curved water path. Figure 2-1. John Tyndall’s first guided light transmission This demonstation was the first research into guided light transmission.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Fiber Optics in General In the beginning, when fiber optics became in practical use, a ’first window’ with a wavelength of 850nm was used. It had a loss of approximately 3dB/km. As the technology developed, the ’second window’ at 1300nm became more attractive because of the lower loss, below 1dB/km. Today, the ’third window’ at 1550nm is the most attractive wavelength with a loss of 0.2dB/km for silica-based fibers.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Fiber Optic Transmission Versus Electrical Transmission This section points out some differences between fiber optic transmission and electrical transmission via copper. The most signficant differences are loss, bandwidth, electromagnetic interference, security, signal quality, and weight. Low loss per km In general, optical transmission over fiber offers the lowest propagation loss but also more complexity.
Fiber Optics Powerwave Duplex Transmission Full duplex transmission can be performed in a single fiber by transmitting one wavelength in one direction and another wavelength in the reverse direction. A wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) in each end separates the signals to an optical transmitter and an optical receiver. This is further described in Chapter 7, Passive Devices. 2-4 Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics System Building Blocks This section contains short descriptions of the Powerwave fiber optic building blocks listed below. Building modules • FON, Fiber Optic Node, page 2-6. • FOU, Fiber Optic Unit, page 2-6. Repeater units VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual • BMU, Base Station Master Unit, page 2-7. • RMU, Repeater Master Unit, page 2-7. • FOR, Fiber Optic Repeater, page 2-7. • OCM, Optical Converter Module, page 2-8. • RH, Remote Hub, page 2-9. Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics FON, Fiber Optic Node The FON unit is the heart of all Powerwave fiber optic repeater systems. The FON unit contains an optical transmitter and an optical receiver. No other Powerwave repeater building block has these facilities. P102 P115 P109 RX P103 P105 P111 P116 P108 P106 P104 P113 P114 Beryllium oxide hazard P110 P101 TX P130 P112 Figure 2-3. The FON unit This unit is normally part of the FOU, Fiber Optic Unit.
Powerwave Fiber Optics BMU, Base Station Master Unit A BMU is an RF repeater type equipped with a FOU that gives the repeater ability to transmit and receive optical signals on the service side. The BMU has an RF port for BTS connection and up to four fiber optic ports that can be connected to FORs. ALLGON By configuring the FOU with WDMs and OSPs, up to approximately four FORs can be fed in parallel by a BMU via double or single fiber communication.
Powerwave Fiber Optics OCM, Optical Converter Module The OCM is, principally, an indoor rack mounted BMU with several channels for different bands, systems, and operators. The front view of the OCM is shown in Figure 2-5. RF IN/OUT ANT STATUS LOCAL O&M OPTICAL IN/OUT A A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 MAINS I REMOTE WLI A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4 C1 C2 C3 C4 A5 A6 A7 A8 B5 B6 B7 B8 C5 C6 C7 C8 B WLI C 0 CAUTION ! MAX RF INPUT +36dBm OPTICAL CONVERTER MODULE Figure 2-5.
Powerwave Fiber Optics RH, Remote Hub The RH is, principially, a FOR unit in a compact cabinet. The RH unit has, however, no FOU but the FON board is mounted directly in the cabinet. The RH is used in DAS systems. The front view of the RH is shown in Figure 2-7. Figure 2-7. RH, Remote Hub Figure 2-8 shows a Remote Hub cabinet inside with fiber optic cables from the OCM.
Fiber Optics 2 - 10 Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 3. FON, Fiber Optic Node This chapter describes the functionality, the design, and the operational control of the FON unit. P102 RX P115 P109 P103 P105 P111 P116 P108 P106 P104 Beryllium oxide hazard P113 P114 P110 P101 TX P130 P112 Figure 3-1. The FON unit A description of RF transmission over fiber using the FON unit is found in Chapter 4, RF Over Fiber. A description of IP network using the FON unit is found in Chapter 5, IP Over Fiber.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Block Diagram RF Path 1 RF IN P101 16dB, 8W FO TX 0 – 20dB Control Unit IP RF Path 2 RF OUT P102 16dB 0 – 20dB FO RX 16dB TEST P103 –15dB Figure 3-2. FON block diagram Figure 3-2 shows a block diagram of the FON unit. The downlink and uplink RF signal paths are described below.
Powerwave Fiber Optics RF Path 2 An optical 1310 or 1550nm input signal is received by an optical receiver. The power range for this input is between –15dBm and 1dBm optical power. To avoid receiver saturation, it should be less than 1dBm. After converting the optical RF modulated signal to an electrical RF modulated signal, it is amplified in two 16dB amplifier stages with a noise figure of 4dB each.
Powerwave Fiber Optics R2R Communication This section describes how to use the FON unit in R2R networks. The R2R network itself, its configuration, and R2R statistics are further described in the VM100 01/EN, OM-Online, User’s Manual. The R2R (Repeater to Repeater) network is an old Powerwave specific WLI network with SLW protocol and wire interconnection (W-net). WLI stands for Wire Link Interface, W-net for Wire network.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Gateway Node A FON unit can be used as a network gateway node for IP networks as well as for R2R networks by being connected to an RCC (Remote Communication Control) unit, see Figure 3-3. The RCC unit is connected to the FON board via the RCC port, see the Connection Ports section on page 3-10. Both the FON unit and the RCC unit can be installed in all Powerwave repeaters and remote hubs.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Design This section describes the FON board layout, including indicators, coaxial ports, optical ports, connectors, and jumpers. The FON Board The FON board is built up on a printed circuit board that also contains the battery backup. The FON board is shown in Figure 3-4. P102 P115 P109 RX P103 P105 P111 P116 P108 P106 P113 P114 P104 Beryllium oxide hazard P110 P101 TX P130 P112 Figure 3-4.
Powerwave Fiber Optics OPER Green LED that lights up approximately 15 seconds after the mains is switched on. It shows, with a steady light, that the unit is ready for operation. FAULT Red LED that flashes 15 – 20 seconds after the mains is switched on. Then, it flashes for less serious alarms (Error) and is lit with a steady light for fatal alarms (Critical). POWER Yellow LED that indicates present power. It is lit with a steady light after the mains is switched on.
Powerwave Fiber Optics RF and Optical Ports P102 RX P103 Beryllium oxide hazard P101 TX Figure 3-6. RF and optical ports The FON board has three coaxial ports and two optical ports for the downlink and uplink RF signal. The following table shows the port numbers, connector types, and the port usages. Port Type P101 P102 P103 RX TX SMA SMA SMA DIN/APC DIN/APC Description Electrical RF input port (to the optical TX port). Electrical RF output port (from the optical RX port).
Powerwave Fiber Optics Connection Ports Except for the downlink and uplink RF ports, the FON board contains the below described connection ports. P104 – Debug This port is used only for development and debugging. P105 – Front LED indicators 1 P105 is a 4 pole male connector used for the yellow and red LED indicators located on the front cabinet door. 4 P106 – PC 6 1 P106 is a 9 pole D-sub female RS-232 port used for local PC communication.
Powerwave Fiber Optics P110 – W-link jumper This jumper is used to terminate units in a W-link. It has to be set in the parking state for all units except for the first and last units in a W-link. Parking state is shown in the figure (the pins farest away from the battery pack interconnected). The opposite state terminates the W-link. P111, P112 – WLI ports 1 5 P111 and P112 are 5 pole male connectors used for interconnecting nodes in WLI-nets (IP or R2R networks).
Powerwave Fiber Optics Operational Control The FON unit can be locally or remotely controlled via an O&M software (remote control via modem). All descriptions in this document refer to the OM-Online O&M software. Parameter names may differ somewhat when working with OMS, but the functionality of the parameters are the same. VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual Rev.
Fiber Optics 3 - 12 Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 4. RF Over Fiber This chapter describes the downlink RF modulated signal from the BTS to the repeater antenna, and the other way around from the repeater antenna to the BTS. The description is focused on the optical part of the RF transmission. The chapter is divided into the following main parts: • • • • • • • VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual RF signal path overview for downlink and uplink signals, page 4-2. Detailed description of the downlink signal path, page 4-3.
Powerwave Fiber Optics The RF Modulated Signal Paths Figure 4-1 illustrates the downlink RF modulated signal path from the BTS via a BMU, optical fiber, and a FOR to the repeater antenna. And also the uplink path from the repeater antenna back to the BTS. DL DC DPX TX FOR 1 RX FON FON 1 RX TX DPX BMU UL BTS Figure 4-1.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Downlink RF Signal Path The downlink RF modulated signal path, from the BTS to the repeater antenna, is shown in Figure 4-2. The item numbers in the figure are described below. DL DC DPX TX 1 2 1 FOR RX FON FON 3 4 DPX BMU 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Figure 4-2. Downlink RF transmission path 1. DC coupler BMU 20dB DC DL 40dBm BTS NF 5dB The DC coupler on the BTS antenna path picks up the BTS downlink signal with a fixed coupling loss of 20dB.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 5. Optical transmitter The optical transmitter converts the electrical RF modulated signal to a 1310 or 1550nm optical RF modulated signal. The transmitter ends with an optical female connector. TX The transmitter has a laser diode for transmitting the optical signal, and a back-facet monitor photodiode that provides a real-time monitoring of the optical output.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 6. Optical transmission 1 In the example shown in Figure 4-2, the optical downlink transmission (between the optical transmitter and the optical receiver) is built-up with two optical connectors and one single-mode fiber. The optical connectors are of DIN/APC type. The coupling loss (gap and misalignment losses) for this connector type is approximately 0.5dB. The single-mode fiber loss is approximately 0.35dB/km for 1310nm and 0.20dB/km for 1550nm.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 7. Optical receiver The optical receiver performs the opposite function to the optical transmitter. It contains a light detector, that is a semiconductor photodiode that produces current in response to incident 1310 or 1550nm light. RX The conversion from an optical signal to an electrical RF signal is shown in Figure 4-4. PO PO-RF I IRF Figure 4-4. Optical receiver light detector The optical input power to the light detector has to be between –15dBm and 1dBm.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 10. Amplifier 16dB The RF modulated signal is finally amplified in the last FON stage, a 16dB amplifier with a noise figure of 4dB. The output signal minimum noise (above the thermal noise) is 22dB. The output power is set with the previous adjustable attenuator to match the repeater amplifier input level (maximum 13dBm). To achieve maximum output power from the repeater, the input signal level to the repeater has to be correct with respect to the gain.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Uplink RF Signal Path The uplink RF modulated signal path, from the repeater service antenna to the BTS, is shown in Figure 4-5. The item numbers in the figure are described below. Item numbers are omitted for those items that have the same function and settings as in the downlink path. BMU FON FON 1 RX DC DPX DPX FOR TX UL 3 2 1 Figure 4-5. Uplink RF transmission path 1.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Setting the total uplink gain The three uplink set points, highlighted in Figure 4-6, have to be balanced to a total uplink gain appropriate to the ratio of the coverage areas for the BTS and the repeater. DC FOR FON FON 1 RX TX DPX DPX BMU UL –10dB Figure 4-6. Total uplink gain setting points Coupling factors and power losses in the entire uplink chain, including the optic fiber, have also to be considered when setting the total uplink gain.
Powerwave Fiber Optics FOU, Fiber Optic Unit The FOU, Fiber Optic Unit, is a complete unit for fiber optic interconnection of two or more repeaters. It is built up on a flanged plate and can be inserted in all types of LGP Allgon AR repeaters. In the simpliest configuration, it contains a FON board and a DPX filter. Figure 4-7 shows a simple configured FOU, Fiber Optic Unit. FOU DPX RX FON TX Figure 4-7. The FOU, Fiber Optic Unit An FOU inserted in the BMU and in the FOR is shown in Figure 4-8.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Noise, Intermodulation and Dynamic Signal Range This section contains brief descriptions of noise, intermodulation, and dynamic signal range. Noise and intermodulation Figure 4-9 shows noise and intermodulation values for the optical transmission. Conversion loss 25dB TX FON 1 1 Gain 30dB RX LFO NF = 30 – 35dB IP3 = 30 – 35dBm NFOUT FON 2 NF = 3 – 4dB Figure 4-9.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Simplex Transmission This section contains two examples of simplex transmission over fiber. RMU FOR BTS DL = 1310nm UL = 1310nm DL UL 1 1 Figure 4-10. Simplex transmission between an RMU and a FOR unit The first example, shown in Figure 4-10, illustrates a simple configuration. This configuration is described in the previous sections in this chapter, but in this case an RMU is used for radio transmission with the BTS. The downlink and uplink wavelength is 1310nm.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Duplex Transmission This section contains two examples of full-duplex transmission over fiber. RMU FOR BTS DL DL = 1550nm UL = 1310nm UL DX O DX O 1 Figure 4-12. Duplex transmission between an RMU and a FOR unit The first example, shown in Figure 4-12, illustrates the same repeater configuration as in the previous section, but now with full-duplex over one fiber achieved by using an optical WDM (DX O) in each repeater.
Fiber Optics Powerwave The optical power loss for an optical 30/70 percent splitter is 5.2dB/1.5dB, for a 50/50 percent splitter 3dB. The power loss for an optical WDM is 1dB. Additional connectors add the loss by 0.5dB each. Due to the power sharing, up to approximately four slave nodes (FOR) can be connected to a master FON unit (BMU). For additional slave nodes, another FON unit has to be inserted in the BMU. The optical WDMs and splitters are usually included in the FOU located in the BMU.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 5. IP Over Fiber IP (Internet Protocol) network is the latest Powerwave network type with UDP/IP protocol and many features, such as wire or fiber connection, PPP, routing capabilities for many sub networks, etc. IP network communication includes communication between network nodes as well as communication between gateway nodes, for instance FON units, and an O&M software. Communication can be initiated either by an O&M software or a network node.
Powerwave Fiber Optics IP Network Terminology In the descriptions of the IP network the terminology in the following table is used. Network type Protocol Network name Link name Link media Link interface IP IP W-net W-link Wire WLI F-net F-link Fiber FLI Abbreviations IP W-net F-net W-link F-link WLI FLI Internet Protocol. Wire network. Fiber network. Wire link. Fiber link. Wire Link Interface. Fiber Link Interface.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Requirements To be able to use an IP network, the FON hardware and software stated below is required. Hardware and software that does not meet the requirements below can be upgraded. FON hardware FON board K129. FON software FON SA102 05/1 version R1A or higher.
Powerwave Fiber Optics F-Net Characteristics The IP communication signal in an F-net is modulated on a sub carrier below the RF modulated signal. The communication transfer rate is 66Kb per second. M S S FON FON FON F-net can be built up with separate downlink and uplink fibers, multi-drop link communication, and a dedicated master node and slave nodes (M and S respectively in the left figure). FO F-net can also be built up with single fiber and full-duplex transmission, see Figure 5-3.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Node Units This section describes an example of node units used for communication between an O&M software and the nodes in a network. A PC workstation loaded with the O&M software and configured with a modem can be connected to all nodes that have an RCC (or RCU) and communicate with other units in connected W-nets and F-nets. Figure 5-4 shows an O&M workstation connected to an F-net, which is also connected to two W-nets.
Powerwave Fiber Optics The FON Unit Net Interfaces This section describes the FON unit in networks, one of the most important subunits in repeater networks. The FON unit is here described as a block with network interfaces. The FON board contains all software and protocols required for both W-net and F-net communication, routing included. A sole FON board can be a complete node in an F-net or W-net. Figure 5-5 shows the FON board with the communication interfaces pointed out.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Network Example An example of a repeater network with FON units is shown in Figure 5-6. BSC BSC BMU/OCM RCC FON WLI BSC FON CU WLI FON FON CU BSC WLI FON BSC FLI FO RCC RCU WLI FON WLI CU RCC WLI FON FON FO FLI FO FLI WLI FON Figure 5-6. Repeater network example This network has a BMU with three FON units as F-net master nodes. Two of which are gateway units. A backbone W-net interconnects the three FON units.
Fiber Optics 5-8 Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 6. Commissioning Read carefully Chapter 1, Safety before commissioning the optical system. See also the safety precautions for the current repeater or hub types. Check all connections made during the installation. Also, ensure that both the mains plugs for repeaters equipped with two power supply units are connected to outlets supplied from the same fuse. To fulfill the IP65 weather protective requirements, ensure that the cable strain relief bushings are properly tightened.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Commissioning the Fiber Optic System Commission the optical transmission system as described in the following instruction. The instruction covers the optical system only and is therefore applicable to all units with optical transmission, for instance BMU, RMU, OCM, FOR, and RH. Figure 6-1 shows a fiber optic system in a BMU and a FOR. These units are also used as examples in the instruction. TX Att.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 7. Measure the optical output power from the FON board (TX) using an optical power meter. Write down the measured power value. It is recommended to set date and time in the FON units, and to assign names to the units for future tracking. Slave Units Continue by performing the following on each slave unit. 8. Make sure the FOR/slave unit is switched off. 9. If two fibers are used, then make sure the uplink and downlink fibers are connected correctly in the FOR/slave unit.
Powerwave Fiber Optics RX DL DPX TX FOR 1 RX FON FON 1 RX TX DPX BMU DC RX Att. UL dBm 0dBm TX Att. RX Att. BTS Figure 6-3. Slave unit downlink path, and uplink path 10. Switch the FOR on and wait until it is in operational mode. 11. Connect an O&M software to the FON board. 12. Measure the optical downlink input power (’RX’ in Figure 6-3). The receiver level is measured via the O&M software (FON status). Write down the measured optical power value. 13.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 18. Move the O&M software back to the repeater and set uplink attenuation and gain. Example of downlink and uplink settings are found in the following table. Unit BMU (FON) FOR (FON) BMU (RF) Downlink 5dB att. 10dB att. 60dB gain Uplink 10dB att. 5dB att. 60dB gain The optical system is now ready for operation. A fine-tuning of the system should be done to get the most out of the system. And, the more nodes in the system the more reason to balance and fine-tune it.
Powerwave Fiber Optics System Configuration Examples Legend: TX level 0dB Fixed values. DL BTS UL 0dB BMU 40dBm 0dB Total UL gain Set values via O&M software. 5dB 0dB Calculated or resultant values. Set and resultant UL gain values in red. 20dB FON BTS initial noise figure –107dBm 0dB 20dB 0dB 20dB RX Att. TX Att. 1.5dBm 1.5dBm BTS initial sensitivity –92.8dBm High, medium, and low values in the example. BTS sensitivity with repeater 1 14.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Legend: TX level 0dB Fixed values. DL BTS UL 0dB BMU 40dBm 0dB Total UL gain Set values via O&M software. 5dB 0dB Calculated or resultant values. Set and resultant UL gain values in red. 20dB FON BTS initial noise figure –107dBm 0dB 20dB 20dB 20dB RX Att. TX Att. 1.5dBm 1.5dBm BTS initial sensitivity –103.3dBm High, medium, and low values in the example. BTS sensitivity with repeater 1 3.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Legend: TX level 0dB Fixed values. DL BTS UL 0dB BMU 40dBm 0dB Total UL gain Set values via O&M software. 5dB 0dB Calculated or resultant values. Set and resultant UL gain values in red. 20dB FON BTS initial noise figure –107dBm 0dB 20dB 5dB 20dB RX Att. TX Att. –6.5dBm 1.5dBm BTS initial sensitivity –101.3dBm High, medium, and low values in the example. BTS sensitivity with repeater 1 5.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Legend: TX level 0dB Fixed values. DL BTS UL 0dB BMU 40dBm 0dB Total UL gain Set values via O&M software. 20dB 5dB 0dB Calculated or resultant values. BTS initial noise figure –107dBm 0dB Set and resultant UL gain values in red. 20dB FON 15dB 20dB RX Att. TX Att. –8.5dBm 1.5dBm BTS initial sensitivity –103.5dBm High, medium, and low values in the example. BTS sensitivity with repeater 1 3.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Legend: TX level 0dB Fixed values. DL BTS UL 0dB BMU 40dBm 0dB Total UL gain Set values via O&M software. 5dB 0dB Calculated or resultant values. Set and resultant UL gain values in red. 20dB FON BTS initial noise figure –107dBm 0dB 20dB 10dB 20dB RX Att. TX Att. 1.5dBm 1.5dBm BTS initial sensitivity –91.7dBm High, medium, and low values in the example. BTS sensitivity with repeater 1 15.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Legend: TX level 0dB Fixed values. DL BTS UL 0dB BMU 40dBm 0dB Total UL gain Set values via O&M software. 5dB 0dB Calculated or resultant values. Set and resultant UL gain values in red. 20dB FON BTS initial noise figure –107dBm 0dB 20dB 5dB 20dB RX Att. TX Att. –6dBm 1.5dBm BTS initial sensitivity –93dBm High, medium, and low values in the example.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Legend: TX level 0dB Fixed values. DL BTS UL 0dB BMU 40dBm –10dB Total UL gain Set values via O&M software. 5dB 0dB Calculated or resultant values. Set and resultant UL gain values in red. 20dB FON BTS initial noise figure –107dBm 0dB 20dB 20dB 20dB RX Att. TX Att. 1.5dBm 1.5dBm BTS initial sensitivity –99.4dBm High, medium, and low values in the example. BTS sensitivity with repeater 1 7.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Legend: TX level 0dB Fixed values. DL BTS UL 0dB BMU 40dBm –10dB Total UL gain Set values via O&M software. 5dB 0dB Calculated or resultant values. Set and resultant UL gain values in red. 20dB FON BTS initial noise figure –107dBm 0dB 20dB 20dB 20dB RX Att. TX Att. –6dBm 1.5dBm BTS initial sensitivity –101.1dBm High, medium, and low values in the example. BTS sensitivity with repeater 1 5.
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Powerwave Fiber Optics 7. Passive Devices This chapter describes those passive components that are used to build optical fiber networks with two or more nodes. These devices are: • • • • VM100 56/EN – User’s Manual OSP, Optical splitters, page 7-2. WDM, wavelength division multiplexers, page 7-4. Fiber optic cables, page 7-6. Fiber optic connectors, page 7-9. Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics OSP, Optical Splitter This section describes those types of optical splitters that are used to build repeater fiber networks. These are variants of three port optical splitters, also called beamsplitters or tee couplers. After the general description, the graphic symbol for the optical splitter, and two examples of splitter usages are found. Figure 7-1.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Graphic Symbol 50 30 50 70 70 A 30 C B Figure 7-2. Optical splitter graphic symbol Figure 7-2 shows the following three variants of an optical splitter graphic symbol (according to the EIA/TIA-587): A – A 50/50 percent splitter used for simplex splitting, from the common fiber to the two output fibers. B – A 30/70 percent splitter used for simplex combining, from the two input fibers to the common fiber.
Fiber Optics Powerwave WDM, Wavelength Division Multiplexer This section describes those types of optical multipexers that are used to build repeater fiber networks. These are 1310nm and 1550nm WDMs. After the general description, the graphic symbol for the multiplexer, and an example of WDM usage are found. Figure 7-5.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Bi-directional transmission Bi-directional, or duplex, transmission can be used to simultaneously communicate in both directions over the same fiber. Figure 7-6 shows the principle of this communication type. 1310nm TX – 1310nm RX – 1310nm WDM WDM 1550nm RX – 1550nm TX – 1550nm Figure 7-6. Bi-directional transmission Graphic Symbol DX O Figure 7-7.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Fiber Optic Cables Fiber optic 9/125µm single-mode patch cables for Powerwave repeaters are normally delivered with the system. Recommended backbone cables: Single-mode 9/125µm fiber optic cables. Single-mode 9/125µm fiber optic cables have a very good bandwidth-distance product and a low cable loss, see below. To add cable length, permanent splices are generally used outside buildings while connectors are generally used inside buildings.
Powerwave Fiber Optics The best of the copper coaxial cables, RG-8, has an attenuation of approximately 100dB/ km at a frequency of 300MHz. This means that only 0.00000001% of the source power remains after a distance of 1km. In a 1550nm single-mode fiber cable of the same length, approximately 95% of the source power remains. This example is applicable for a splice-less cable with no other devices connected. Miscellaneous fiber cable characteristics Minimum bend radius for this cable type is 12mm.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Powerwave Patch Cables Powerwave can provide a number of fiber patch cables with connectors for various applications. The following list contains some examples of these fiber cables.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Fiber Optic Connectors There are a number of fiber optic connector types that have different charactersistics, advantages, and disadvantages. There are, however, three basic connector parts that all of these types have in common. These are the connector body, the ferrule, and the coupling device. Figure 7-10 illustrates a typical fiber connector in which these three parts, and other main parts, are pointed out.
Fiber Optics Powerwave Connector Types The most common fiber optic connectors for Powerwave repeaters are briefly described below. DIN These are keyed, spring-loaded connectors with floating sleeves in the couplers. They have threaded coupling nuts. DIN/APC, see APC connectors below. FC The ferrule in a FC connector has face contact (FC) with the joined connector. This type has a threaded coupling nut. FC/APC, see APC connectors below. FC/PC, see PC connectors below.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Handling Connectors Always have in mind that the fiber area in a fiber optic connector is very small. The diameter of the fiber in a single-mode connector is only 9µm. Compared to a human hair, which is between 50 and 75µm, the fiber diameter is only about a seventh of that diameter. This means that a very small particle on the fiber end face causes trouble. A dust particle, 1µm in size, can suspend indefinitely in the air.
Fiber Optics 7 - 12 Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics 8. Troubleshooting This troubleshooting guide is applicable to a BMU connected to a BTS. The BMU is also the master unit in a fiber optic network built-up with FON units, one in the BMU and one in each of the connected repeaters. This guide assumes that no gateway is available in the repeater network, and that alarms are indicated via an alarm relay in the BMU. At the BMU site 1. Inspect the BTS and BMU sites.
Fiber Optics Powerwave At the repeater site 7. Repeat from step 2 to step 6 but now in the repeater. 8. If there are further repeaters in the network, then measure the optical output power to the next repeater. If there is no power, then the problem most likely refers to the optic splitter. Replace the FOU unit with the passive devices (keep the FON board). A misfunctioning splitter can also be the cause of lost repeaters between the BMU and the current site. 9.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Index Index A Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... v APC connectors ............................................................................................... 7-10 B BATT, green LED ............................................................................................. Beamsplitter .....................................................................................................
Index Fiber Optics Powerwave L Link ................................................................................................................ 5-2 M Mechanical splice ............................................................................................... 7-7 N Net and link ...................................................................................................... Node units .......................................................................................................
Powerwave Fiber Optics Index lithium battery .............................................................................................. 1-1 polytetrafluoro ethylene ................................................................................. 1-1 PTFE .......................................................................................................... 1-1 SC connectors ................................................................................................. 7-10 Single-Mode Fiber ...
Index Fiber Optics I-4 Rev.
Powerwave Fiber Optics Questionnaire Questionnaire The aim of this manual is to guide you when installing and operating the Powerwave repeaters, and to answer questions that may turn up. To ensure that we provide appropriate information for these purposes, we would appreciate your views and suggestions on how to improve the manual in this direction. Please, fill out the following questionnaire and send it to us.
Questionnaire Powerwave Fiber Optics POSTAGE STAMP Powerwave Technologies Sweden AB Customer Care SE-187 80 Täby Sweden If you prefer to send by mail, fold here and tape. No envelope required. If you prefer to send by fax, use this number: Q-2 Rev.
