Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide GSDU 468845A (paper) WREM 070700A (on CD 468846A) August, 2000
COPYRIGHT © 2000 Nokia Corporation. All rights reserved. Rights reserved under the copyright laws of the United States. RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013. IMPORTANT NOTE TO USERS This device has been certified by the FCC as a Class B device and as such must be installed and/or moved by a professional.
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, IN NO EVENT SHALL NOKIA, ITS EMPLOYEES OR AFFILIATES BE LIABLE FOR ANY LOST PROFITS, REVENUE, SALES, DATA, OR COSTS OF PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES, PROPERTY DAMAGE, PERSONAL INJURY, INTERRUPTION OF BUSINESS, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION OR FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, ECONOMIC, COVER, PUNITIVE, SPECIAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES HOWEVER CAUSED, AND WHETHER ARISING UNDER CONTRACT, TORT, NEGLIGENCE, OR
Contents CHAPTER 1 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CHAPTER 2 Antenna Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Site Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2.1 RF Link Feasibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.
Contents 3.1.2 Physical Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.3 Physical Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.4 Connection Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1.5 Amplifiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 24 25 26 3.2 Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.2.1 LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 3.2.2 Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER 1 System Overview 1.1 Introduction This chapter provides: • • A basic understanding of how a wireless router system functions How wireless systems self-configure Wireless router networks bypass the wired local loop with fast “alwayson” wireless Internet access. The Nokia AIR™ Operating System (OS) provides intelligence, security and ease of use to make wireless networks practical, simple to deploy, and cost effective.
1.1.1 Configuration When the units are configured and deployed, they adapt to the network automatically to learn the network topology. The operating system then builds and maintains the network topology and routing tables, and continually updates them as the network changes. Line of sight problems, common in point-to-multipoint networks, are eliminated by routing traffic through other units.
Introduction • • Proper placement and mounting of the wireless router (Section 3.1) Proper use of cabling between the wireless router and the subscribers’ PC/network (Section 3.1.
4 Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide
CHAPTER 2 Antenna Installation 2.
2.2 Site Analysis The goals of site analysis are: • • To determine the feasibility of RF links at each site To determine the antenna and cable requirements necessary to provide service 2.2.1 RF Link Feasibility Wireless routers operate in a “mesh” network—line of sight is required to only one other radio in the network. The IP routing capability allows all units to act as repeaters for other units. Survey all obstructions to potential sites. For most installations use an omnidirectional antenna.
Site Analysis 3. Determine the RF paths between the antenna at the site and the antennas at adjacent sites. For a directional link with a single antenna, there is only one RF path. For an omnidirectional antenna, determine all RF paths. The RF path can be determined by knowing the relative bearing from the current site to adjacent sites. 4.
2.3 Line of Sight Analysis A quality antenna installation includes: • • • Clear visual line of sight between antennas Clear radio line of sight between antennas Antenna and cable selection and mounting based on the site requirements and limitations 2.3.1 Visual Line of Sight Visual line of sight exists when an imaginary straight line can be drawn between two antennas without passing through any physical obstructions. Verifying visual line of sight is the first step in planning.
Line of Sight Analysis 2.3.2 Radio Line of Sight Fresnel Zone Provide a clear radio path by raising the antenna as high as possible and away from objects near the radio path. A radio wave is not like a laser with a narrow, pointed beam. RF waves fan out from a single source and are diffracted or absorbed by objects that are near the visual line of sight. This area is called the Fresnel Zone. Clear radio line of sight exists when there are no physical obstructions in the Fresnel Zone. 2.3.
2.4 Antenna Selection 2.4.1 Omnidirectional Antennas Omnidirectional antennas radiate spherically, providing equal coverage in all directions, and are best for multi-point links and forwarding sites. Because they receive and transmit signals in all directions, they are the best antenna for most installations. Side View Top View Omnidirectional Antennas - Radiation Pattern 2.4.2 Directional Antennas Directional antennas focus their RF beam in narrow patterns in one direction.
Antenna Selection Directional Antennas - Radiation Pattern Side View Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide 11
2.5 Cables Nokia provides two types of RF cabling for wireless router installations: 1. Low Loss RF Cable - rigid low attenuation cable for long cable runs. 2. Flexible Jumper Cables - flexible cables, up to six feet long, that connect the wireless router to the low loss RF cable or connect amplifier components with the wireless router and antenna. NOTE: Only use the RF cables provided by Nokia.
Outdoor Installation Procedures 2.6 Outdoor Installation Procedures WARNING: Use extreme caution when installing antennas in areas with overhead power lines. Outdoor antennas and their supporting masts, guy wires, and cables are electrical conductors. Contact with high-voltage electrical wires can cause serious injury or death. 2.6.
• • Antenna mounting hardware Antenna mast and hardware 2.6.3 Polarization Polarization refers to the direction of antenna element alignment. For antennas to properly communicate with each other, all antenna must be aligned (polarized) in the same direction. 2.6.3.1 Omnidirectional Antenna This vertically polarized antenna can only be mounted vertically. 2.6.3.
Outdoor Installation Procedures 2.6.5 Grounding WARNING: Because antennas are elevated metal objects with connections to ground, they attract lightning. Attach an effective ground to the antennas to provide a path for the lightning. Effective antenna grounding also minimizes electrical noise and interference, which can degrade system performance. 1. Provide a good, very low resistance wire connection from the antenna mount and wireless router to earth ground. 2.
3. Mount the antenna on a mast or tower that is well grounded to earth. 4. Weatherproof all ground connectors to prevent corrosion, which interferes with the grounding connection. 5. Connect all power and antenna grounds to a common single point such as an equipment rack, cabinet enclosure chassis, or antenna tower. Connect this single-point ground to a solid ground connection to earth. 6. Install a lightning arrestor where the antenna cable enters the building or cabinet.
Outdoor Installation Procedures 1. Connect the antenna and RF cable. Only connect cables at this step, attaching other mounting hardware will make applying the weatherproofing tape more difficult. See the NOTE for an exception.
4. Apply the tape so that it covers the bottom of the antenna and the top of the connector without gaps. To be certain that there are no gaps apply the tape so that it overlaps half the width of the tape on each wrap. (The gaps can allow water to enter the connector and cable). 5. Continue applying the tape to at least 2” below the connector. 6. Squeeze the tape against the antenna and connector to remove any air gaps. 7. Attach the antenna to the mast or other mounting solution. 8.
Outdoor Installation Procedures Properly weatherproofed antenna connection. Antenna mounting brackets may vary. NOTE: Be careful when weatherproofing RF connectors. Do not stress or bend the cable during the process. 2.6.7 Weatherproofing Flexible RF Jumper Cables When using flexible RF jumpers in the installation, weatherproof all connectors and connections that are exposed or could potentially be exposed to outdoor conditions (including condensation).
2.6.8 Amplifier Weatherproofing The amplifier is designed to be mounted outdoors. The connectors must be weatherproofed using the same technique described for weatherproofing antenna connections. To prevent rain or snow from falling directly on the connectors, mount the amplifier with the connectors facing down. The DC injector is designed to be mounted indoors and must be protected from moisture and excessive heat and cold.
Indoor Installation Procedures 2.7 Indoor Installation Procedures The procedures for an indoor installation are the same as those for an outdoor installation as described in section 2.6, with the following exceptions: 2.7.1 Weatherproofing An indoor installation does not require weatherproofing as described in section 2.6.6. All equipment must be installed away from moisture from outside doors, open windows, faucets, and so on. Do not install equipment in bathrooms. 2.7.
22 Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide
CHAPTER 3 Wireless Router Installation 3.1 Introduction A wireless router system consists of two or more antennas, antenna cables, and wireless routers. One of the units is the AirHead which connects with wire to the Internet. All other units are Subscriber units that connect to remote computers or LANs. This chapter describes how to connect the system and verify the hardware installation. 3.1.
• • • • The wireless router must be installed with its mounting bracket whether it is placed on a wall or desktop. The holder provides ventilation and helps drain spilled liquids. Place the wireless routers DC power unit out of the way, or tape it to the side of a vertical surface to prevent it from being stepped on or damaged. The wireless router can cause interference to (and interfere with) other devices operating in the 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz radio spectrum.
Introduction Mounting Bracket 3.1.4 Connection Options There are two ways to connect the wireless router to the subscriber’s network/PC: 1. Network connection 2. Direct Personal Computer connection 3.1.4.1 Network Use a standard Ethernet cable with an RJ45 connector at the wireless router and the appropriate connector at your LAN Ethernet connection.
3.1.4.2 Network Connection Connect an Ethernet crossover cable between the wireless router and the Personal Computer Ethernet connection. Use an RJ45 connector at the wireless router and the appropriate connector for your Personal Computer Ethernet connection. 3.1.5 Amplifiers Amplifiers may be used in some installations. An Amplifier kit consists of the amplifier, which is mounted next to the antenna, and a DC injector, which requires AC power, and is mounted indoors next to the wireless router.
Introduction Antenna Amplifier DC Injector (Mounts Indoors) Amplifier Wiring Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide 27
3.2 Front Panel Wireless Router Front Panel 3.2.1 LED Indicators 1. LAN: Blinking indicates packets are being transmitted between the wireless router and the LAN or PC. 2. Radio: Blinking indicates packet transmission and reception over the wireless interface. 3. Anchor: If the configured device is the AirHead, there will be no indication until another wireless router is configured.
Front Panel • • • • LED steady on: The link to the next-hop (neighbor) in the path to the AirHead has a Data Rate of two Mbps and the path is <=3 hops. Slow Flash - The link to the next-hop (neighbor) in the path to the AirHead has a Data Rate of one Mbps and the path is <=3 hops. Fast Flash - Either • Connected to one or more neighbors but not to an AirHead, or • Connected to an AirHead with four or more hops in the path. LED off - The router has no neighbors. 4.
3.3 Rear Panel Wireless Router Rear Panel Connections 1. Antenna Connector: Connect a small vertical antenna directly to the antenna jack or connect a cable to an external antenna. The connector is a reverse-polarized TNC female unit. You may need a jumper converter to attach cables to the wireless router. Most cables are supplied with reverse-polarized TNC male connectors. For systems with an amplifier, connect a small jumper cable to the DC Injector “To Radio” connector. 2.
APPENDIX A Cables Ethernet Crossover Cable The wiring for an Ethernet Crossover cable for 10Base-T is as follows: RJ45 Plug Pin 1 (Tx+) to Pin 3 (Rx+) Pin 2 (Tx-) to Pin 6 (Rx-) Pin 3 (Rx+) to Pin 1 (Tx+) Pin 6 (Rx-) to Pin 2 (Tx-) Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide 31
32 Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide
APPENDIX B Network Planning Guidelines This appendix includes Network Planning Guidelines for Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routers.
34 Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide
APPENDIX C Technical Specifications This appendix describes technical specifications for Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routers R242/242A. Nokia RoofTop Wireless Router Models R242 & R242A IndoorMounted Unit Data Capacity per Cell 12 Mbps (6x2 Mbps per channel) AirHeads per Cell Up to 6 Routers per Cell Up to 240 Routers per AirHead Up to 40 Antenna Type (Typical 8 dBi Omnidirectional (external) Link Range (Typical) 1 Mbps Data Rate 0.75 Mile 2 Mbps Data Rate 0.
Nokia RoofTop Wireless Router Models R242 & R242A IndoorMounted Unit (Continued) Radio/Modem Specifications Frequency Band 2.4000 - 2.
Nokia RoofTop Wireless Router Models R242 & R242A IndoorMounted Unit (Continued) Internet Protocols IP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, RIPv1, RIPv2, SNMP, TFTP, IGMP, ARP, Proxy-ARP, DHCP Relay, DHCP Server, NAT Agency Compliance FCC Class B, FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide 37
38 Nokia RoofTop™ Wireless Routing Installation Guide
APPENDIX D Required Minimum Working Distances for Antennas The installer must ensure, that the installation is such, that a minimum separation distance, as indicated in table 1, from persons is guaranteed in order to comply with exposure guidelines. When co-locating installations of dissimilar type, the installer must use the MPE distance for whichever installation has the highest MPE requirement.
The system may also be co-located with other systems operating above 1.5 GHz which have a maximum EIRP less than 57 dBm (500 W), in which case the minimum separation distance must either be calculated as follows... MPE distance = 10 EIRPC /10 + 10 EIRPR /10 / 3.54 ...in which EIRPC is the sum of output power and antenna gain (in dBm) of the co-located system and EIRPR taken from Table 1. Alternatively, an MPE distance of 2 meters may be employed.
Index A Antenna Installation Grounding 15 Polarization 14 Required Installation Components 13 Safety Guidelines 13 Weatherproofing 16 Jumper Connection 19 Steps 16 Supplies 16 Antenna Selection Directional Antennas 10 Omnidirectional Antennas 10 F Fresnel Zone 9 Front Panel LED Indicators 28 Front Panel Diagram 28 Physical Mounting 24 Preinstall Requirements 23 L LAN Interface 26 Line of Sight Analysis Fresnel Zone 9 Radio Line of Sight 9 Visual Line of Sight 8 P Power Port 30 S Site Analysis 6 RF Link Fe
