ThermaCAM™ P60 Operator’s manual Publ. No.
ThermaCAM™ P60 Operator’s manual Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction.
Table of contents 1 Warnings & cautions .................................................................................................................................................. 1 2 Welcome! ......................................................................................................................................................................... 2.1 About FLIR Systems ...................................................................................................................
.7.6.1 6.7.6.2 Removing the remote control ........................................................................ 25 Attaching the remote control ......................................................................... 25 7 Camera overview ......................................................................................................................................................... 7.1 Camera parts ..............................................................................................
8.2.5.3 8.2.5.4 8.2.5.5 8.2.5.6 8.2.5.7 8.2.5.8 8.2.5.9 8.2.5.10 8.2.5.11 8.2.5.12 8.2.5.13 9 Save .......................................................................................................................... Alarm ........................................................................................................................ Digital video .......................................................................................................... Power ...................................
15 Thermographic measurement techniques ..................................................................................................... 110 15.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 110 15.2 Emissivity ............................................................................................................................................................ 110 15.2.
List of figures Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 4.1 4.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 7.1 7.2 7.3 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10 Figure 7.11 Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.
Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 8.25 8.26 8.27 8.28 8.29 8.30 8.31 8.32 8.33 8.34 8.35 8.36 8.37 8.38 8.39 8.40 8.
Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 8.62 8.63 8.64 8.65 8.66 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.2 13.1 13.2 Figure Figure Figure Figure 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Figure 13.7 Figure 13.8 Figure 13.9 Figure 13.10 Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 14.1 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 17.1 Figure 17.2 Figure 17.3 Figure 17.4 Figure 17.5 Figure 17.6 Figure 17.
Figure 17.8 Figure 17.9 Figure 18.1 Figure 18.2 Figure 18.3 Figure 18.4 Figure 19.1 x Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody. .................................... 124 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. ....................................................................
1 Warnings & cautions 10474103;1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause interference to radio communications. It has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A computing device pursuant to Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference when operated in a commercial environment.
2 Welcome! Thank you for choosing the ThermaCAM™ P60 infrared camera. The ThermaCAM™ P60 infrared condition monitoring system consists of an infrared camera with a built-in 24° lens, a visual color camera, a laser pointer, an IrDA (infrared communications link), a 4" color LCD on a removable remote control, and a range of accessories. The infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object.
2.1 – About FLIR Systems 10380703;2 Figure 2.1 FLIR Systems, Boston, USA, FLIR Systems, Danderyd, Sweden, and FLIR Systems, Portland, USA. As pioneers in the IR industry, FLIR Systems has a long list of ‘firsts’ in the world of infrared thermography: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 1965: 1st thermal imaging system for predictive maintenance (Model 650). 1973: 1st battery-operated portable IR scanner for industrial applications predictive maintenance (Model 750).
2.1 – About FLIR Systems 10401603;1 Figure 2.2 LEFT: FLIR Systems’ Thermovision® Model 661. The photo is taken on May 30th, 1969 at the distribution plant near Beckomberga, in Stockholm, Sweden. The camera weighed approx. 25 kg (55 lb), the oscilloscope 20 kg (44 lb), the tripod 15 kg (33 lb). The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb) can be seen.
2.2 – Comments & questions 10401403;1 Figure 2.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing 10401503;1 Figure 2.5 LEFT: Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot for camera testing and calibration 2.2 Comments & questions FLIR Systems is committed to a policy of continuous development, and although we have tested and verified the information in this manual to the best of our ability, you may find that features and specifications have changed since the time of printing.
2.2 – Comments & questions NOTE: Do not use this e-mail address for technical support questions. Technical support is handled by FLIR Systems local sales offices. 6 Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
3 Packing list The ThermaCAM™ P60 and its accessories are delivered in a hard transport case which typically contains the items below. On receipt of the transport case, inspect all items and check them against the delivery note. Any damaged items must be reported to the local FLIR Systems representative immediately. No.
NOTE: Please note the following: ■ ■ 8 The packing list is, to some degree, subject to customer configuration and may contain more or less items. FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts and accessories, and other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice. Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
4 System overview 10440203;1 Figure 4.1 System overview Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
Figure 4.2 Explanations of callouts Callout Part No.
Callout Part No. Description of part 22 1 909 813 FireWire cable 6/6 NOTE: Depending on your camera configuration, only S-Video or FireWire is supported. 23 1 909 775 CVBS cable (composite video cable) 24 IrDA Infrared communication link Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
5 Connecting system components 10438603;2 Figure 5.1 How to connect system components, 1: Rear connectors Figure 5.2 Explanations of callouts Callout Explanation 1 FireWire cable Depending on your camera configuration, this may be an S-Video cable instead of a FireWire cable. 12 2 CompactFlash card 3 Power supply cable 4 CVBS cable (i.e. composite video) 5 Remote control cable Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
10438803;2 Figure 5.3 How to connect system components, 1: Front connectors Figure 5.4 Explanations of callouts Callout Explanation 1 RS-232 / USB cable. The connector on the camera is also used as a connector for video lamp (see figure 7.3 on page 29). 2 Headset cable Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
6 Tutorials 6.1 Switching on & switching off the camera Step Action 1 Insert a battery into the battery compartment. SEE ALSO: For information about inserting a battery, see section 6.7.5 – Inserting & removing the battery on page 23. 2 Briefly press the green ON/OFF button to switch on the camera. 3 Press and hold down the green on/off button for a few seconds to switch off the camera. SEE ALSO: For information about buttons, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. 6.
6.3 – Working with measurements 6.2.3 Freezing & unfreezing an image Step Action 1 Press and hold down the A button for one second to adjust the focus. 2 Briefly press the A button to autoadjust the camera. 3 Briefly press the S button to freeze the image. To unfreeze the image, press the S button once again. 6.2.4 Saving an image Step Action 1 Press and hold down the A button for one second to adjust the focus. 2 Briefly press the A button to autoadjust the camera.
6.3 – Working with measurements Step Action 2 Point to Add box on the Analysis menu and press the joystick. A box will now appear on the screen. The measured temperature will be displayed in the result table in the top right corner of the screen. You are now in edit mode and can move the box in any direction by pressing and moving the joystick. To leave the edit mode, press the C button twice.
6.4 – Working with alarms 6.3.5 Creating & changing an isotherm Step Action 1 Press the joystick to display the horizontal menu bar. 2 Point to Add isotherm on the Analysis menu and press the joystick. An isotherm will now be added to your image. The isotherm levels will be displayed in the result table in the top right corner of the screen. You are now in edit mode and can change the isotherm levels by moving the joystick up/down. To leave the edit mode, press the C button twice.
6.4 – Working with alarms use an alarm that takes into account the reference temperature is screening of people for face temperature detection. Firstly, the reference temperature is set by screening 10 persons with normal face temperature. The camera puts each of these 10 results in an internal camera buffer and calculates the average temperature value after having discarded the two highest and two lowest values in the event of erroneous samples.
6.4 – Working with alarms 6.4.2 Setting up a silent alarm Step Action 1 Press the joystick to display the vertical menu bar. 2 Point to Alarm on the Setup menu and press the joystick to display the Alarm setup dialog box. 3 Select Type by pressing the joystick left/right. This setting defines whether the alarm should be triggered when the temperature exceeds or drops below the alarm temperature. 4 Select Function by pressing the joystick left/right.
6.5 – Changing level & span Step Action 6 Select Output by pressing the joystick left/right until Beep is highlighted. 7 Specify the Alarm temp by pressing the joystick left/right. NOTE: Alarm temp will only be available if Set from ref temp has been disabled below. 8 Specify whether the alarm temperature should be set from the reference temperature or not by pressing the joystick left/right. 9 Specify Delta alarm by pressing the joystick left/right.
6.6 – Changing system settings NOTE: You can also change the span by pointing to Level/Span on the Image menu, and then change the span by moving the joystick left/right. SEE ALSO: For more information about span, see section 8.2.4.4 – Level/Span on page 65. 6.6 Changing system settings 6.6.1 Changing the language Step Action 1 Press the joystick to display the horizontal menu bar. 2 Point to Local settings on the Setup menu and press the joystick. 3 Move the joystick up/down to select Language.
6.7 – Working with the camera 6.6.4 Changing the time format Step Action 1 Press the joystick to display the horizontal menu bar. 2 Point to Local Settings on the Setup menu and press the joystick. 3 Move the joystick up/down to select Time format. 4 Move the joystick left/right to change the time format. 5 Press the joystick to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box. 6.6.5 Changing date & time Step Action 1 Press the joystick to display the horizontal menu bar.
6.7 – Working with the camera Step Action 1 Make sure the index mark on the IR lens is lined up with the index mark on the camera. 2 Carefully push the lens into the lens recess. NOTE: Do not use excessive force. 3 6.7.2 Rotate the lens 30° clock-wise. Focusing the camera using autofocus Step Action 1 Press the green ON/OFF button to switch on the camera. 2 Press and hold down the A button for one second to adjust the focus.
6.7 – Working with the camera 6.7.5.1 Inserting the battery 10397003;2 Figure 6.2 Inserting the battery Step Action 1 Open the lid of the battery compartment by pressing its locking mechanism. 2 Push the battery into the battery compartment until the battery release spring locks. 3 Close the lid of the battery compartment. 6.7.5.2 Removing the battery 10397103;2 Figure 6.3 Removing the battery 24 Step Action 1 Open the lid of the battery compartment by pressing its locking mechanism.
6.7 – Working with the camera SEE ALSO: For more information about the battery system, see section 9 – Electrical power system on page 80. 6.7.6 Removing & attaching the remote control from the camera handle NOTE: The remote control is mounted on the camera handle by means of a fixed front latch and a rear spring-loaded latch. See the figure on page 31. 6.7.6.1 Removing the remote control 10397203;3 Figure 6.
6.7 – Working with the camera 26 Step Action 1 Firmly hold the camera in your left hand and hold the remote control in your right hand. 2 Align the remote control handle with the camera handle so that the rear end of the remote control handle mates with the rear spring-loaded latch. 3 Pull the remote control handle backwards and then push it down – towards the camera handle – to lock it between the two latches. Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
7 Camera overview 7.1 Camera parts 10394103;4 Figure 7.1 Camera parts, 1 Callout Description of part 1 +/– buttons SEE ALSO: For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
7.1 – Camera parts Callout Description of part 2 F1 button SEE ALSO: For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. 3 F2 button SEE ALSO: For more information about the functionality of this button, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. 4 Camera status LCD SEE ALSO: For more information about the LCD, see section 7.5 – Camera status LCD on page 35.
7.1 – Camera parts Callout Description of part 1 C button SEE ALSO: For more information about the C button, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. 2 Lid of the battery compartment 3 S button SEE ALSO: For more information about the S button, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. 4 A button SEE ALSO: For more information about the A button, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33.
7.1 – Camera parts 10394403;4 Figure 7.4 Camera parts, 3 Callout Description of part 1 Cover for additional connectors 2 Joystick SEE ALSO: For more information about the joystick, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. 3 ON/OFF button (green) SEE ALSO: For more information about the ON/OFF button, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. 30 Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
7.1 – Camera parts Callout Description of part 4 IrDA infrared communication link (to communicate with the camera using a PDA, laptop computer etc.) SEE ALSO: For more information about using IrDA, see section 7.4 – IrDA infrared communication link on page 35. 10394603;4 Figure 7.5 Camera parts, 4 Callout Description of part 1 Spring-loaded locking latch for the remote control Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
7.1 – Camera parts Callout Description of part 2 Laser LocatIR with lens cap NOTE: Please note the following: A laser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatIR is switched on. Since the distance between the laser beam and the image center will vary by the target distance, Laser LocatIR should only be used as an aiming aid. Always check the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target. ■ Do not look directly into the laser beam.
7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions Callout Description of part 1 S button SEE ALSO: For more information about the S button, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. 2 C button SEE ALSO: For more information about the C button, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. 3 A button SEE ALSO: For more information about the A button, see section 7.2 – Keypad buttons & functions on page 33. 4 Joystick SEE ALSO: For more information about the joystick, see section 7.
7.3 – Autofocus Button Comments Joystick ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ +/– Programmable functions: ■ ■ ■ ■ F1 Focus Zoom Level Span Programmable functions: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ F2 None Adjust once Auto focus Reverse palette Next palette Visual/IR Update ref temp Programmable functions: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Button for Laser LocatIR 7.
7.4 – IrDA infrared communication link NOTE: Please note the following: ■ ■ ■ The area that the camera uses when autofocusing is a 80 × 60 pixel box, centered vertically and horizontally on the screen The camera will have difficulties autofocusing when the image has low contrasts between different areas You should keep the camera steady when autofocusing 7.
7.5 – Camera status LCD 10346003;2 Figure 7.8 Camera status LCD Figure 7.9 Camera status LCD – explanations Callout Comments 1 Battery status bar. The frame around the battery status bar is switched on when a battery is inserted. ■ ■ 2 Battery indicator. Switched on if a battery is inserted, flashing if the battery is being charged internally. 3 CompactFlash card indicator. Switched on if a CompactFlash card is inserted.
7.6 – Laser LocatIR 7.6 Laser LocatIR The ThermaCAM™ P60 infrared camera features a laser pointer located at the front of the camera handle. To display the laser dot, press the Laser LocatIR button on left side of the handle. The laser dot will appear approx. 91 mm/3.6" above the target. NOTE: Please note the following: ■ ■ ■ ■ A laser icon appears on the screen when the Laser LocatIR is switched on.
8 Camera program 8.1 Screen objects 8.1.1 Result table The results of measurement markers are displayed in a result table in the top righthand corner of the screen. Figure 8.
8.1 – Screen objects 8.1.2 Status bar 10388403;2 Figure 8.2 Status bar, showing atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, distance to target, zoom factor, date & time, temperature range, emissivity, and reflected ambient temperature. Information about an image and the current conditions appear on the first and second bottom lines of the screen. If text comments are attached to an image file, they are displayed above these two lines. NOTE: If you enter an emissivity value less than 0.
8.2 – Menu system Message Explanation Manual Message is displayed when the camera is currently in manual adjust mode. Restarting Message is displayed when the software is restarted, i.e. after Factory default. Saving as Message is displayed while an image is being saved. 8.1.4.2 Warning messages Warning messages are displayed in the center of the screen. Here you will find important information about battery status, etc. Figure 8.
8.2 – Menu system 8.2.2 File menu 8.2.2.1 Images 10565703;1 Figure 8.6 Images folder Point to Images and press the joystick to display a thumbnail view of the files on the CompactFlash® card, or in the internal camera memory. The following files are displayed: ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ infrared images visual images *.avi files (DV-AVI files captured using burst recording) *.etf files (emissivity table files) *.tcf files (text comment files) Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
8.2 – Menu system 10565803;1 Figure 8.7 Images folder, showing the context menu In the Images folder you can do the following: ■ ■ ■ ■ Open an image by selecting the image using the joystick, then pressing the joystick Create a new folder by selecting an image, then pressing and holding down the joystick, and selecting Create new folder Delete an image by selecting the image, then pressing and holding down the joystick, and selecting Delete Move between the internal memory and the CompactFlash® card 8.
8.2 – Menu system 8.2.2.4 Periodic save 10389603;2 Figure 8.8 Periodic save dialog box Point to Periodic save and press the joystick to display the Periodic save dialog box. Using the periodic save feature, you can save a number of images, at a certain selectable periodicity, to the internal flash memory or the CompactFlash card. Together with the images, all the current conditions will be saved. Figure 8.
8.2 – Menu system 10389703;2 Figure 8.10 Burst recording toolbar and progress bar Figure 8.
8.2 – Menu system Callout Explanation 10 ■ ■ ■ As File type, select AVI (non-radiometric) or SEQ (radiometric). As Record mode, select Circular or Linear. Circular means that the recording will automatically start over when the internal RAM memory is full. This may be useful when it is extremely important that the beginning of an event is recorded, and it is difficult to start the recording at the exact time.
8.2 – Menu system Figure 8.13 Explanations of the Voice comment dialog box Task Action Recording a new voice comment, using the headset Move the joystick to select the Record button and then press the joystick. Stopping the recording Move the joystick to select the Stop button and then press the joystick. Listening to a voice comment, using the headset Move the joystick to select the Play button and then press the joystick.
8.2 – Menu system Figure 8.15 Creating a text comment Step Action 1 Point to Text comment on the File menu and press the joystick. A dialog box with a number of tabs will appear on the screen. Move the joystick up/down to select a label on the first tab, and then press the joystick. 10566003;1 2 Move the joystick up/down to select a value on the second tab, and press the joystick. 10566103;1 3 To see the complete result, move the joystick to the right to go to the third tab.
8.2 – Menu system Figure 8.16 Creating a numerical value to be used in a text comment Step Action 1 Point to Text comment on the File menu and press the joystick. A dialog box with four tabs will appear on the screen. Move the joystick up/down to select a label on the first tab, and then press the joystick. 10566003;1 2 To specify a numerical value that you can select on the first tab, select Numerical value and press the joystick. 10566203;1 48 Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
8.2 – Menu system Step Action 3 Move the joystick up/down and left/right to specify a numerical value. Spaces before and after the value will be deleted. 10566303;1 4 To keep the text comment for future use, select Yes on the Settings tab. 10566403;1 5 To include the numerical value in your text comment, go back to the first tab and select the value. 6 Press the S button to save the text comment and leave the dialog box. Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
8.2 – Menu system NOTE: Please note the following: Using the text comments command requires that a CompactFlash card with the appropriate *.tcf file is inserted into the camera, or that the file is stored in the camera’s internal flash memory. To make the text strings load, it is important that the *.tcf file is saved on image root level or in the directory where the images are saved on the CompactFlash card. If the images are saved in the internal flash memory, the *.
8.2 – Menu system Command Explanation Settings See below. Point to Settings and press the joystick to display a Spot settings dialog box where you can change the settings for the spot. 10390203;2 Figure 8.19 Spot dialog box Figure 8.20 Explanations of the Spot dialog box Label Value Local ■ ■ On Off Comments Select On to set the emissivity, the reflected temperature, and the distance for this spot only. Selecting On will also assign an asterisk to the measurement marker’s label.
8.2 – Menu system Label Value Comments Emissivity table User-defined Press the button to the right of Emissivity table to display an emissivity table on the screen. You can use this emissivity table to find emissivities for a number of different materials. An emissivity table can be created and edited in FLIR Systems’s PC software. NOTE: The emissivity file can be stored at root level or at directory level.
8.2 – Menu system 10390303;2 Figure 8.21 Shortcut menu for Box Figure 8.22 Explanations of the shortcut menu for Box Command Explanation Delete Point to Delete and press the joystick to delete the box. Exit edit mode Point to Exit edit mode and press the joystick to exit the edit mode. Set as ref temp Point to Set as ref temp and press the joystick to use the box temperature as the reference temperature.
8.2 – Menu system Figure 8.24 Explanations of the Box dialog box Label Value Local ■ ■ Comments On Off Select On to set the emissivity, the reflected temperature, and the distance for this box only. Selecting On will also assign an asterisk to the measurement marker’s label. Emissivity User-defined (0.01–1.00) You can set the Emissivity if Local is enabled. If not, this option will be shaded. NOTE: If you enter an emissivity value less than 0.
8.2 – Menu system Label Value Comments Distance User-defined You can set Distance if Local is enabled. If not, this option will be shaded. Label ■ ■ Result ■ ■ ■ Show Max/Min ■ ■ 8.2.3.4 On Off Select On to assign a label to the measurement marker (a small box with a number). Min Max Avg To change how the measurement results will be displayed, select Max, Min, or Avg.
8.2 – Menu system Command Explanation Max Point to Max and press the joystick to display the maximum temperature of the circle. Min Point to Min and press the joystick to display the minimum temperature of the circle. Avg Point to Avg and press the joystick to display the average temperature of the circle Settings See below. Point to Settings and press the joystick to display a Circle settings dialog box where you can change the settings for the circle. 10390603;2 Figure 8.
8.2 – Menu system Label Value Comments Emissivity table User-defined Press the button to the right of Emissivity table to display an emissivity table on the screen. You can use this emissivity table to find emissivities for a number of different materials. An emissivity table can be created and edited in FLIR Systems’s PC software. NOTE: The emissivity file can be stored at root level or at directory level.
8.2 – Menu system 8.2.3.5 Add line Point to Add line and press the joystick to add a line. A line will now appear on the screen. Press and hold down the joystick for one second when the line is selected to display a shortcut menu. 10390703;2 Figure 8.29 Shortcut menu for Line Figure 8.30 Explanations of the shortcut menu for Line 58 Command Explanation Delete Point to Delete and press the joystick to delete the line.
8.2 – Menu system Point to Settings and press the joystick to display a Line settings dialog box where you can change the settings for the line. 10390803;2 Figure 8.31 Line dialog box Figure 8.32 Explanations of the Line dialog box Label Value Local ■ ■ On Off Comments Select On to set the emissivity, the reflected temperature, and the distance for this line only. Selecting On will also assign an asterisk to the measurement marker’s label. Emissivity User-defined (0.01–1.
8.2 – Menu system Label Value Comments Emissivity table User-defined Press the button to the right of Emissivity table to display an emissivity table on the screen. You can use this emissivity table to find emissivities for a number of different materials. An emissivity table can be created and edited in FLIR Systems’s PC software. NOTE: The emissivity file can be stored at root level or at directory level.
8.2 – Menu system Label Value Mode ■ ■ Full Aligned Comments Point to Full and press the joystick to make the line be of the same width or height as the screen. Point to Aligned and press the joystick to make the line be of the same width or height as the profile box. 8.2.3.6 Add isotherm The isotherm command colors all pixels with a temperature above, below or between one or more preset temperature levels. 10390903;2 Figure 8.
8.2 – Menu system 10391003;2 Figure 8.34 Shortcut menu for Isotherm Figure 8.35 Explanations of the Isotherm shortcut menu Command Explanation Delete Point to Delete and press the joystick to delete the isotherm. Exit edit mode Point to Exit edit mode and press the joystick to exit the edit mode. Set as ref temp Point to Set as ref temp and press the joystick to use the isotherm temperature as the reference temperature.
8.2 – Menu system 10397403;2 Figure 8.36 Isotherm dialog box Figure 8.37 Explanations of the Isotherm dialog box Label Value Type ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Interval Above Below Dual Above Dual Below Comments SEE: For an explanation of isotherm types, see above. Level User-defined The temperature level in degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Width User-defined The temperature width in degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F). Color Configuration-dependent The colors used for the isotherm.
8.2 – Menu system 8.2.3.8 Ref temp 10391403;2 Figure 8.38 Reference temperature dialog box The reference temperature can be used when the camera calculates temperature differences ■ ■ ■ Point to Ref temp and press the joystick to set the temperature To change the temperature, move the joystick up/down Press the joystick to leave the dialog box 8.2.3.9 Remove all Point to Remove all and press the joystick to remove all measurement functions and markers from the screen. 8.2.3.
8.2 – Menu system NOTE: Please note the following: The emissivity file can be stored at root level or at directory level. However, the camera software prioritizes files that are stored at directory level and the directory has to be selected in order to store the emissivity file in the camera memory. If the camera software does not find an emissivity file at directory level, it searches for similar files at root level and saves those instead. ■ If you enter an emissivity value less than 0.
8.2 – Menu system 10392103;3 Figure 8.41 Symbols in the temperature scale, indicating (1) increasing span; (2) decreasing span; (3) increasing level, and (4) decreasing level SEE ALSO: For more information about object parameters, see section 15 – Thermographic measurement techniques on page 110. 8.2.4.5 ■ ■ Manual adjust / Continuous adjust Point to Manual adjust and press the joystick to put the camera in manual adjust mode.
8.2 – Menu system 8.2.4.7 Hide graphics Point to Hide graphics and press the joystick to hide all on-screen graphics (e.g. result table, status bar etc.). To display the graphics again, press the joystick or the C button. 8.2.4.8 Add visual marker You can add a visual marker to an image when the camera is in visual mode by pointing to Add visual marker and press the joystick. By moving the joystick up/down or left/right you can move the marker on the image and place it where you want it to be. 8.2.
8.2 – Menu system Label Value Saturation colors ■ ■ On Off Comments Move the joystick left/right to enable or disable the saturation colors. If On is selected the areas that contain temperatures outside the present level/span settings are colored with the saturation colors. The saturation colors contain an ‘overflow’ color and an ‘underflow’ color. There is also a third red saturation color that marks everything saturated by the detector indicating that the range should be changed.
8.2 – Menu system Label Value Shutter period ■ ■ ■ Normal Short Off Comments Press the joystick left/right to change the shutter period, or switch off the shutter. NOTE: Please note the following: ■ ■ ■ 8.2.5.2 Although the shutter period works independently of other functions described in this publication, FLIR Systems recommends that Short is selected when using the camera for detection of face temperature.
8.2 – Menu system Figure 8.47 Explanations of the Difference settings dialog box Label Value Comments Function Configuration-dependent Move the joystick left/right to select the first function in the difference calculation. Identity 1–10 Select a number between 1 and 10 to assign an identity to this function. Result Depending on the Function settings Move the joystick left/right to define the type of result the difference calculation will use for its calculations.
8.2 – Menu system Figure 8.49 Explanations of the Save Setup dialog box Label Value Prompt comment ■ ■ ■ Comments None Text Voice ■ ■ Prompt visual ■ ■ Image naming ■ ■ ■ Overlay ■ ■ Yes No If Text is selected, the text comment dialog box will appear when you save an image. This function gives you a chance to add a text comment to the image. If Voice is selected, the voice comment dialog box will appear when you save an image.
8.2 – Menu system Example IR_0003.jpg Comment The counter will be reset when exceeding 9999, or when you point to Factory default on the Setup menu and press the joystick. Figure 8.51 Naming based on current date – explanations Typical syntax: IR_YYMMDD_nnn.jpg IR or DC or SEQ ■ ■ ■ IR = infrared image DC = visual image SEQ = sequence image YYMMDD Current date. The format depends on your settings in the Local settings dialog box. nnn Counter within directory Example IR_020909_001.
8.2 – Menu system Figure 8.54 Explanations of the Alarm setup dialog box Label Value Type ■ ■ ■ Off Above Below Explanation ■ ■ ■ Select Off to disable the alarm. Select Above to assign an alarm color to all pixels above the alarm temperature. Select Below to assign an alarm color to all pixels below the alarm temperature. Function Configuration-dependent Select any one of the measurement functions to define which function's temperature value should trigger the alarm.
8.2 – Menu system 8.2.5.5 Digital video NOTE: Depending on your camera configuration, this feature may – in whole or in part – be an extra option. 10402903;1 Figure 8.55 Digital video dialog box Figure 8.56 Explanations of the Digital video dialog box Label Value Mode ■ ■ DCAM DV Comments NOTE: Disconnect the FireWire cable from the camera before carrying out this procedure. Move the joystick left/right to select digital video mode (DV or DCAM).
8.2 – Menu system 8.2.5.6 Power 10392703;2 Figure 8.57 Power Setup dialog box Figure 8.58 Explanations of the Power Setup dialog box Label Value Auto power off ■ ■ Display power off ■ ■ ■ LCD illumination ■ ■ ■ Comments None 10 min Move the joystick left/right to specify the time after which the camera will be switched off if it is not used. None 30 sec 60 sec Move the joystick left/right to specify the time after which the display will be switched off if it is not used.
8.2 – Menu system Figure 8.60 Explanations of the Status bar dialog box Label Value Date/time ■ ■ Distance ■ ■ Emissivity ■ ■ T Reflected ■ ■ T Atmosphere ■ ■ Relative humidity ■ ■ Range ■ ■ Lens ■ ■ Zoom ■ ■ Text comment ■ ■ 8.2.5.8 Comments On Off Move the joystick left/right to enable/disable this label on the status bar. On Off Move the joystick left/right to enable/disable this label on the status bar.
8.2 – Menu system Figure 8.62 Explanations of the Buttons Setting dialog box Label Value F1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ F2 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ +/- ■ ■ ■ ■ Comments None Adjust once Auto focus Reverse palette Next palette Visual/IR Update ref temp Move the joystick left/right to specify the function of the F1 button on the left side of the camera.
8.2 – Menu system Label Value Hour ■ ■ 12 a.m.–12 p.m. 1–24 The format depends on the settings in the Local settings dialog box. Minute 00–59 Second 00–59 8.2.5.10 Local settings 10393903;2 Figure 8.65 Local settings dialog box Figure 8.66 Explanations of the Local settings dialog box Label Value Language Configuration-dependent NOTE: The camera program will be restarted when you change the language. This will take a few seconds.
8.2 – Menu system 8.2.5.11 Camera info The Camera info dialog box shows information about memory usage, battery status, serial numbers, software revision etc. No changes can be made. 8.2.5.12 Profile Point to Profile and click Save... to save all current user settings as a user profile. Once you have saved a profile you can load it again by pointing to Load....
9 Electrical power system The camera’s electrical power system consists of the following parts: ■ ■ ■ ■ a removable battery a power supply an internal battery charger a stand-alone, external battery charger The camera may powered either by using the battery, or by using the power supply. When using the power supply, the battery will – if it’s inserted in the battery compartment – automatically be charged. You can still use the camera during charging.
9.2 – External battery charging 9.2 External battery charging 10345803;3 Figure 9.1 Stand-alone battery charger The battery status while charging is indicated by a number of LEDs. See the figure below. 10346203;4 Figure 9.2 LED indicators on the stand-alone battery charger. Figure 9.
9.3 – Battery safety warnings Situation Indicator # Color & mode The battery is out of order 1 Flashing red light The battery is now being charged 5 to 2 Pulsing green light from LED 5 to LED 2 Each LED represents 25 % battery capacity and will be switched on accordingly. 9.3 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 82 Battery safety warnings Do not place the battery in fire or heat the battery. Do not install the battery backwards so that the polarity is reversed.
9.3 – Battery safety warnings ■ ■ ■ The temperature range over which the battery can be charged is 0–+45 °C (+32–+113 °F). Charging the battery at temperatures outside of this range may cause the battery to become hot or to break. Charging the battery outside of this temperature range may also harm the performance of the battery or reduce the battery’s life expectancy. Do not discharge the battery using any device except for the specified device.
10 A note on LEMO connectors 10.1 How to connect & disconnect LEMO connectors The male LEMO connectors used on the camera cables are designed to lock securely to the female connectors on the camera body. A connector consists of a fixed inner tube and a sliding outer tube. The outer tube controls the locking teeth. To unlock the connector, pull the outer tube in the indicated direction. See the figure below NOTE: Never pull the cable. 10062403;2 Figure 10.1 Straight body LEMO connector.
10.1 – How to connect & disconnect LEMO connectors 10403003;1 Figure 10.2 Unlocking a LEMO connector Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
11 Maintenance & cleaning 11.1 Camera body, cables & accessories The camera body, cables and accessories may be cleaned by wiping with a soft cloth. To remove stains, wipe with a soft cloth moistened with a mild detergent solution and wrung dry, then wipe with a dry soft cloth. ➲ Do not use benzene, thinner, or any other chemical product on the camera, the cables or the accessories, as this may cause deterioration. 11.
12 Troubleshooting Problem Possible reason Solution The LCD on the remote control, or the viewfinder, displays no image at all. The camera may have been switched off automatically due the settings in the Power setup dialog box. Press ON/OFF to switch on the camera. The LCD may have been switched off automatically due to the settings in the Power setup dialog box. Press ON/OFF to switch on the camera.
Problem Possible reason Solution The LCD/viewfinder displays an infrared image, but it is blurry. The target may be out of focus. Focus the camera by pressing and holding down the A button for a few seconds. The ocular diopter adjustment of the viewfinder may be incorrect. Change the ocular diopter adjustment by rotating the adjustment knob on the bottom side of the viewfinder. The LCD/viewfinder displays a visual image, but it is blurry. The target may be out of focus.
13 Technical specifications & dimensional drawings NOTE: FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts and accessories, and other items, or change specifications at any time without prior notice. 13.1 Imaging performance Field of view/min. focus distance 24° × 18°/0.3 m (0.98 ft) Spatial resolution 1.
13.4 – Temperature ranges 13.4 Temperature ranges Temperature range, standard -40–+120 °C (-40–+248 °F) -10–+55 °C (+14–+131 °F) ±0–+500 °C (+32–+932 °F) – NOTE: Depending on your camera configuration, one or several of these ranges may be disabled. Temperature range, extra options +350–+1500 °C (+662–+2732 °F) +350–+2000 °C (+662–+3632 °F) – – Accuracy ± 2 °C/± 3.
13.7 – Environmental specifications Power management User-selectable: ■ ■ ■ ■ 13.7 automatic shut-down stand-by sleep and deep-sleep mode Environmental specifications Operating temperature range -15–+50 °C (+5–+122 °F) Storage temperature range -40–+70 °C (-40–+158 °F) Humidity Operating & storage:10–95 %, non-condensing, Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 529) Shock 25 g, IEC 68-2-29 Vibration 2 g, IEC 68-2-6 13.8 Physical specifications Weight 2.0 kg (4.41 lb) incl.
13.10 – Pin configurations 13.10 Pin configurations 13.10.1 Headset connector 10402603;1 Figure 13.1 Pin configuration for headset connector (on camera – operator’s side) Connector type: LEMO 05B, 5 pins Signal name Type Pin number SPEAK_R OUT 1 GNDD GND 2 MIC_POS IN 3 GNDD GND 4 SPEAK_L OUT 5 10563003;1 Figure 13.2 Graphical representation of alarm output signal. The alarm output signal is a 1 kHz signal with an amplitude of 2 Vpp (load 1kΩ).
13.10 – Pin configurations 13.10.2 RS-232/USB connector 10402703;1 Figure 13.3 Pin configuration for RS-232/USB connector (on camera – operator’s side) Connector type: LEMO 1B, 6 pins Signal name Type Pin number USB_D+ I/O 1 USB_D- I/O 2 USB_POWER OUT 3 GND GND 4 RS232_TX1 OUT 5 RS232_RX1 IN 6 10563403;1 Figure 13.4 Video lamp, to be inserted in the RS-232/USB connector ■ ■ ■ Power: 0.
13.10 – Pin configurations Connector type: LEMO 1B, 6 pins. The video lamp uses the same connector as the RS-232/USB signal (see figure 13.3 on page 93). Signal name Type Pin number POWER OUT 3 GND GND 4 13.10.3 Remote control connector 10402803;1 Figure 13.
13.10 – Pin configurations 13.10.4 Power connector 10402503;1 Figure 13.6 Pin configuration for power connector (on camera – operator’s side). A: Center pin; B: Chassis Connector type: 2.5 mm DC Signal name Type Pin number +12V POWER CENTER PIN GND POWER CHASSIS 13.10.5 CVBS connector 10402503;1 Figure 13.7 Pin configuration for CVBS connector (on camera – operator’s side).
13.11 – Relationship between fields of view and distance Connector type: FireWire, 4 pins Signal name Type Pin number TPB0- OUT 1 TPB0+ OUT 2 TPA0- IN 3 TPA1+ IN 4 13.11 Relationship between fields of view and distance 10401803;1 Figure 13.9 Relationship between fields of view and distance. 1: Distance to target; 2: VFOV = vertical field of view; 3: HFOV = horizontal field of view, 4: IFOV = instantaneous field of view (spot size). Figure 13.
13.11 – Relationship between fields of view and distance D→ 1.20 5.00 10.00 25.00 50.00 100.00 m D→ 3.90 16.40 32.80 82.00 164.00 327.90 ft. 12° VFOV 0.19 0.79 1.58 3.94 7.88 15.77 m 12° VFOV 0.62 2.58 5.17 12.92 25.85 51.69 ft. 12° IFOV 0.79 3.28 6.57 16.42 32.85 65.69 mm 12° IFOV 0.03 0.13 0.26 0.65 1.29 2.59 in. 24° HFOV 0.51 2.13 4.25 10.63 21.26 42.51 m 24° HFOV 1.67 6.97 13.94 34.85 69.69 139.38 ft. 24° VFOV 0.38 1.59 3.19 7.
13.11 – Relationship between fields of view and distance D→ 1.20 5.00 10.00 25.00 50.00 100.00 m D→ 3.90 16.40 32.80 82.00 164.00 327.90 ft. 80° VFOV 4.95 20.63 41.27 103.17 206.34 412.67 ft. 80° IFOV 6.29 26.22 52.44 131.11 262.22 524.44 mm 80° IFOV 0.25 1.03 2.06 5.16 10.31 20.65 in. Figure 13.11 F-number and close focus limits for various lenses 98 Lens → 7° 12° 24° 45° 65° 80° Close focus limit (m) 4 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.15 Close focus limit (ft.
13.12 – Basic dimensions – battery charger 13.12 Basic dimensions – battery charger 10388003;3 Figure 13.12 Overall dimensions of the battery charger Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
13.13 – Basic dimensions – battery 13.13 Basic dimensions – battery 10388103;3 Figure 13.13 Overall dimensions of the battery 100 Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
13.14 – Basic dimensions – remote control 13.14 Basic dimensions – remote control 10394003;3 Figure 13.14 Overall dimensions of the remote control Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
13.15 – Basic dimensions – camera 13.15 Basic dimensions – camera 10346503;3 Figure 13.15 Overall dimensions of the camera 102 Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
13.16 – Basic dimensions – camera 13.16 Basic dimensions – camera 10563203;1 Figure 13.16 Overall dimensions of the camera, when the video lamp is mounted Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
13.17 – Basic dimensions – video lamp 13.17 Basic dimensions – video lamp 10563303;1 Figure 13.17 Overall dimensions of the video lamp 104 Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
13.18 – Basic dimensions – camera 13.18 Basic dimensions – camera 10352203;3 Figure 13.18 Location of the standard tripod mount (1/4"-20) on the bottom side of the camera Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
14 Glossary Figure 14.1 Glossary of common infrared terms & expressions 106 Term or expression Explanation absorption (absorption factor) The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1. ambient Objects and gases that emit radiation towards the object being measured. atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, normally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction.
Term or expression Explanation emittance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time and area (W/m2) estimated atmospheric transmission A transmission value, supplied by a user, replacing a calculated one external optics Extra lenses, filters, heat shields etc. that can be put between the camera and the object being measured. filter A material transparent only to some of the infrared wavelengths. FOV Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens.
Term or expression Explanation NETD Noise equivalent temperature difference. A measure of the image noise level of an IR camera. noise Undesired small disturbance in the infrared image object parameters A set of values describing the circumstances under which the measurement of an object was made, and the object itself (such as emissivity, ambient temperature, distance etc.) object signal A non-calibrated value related to the amount of radiation received by the camera from the object.
Term or expression Explanation span The interval of the temperature scale, usually expressed as a signal value. spectral (radiant) emittance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time, area and wavelength (W/m2/μm) temperature range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration. temperature scale The way in which an IR image currently is displayed.
15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity.
15.3 – Reflected ambient temperature 15.2.1 Finding the emissivity of an object 15.2.1.1 Using a thermocouple Select a reference point and measure its temperature using a thermocouple. Alter the emissivity until the temperature measured by the camera agrees with the thermocouple reading. This is the emissivity value of the reference object. However, the temperature of the reference object must not be too close to the ambient temperature for this to work. 15.2.1.
16 History of infrared technology Less than 200 years ago the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800. 10398703;1 Figure 16.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822) The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material.
in a similar experiment in 1777 had observed much the same effect. It was Herschel, however, who was the first to recognize that there must be a point where the heating effect reaches a maximum, and that measurements confined to the visible portion of the spectrum failed to locate this point. 10398903;1 Figure 16.2 Marsilio Landriani (1746–1815) Moving the thermometer into the dark region beyond the red end of the spectrum, Herschel confirmed that the heating continued to increase.
10399103;1 Figure 16.3 Macedonio Melloni (1798–1854) Thermometers, as radiation detectors, remained unchallenged until 1829, the year Nobili invented the thermocouple. (Herschel’s own thermometer could be read to 0.2 °C (0.036 °F), and later models were able to be read to 0.05 °C (0.09 °F)). Then a breakthrough occurred; Melloni connected a number of thermocouples in series to form the first thermopile.
This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded. This instrument is said to have been able to detect the heat from a cow at a distance of 400 meters. An English scientist, Sir James Dewar, first introduced the use of liquefied gases as cooling agents (such as liquid nitrogen with a temperature of -196 °C (-320.8 °F)) in low temperature research.
17 Theory of thermography 17.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 17.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
17.3 – Blackbody radiation (0.75–3 μm), the middle infrared (3–6 μm), the far infrared (6–15 μm) and the extreme infrared (15–100 μm). Although the wavelengths are given in μm (micrometers), other units are often still used to measure wavelength in this spectral region, e.g. nanometer (nm) and Ångström (Å). The relationships between the different wavelength measurements is: 17.3 Blackbody radiation A blackbody is defined as an object which absorbs all radiation that impinges on it at any wavelength.
17.3 – Blackbody radiation sources of radiation in temperature reference standards in the laboratory for calibrating thermographic instruments, such as a FLIR Systems camera for example. If the temperature of blackbody radiation increases to more than 525 °C (977 °F), the source begins to be visible so that it appears to the eye no longer black. This is the incipient red heat temperature of the radiator, which then becomes orange or yellow as the temperature increases further.
17.3 – Blackbody radiation λ Wavelength (μm). NOTE: The factor 10-6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m2m. If the factor is excluded, the dimension will be Watt/m2μm. Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves. Following any particular Planck curve, the spectral emittance is zero at λ = 0, then increases rapidly to a maximum at a wavelength λmax and after passing it approaches zero again at very long wavelengths.
17.3 – Blackbody radiation of-thumb 3 000/T μm. Thus, a very hot star such as Sirius (11 000 K), emitting bluish-white light, radiates with the peak of spectral radiant emittance occurring within the invisible ultraviolet spectrum, at wavelength 0.27 μm. 10399403;1 Figure 17.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.
17.3 – Blackbody radiation 10327203;3 Figure 17.6 Planckian curves plotted on semi-log scales from 100 K to 1000 K. The dotted line represents the locus of maximum radiant emittance at each temperature as described by Wien's displacement law. 1: Spectral radiant emittance (W/cm2 (μm)); 2: Wavelength (μm). 17.3.
17.3 – Blackbody radiation 10399303;1 Figure 17.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.
17.3 – Blackbody radiation Another factor, called the emissivity, is required to describe the fraction ε of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature. Thus, we have the definition: The spectral emissivity ελ= the ratio of the spectral radiant power from an object to that from a blackbody at the same temperature and wavelength.
17.4 – Infrared semi-transparent materials 10401203;1 Figure 17.8 Spectral radiant emittance of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral radiant emittance; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Selective radiator; 5: Graybody. 10327303;3 Figure 17.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. 17.
17.4 – Infrared semi-transparent materials become weaker and weaker they must all be added up when the total emittance of the plate is sought. When the resulting geometrical series is summed, the effective emissivity of a semi-transparent plate is obtained as: When the plate becomes opaque this formula is reduced to the single formula: This last relation is a particularly convenient one, because it is often easier to measure reflectance than to measure emissivity directly. Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
18 The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself.
or, with simplified notation: where C is a constant. Should the source be a graybody with emittance ε, the received radiation would consequently be εWsource. We are now ready to write the three collected radiation power terms: 1 – Emission from the object = ετWobj, where ε is the emittance of the object and τ is the transmittance of the atmosphere. The object temperature is Tobj. 2 – Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τWrefl, where (1 – ε) is the reflectance of the object.
This is the general measurement formula used in all the FLIR Systems thermographic equipment. The voltages of the formula are: Figure 18.2 Voltages Uobj Calculated camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Tobj i.e. a voltage that can be directly converted into true requested object temperature. Utot Measured camera output voltage for the actual case. Urefl Theoretical camera output voltage for a blackbody of temperature Trefl according to the calibration.
■ ■ Trefl = +20 °C (+68 °F) Tatm = +20 °C (+68 °F) It is obvious that measurement of low object temperatures are more critical than measuring high temperatures since the ‘disturbing’ radiation sources are relatively much stronger in the first case. Should also the object emittance be low, the situation would be still more difficult. We have finally to answer a question about the importance of being allowed to use the calibration curve above the highest calibration point, what we call extrapolation.
10400603;2 Figure 18.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (SW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20 °C (+68 °F); Tatm = 20 °C (+68 °F). 130 Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
10400703;2 Figure 18.4 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20 °C (+68 °F); Tatm = 20 °C (+68 °F). Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
19 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and FLIR Systems’s own measurements. 19.1 References 1 Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2 William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C. 3 Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aluminum anodized, light gray, dull 70 LW 0.97 9 Aluminum anodized, light gray, dull 70 SW 0.61 9 Aluminum anodized sheet 100 T 0.55 2 Aluminum as received, plate 100 T 0.09 4 Aluminum as received, sheet 100 T 0.09 2 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 70 LW 0.46 9 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 70 SW 0.47 9 Aluminum dipped in HNO3, plate 100 T 0.05 4 Aluminum foil 27 3 µm 0.09 3 Aluminum foil 27 10 µm 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aluminum weathered, heavily 17 SW 0.83–0.94 5 20 T 0.60 1 Aluminum bronze Aluminum hydroxide powder T 0.28 1 Aluminum oxide activated, powder T 0.46 1 Aluminum oxide pure, powder (alumina) T 0.16 1 Asbestos board T 0.96 1 Asbestos fabric T 0.78 1 Asbestos floor tile 35 SW 0.94 7 Asbestos paper 40–400 T 0.93–0.95 1 Asbestos powder T 0.40–0.60 1 Asbestos slate 20 T 0.96 1 4 LLW 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brick alumina 17 SW 0.68 5 Brick common 17 SW 0.86–0.81 5 Brick Dinas silica, glazed, rough 1100 T 0.85 1 Brick Dinas silica, refractory 1000 T 0.66 1 Brick Dinas silica, unglazed, rough 1000 T 0.80 1 Brick firebrick 17 SW 0.68 5 Brick fireclay 20 T 0.85 1 Brick fireclay 1000 T 0.75 1 Brick fireclay 1200 T 0.59 1 Brick masonry 35 SW 0.94 7 Brick masonry, plastered 20 T 0.94 1 Brick red, common 20 T 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bronze phosphor bronze 70 SW 0.08 9 Bronze polished 50 T 0.1 1 Bronze porous, rough 50–150 T 0.55 1 Bronze powder T 0.76–0.80 1 Carbon candle soot T 0.95 2 Carbon charcoal powder T 0.96 1 Carbon graphite, filed surface T 0.98 2 Carbon graphite powder T 0.97 1 Carbon lampblack 20–400 T 0.95–0.97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0.90 6 Chromium polished 50 T 0.10 1 Chromium polished 500–1000 T 0.28–0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Copper oxidized, heavily 20 T 0.78 2 Copper oxidized to blackness T 0.88 1 Copper polished 50–100 T 0.02 1 Copper polished 100 T 0.03 2 Copper polished, commercial 27 T 0.03 4 Copper polished, mechanical 22 T 0.015 4 Copper pure, carefully prepared surface 22 T 0.008 4 Copper scraped 27 T 0.07 4 Copper dioxide powder T 0.84 1 Copper oxide red, powder T 0.70 1 T 0.89 1 80 T 0.85 1 20 T 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Granite polished 20 LLW 0.849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0.879 8 Granite rough, 4 different samples 70 LW 0.77–0.87 9 Granite rough, 4 different samples 70 SW 0.95–0.97 9 20 T 0.8–0.9 1 Gypsum Ice: See Water 138 Iron, cast casting 50 T 0.81 1 Iron, cast ingots 1000 T 0.95 1 Iron, cast liquid 1300 T 0.28 1 Iron, cast machined 800–1000 T 0.60–0.70 1 Iron, cast oxidized 38 T 0.63 4 Iron, cast oxidized 100 T 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Iron and steel electrolytic 260 T 0.07 4 Iron and steel electrolytic, carefully polished 175–225 T 0.05–0.06 1 Iron and steel freshly worked with emery 20 T 0.24 1 Iron and steel ground sheet 950–1100 T 0.55–0.61 1 Iron and steel heavily rusted sheet 20 T 0.69 2 Iron and steel hot rolled 20 T 0.77 1 Iron and steel hot rolled 130 T 0.60 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.74 1 Iron and steel oxidized 100 T 0.
19.2 – Tables 140 1 2 3 4 5 6 Iron and steel shiny, etched 150 T 0.16 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer, sheet, 20 T 0.82 1 Iron and steel wrought, carefully polished 40–250 T 0.28 1 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 LW 0.85 9 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0.64 9 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0.07 4 Iron galvanized sheet, burnished 30 T 0.23 1 Iron galvanized sheet, oxidized 20 T 0.28 1 Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lead unoxidized, polished 100 T 0.05 4 Lead red 100 T 0.93 4 Lead red, powder 100 T 0.93 1 T 0.75–0.80 1 T 0.3–0.4 1 Leather tanned Lime Magnesium 22 T 0.07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0.13 4 Magnesium 538 T 0.18 4 20 T 0.07 2 T 0.86 1 Magnesium polished Magnesium powder Molybdenum 600–1000 T 0.08–0.13 1 Molybdenum 1500–2200 T 0.19–0.26 1 700–2500 T 0.1–0.3 1 17 SW 0.
19.2 – Tables 142 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nickel electrolytic 38 T 0.06 4 Nickel electrolytic 260 T 0.07 4 Nickel electrolytic 538 T 0.10 4 Nickel electroplated, polished 20 T 0.05 2 Nickel electroplated on iron, polished 22 T 0.045 4 Nickel electroplated on iron, unpolished 20 T 0.11–0.40 1 Nickel electroplated on iron, unpolished 22 T 0.11 4 Nickel oxidized 200 T 0.37 2 Nickel oxidized 227 T 0.37 4 Nickel oxidized 1227 T 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paint Aluminum, various ages 50–100 T 0.27–0.67 1 Paint cadmium yellow T 0.28–0.33 1 Paint chrome green T 0.65–0.70 1 Paint cobalt blue T 0.7–0.8 1 Paint oil 17 SW 0.87 5 Paint oil, black flat 20 SW 0.94 6 Paint oil, black gloss 20 SW 0.92 6 Paint oil, gray flat 20 SW 0.97 6 Paint oil, gray gloss 20 SW 0.96 6 Paint oil, various colors 100 T 0.92–0.96 1 Paint oil based, average of 16 colors 100 T 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paper white, 3 different glosses 70 LW 0.88–0.90 9 Paper white, 3 different glosses 70 SW 0.76–0.78 9 Paper white bond 20 T 0.93 2 Paper yellow T 0.72 1 17 SW 0.86 5 Plaster 144 Plaster plasterboard, untreated 20 SW 0.90 6 Plaster rough coat 20 T 0.91 2 Plastic glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board) 70 LW 0.91 9 Plastic glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board) 70 SW 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Platinum pure, polished 200–600 T 0.05–0.10 1 Platinum ribbon 900–1100 T 0.12–0.17 1 Platinum wire 50–200 T 0.06–0.07 1 Platinum wire 500–1000 T 0.10–0.16 1 Platinum wire 1400 T 0.18 1 Porcelain glazed 20 T 0.92 1 Porcelain white, shiny T 0.70–0.75 1 Rubber hard 20 T 0.95 1 Rubber soft, gray, rough 20 T 0.95 1 T 0.60 1 20 T 0.90 2 Sand Sand Sandstone polished 19 LLW 0.909 8 Sandstone rough 19 LLW 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0.70 1 Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 LW 0.14 9 Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 SW 0.18 9 Stainless steel sheet, untreated, somewhat scratched 70 LW 0.28 9 Stainless steel sheet, untreated, somewhat scratched 70 SW 0.30 9 Stainless steel type 18-8, buffed 20 T 0.16 2 Stainless steel type 18-8, oxidized at 800 °C 60 T 0.85 2 Stucco rough, lime 10–90 T 0.
19.2 – Tables 1 2 Tungsten 3 4 5 6 1500–2200 T 0.24–0.31 1 Tungsten filament 3300 T 0.39 1 Varnish flat 20 SW 0.93 6 Varnish on oak parquet floor 70 LW 0.90–0.93 9 Varnish on oak parquet floor 70 SW 0.90 9 Wallpaper slight pattern, light gray 20 SW 0.85 6 Wallpaper slight pattern, red 20 SW 0.90 6 Water distilled 20 T 0.96 2 Water frost crystals –10 T 0.98 2 Water ice, covered with heavy frost 0 T 0.98 1 Water ice, smooth –10 T 0.
19.2 – Tables 148 1 2 3 4 5 6 Wood planed oak 70 LW 0.88 9 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0.77 9 Wood plywood, smooth, dry 36 SW 0.82 7 Wood plywood, untreated 20 SW 0.83 6 Wood white, damp 20 T 0.7–0.8 1 Zinc oxidized at 400 °C 400 T 0.11 1 Zinc oxidized surface 1000–1200 T 0.50–0.60 1 Zinc polished 200–300 T 0.04–0.05 1 Zinc sheet 50 T 0.20 1 Publ. No. 1 557 945 Rev.
Index – Index *.
Index – C blackbody construction, 117 explanation, 117 practical application, 117 box laying out & moving, 15 resizing, 17 Box shortcut menu, 53 Box settings dialog box, 54 Burst recording command, 43 dialog box, 43 burst recording indicator, 36 buttons function +/– button, 34 A button, 33 C button, 33 F1 button, 34 F2 button, 34 Laser LocatIR button, 34 ON/OFF button, 33 S button, 33 location +/– button, 27 A button, 29 C button, 29 F1 button, 28 F2 button, 28 Laser LocatIR, 32 ON/OFF button, 30 S button,
Index – D size of measurement marker, 17 span, 20 system settings date & time, 22 date format, 21 language, 21 temperature unit, 21 time format, 22 temperature unit, 21 time format, 22 visual alarm, 19 charging, battery externally, 81 internally, 80 circle laying out & moving, 16 Circle shortcut menu, 55 Circle settings dialog box, 56 cleaning accessories, 86 cables, 86 camera body, 86 lenses, 86 commands Add box, 52 Add circle, 55 Add diff, 63 Add isotherm, 61 Add line, 58 Add spot, 50 Add visual marker, 6
Index – E Difference settings, 70 Digital video, 74 Image setup, 67 Isotherm settings, 63 Line settings, 59 Local settings, 78 Obj par, 64 Palette, 66 Periodic save, 43 Power setup, 75 Range, 65 Ref temp, 64 Save setup, 71 Spot settings, 51 Status bar, 76 Text comment, 46 Voice comment, 45 Difference command, 70 Difference settings dialog box, 70 digital image enhancement, 89 digital video specifications, 89 Digital video command, 74 dialog box, 74 dimensional drawings, 89 displaying menu system, 40 E Edit
Index – G product warranty, ii quality assurance, ii quality management system, ii requests for enhancement, 5 RFE, 5 telefax number, ii telephone number, ii trademarks, ii warranty, ii website, ii focus how to, 23 formulas Planck's law, 118 Stefan Boltzmann's formula, 121 Wien's displacement law, 119 FOV, 89 Freeze/Live command, 65 freezing image, 15 Function label, 73 G glossary, 109 graybody, 123 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, 117 H hand strap, 29 headset in packing list, 7 headset connector, 29 heat picture
Index – J J James Dewar, 115 Josef Stefan, 121 joystick function, 34 on camera body, 30 on remote control, 33 K keys function +/– button, 34 A button, 33 C button, 33 F1 button, 34 F2 button, 34 Laser LocatIR button, 34 ON/OFF button, 33 S button, 33 location +/– button, 27 A button, 29 C button, 29 F1 button, 28 F2 button, 28 Laser LocatIR, 32 ON/OFF button, 30 S button, 29 remote control A button, 33 C button, 33 S button, 33 Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert, 117 L labels Alarm temp, 73 Delta alarm, 73 Functio
Index – N measurements working with, 15 measurement situation general thermographic, 126 Melloni, Macedonio, 113 menus Analysis, 50 Image, 65 Setup, 67 shortcut menus Box, 53 Circle, 55 Isotherm, 62 Line, 58 Spot, 50 menu system, 40 canceling selections, 40 confirming selections, 40 displaying, 40 exiting, 40 navigating, 40 messages, 40 middle infrared band, 116 minimum focus distance, 89 mounting lens, 23 moving box, 15 circle, 16 line, 16 spot, 15 MSDS, 86 N naming current directory, 72 naming images cur
Index – Q postal address, ii Power command, 75 power indicator, 36 power input, 91 power management, 91 Power setup dialog box, 75 power supply, 80 in packing list, 7 product warranty, ii Profile command, 79 Q quality assurance, ii quality management system, ii R radiation power terms emission from atmosphere, 127 emission from object, 127 reflected emission from ambient source, 127 radiation sources relative magnitudes, 130, 131 radiators cavity radiator, 117 graybody radiators, 123 selective radiators,
Index – T specifications environmental encapsulation, 91 humidity, 91 operating temperature range, 91 shock, 91 storage temperature range, 91 vibration, 91 physical size, 91 tripod mount, 91 weight, 91 technical, 89 spectral range, 89 spectrum thermometrical, 113 spot laying out & moving, 15 Spot shortcut menu, 50 Spot settings dialog box, 51 status area, 39 status bar screen object, 39 Status bar command, 76 dialog box, 76 Stefan, Josef, 121 storage temperature range, 91 switching off camera, 14 switching
Index – U spot, 15 measuring temperature, 15, 16 mounting lens, 23 opening image, 14 recalling image, 14 removing battery, 24 remote control, 25 resizing measurement marker, 17 saving image, 15 switching off camera, 14 switching on camera, 14 unfreezing image, 15 zooming, 23 Type command, 73 label, 73 U unfreezing image, 15 unpacking, 7 uploading text comment files, 35 USB, 91 USB cable in packing list, 7 W warning messages, 40 warnings battery, 82 intensive energy sources, 1 interference, 1 radio frequen
This manual was produced using XML – Extensible Markup Language. For more information about XML, point your browser to: http://www.w3c.org/XML/ Description Software Supplier URL Version control ExcoConf Excosoft http://www.excosoft.se/eweb/site/exc_pd.html Editing environment XML Client Excosoft http://www.excosoft.se/eweb/site/excoconf_pd.html Preformatting ExcoForm Excosoft http://www.excosoft.se/eweb/site/home.html XML parser Xerces Apache http://xml.apache.
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FLIR Systems AB World Wide Thermography Center P.O. Box 3 SE-182 11 Danderyd Sweden Tel.: +46 (0)8 753 25 00 Fax: +46 (0)8 753 23 64 E-mail: sales@flir.se Web: www.flir.com FLIR Systems Ltd. 2 Kings Hill Avenue – Kings Hill West Malling Kent, ME19 4AQ United Kingdom Tel.: +44 (0)1732 220 011 Fax: +44 (0)1732 843 707 E-mail: sales@flir.uk.com Web: www.flir.com FLIR Systems Inc. Corporate headquarters 16505 SW 72nd Avenue Portland, OR. 97224 USA Tel.: +1 503 684 3731 Fax: +1 503 684 5452 Web: www.flir.
