PCI Express MiniCard >> Hardware Integration Guide Proprietary and Confidential 213xxxx Rev 0.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Preface Important notice Due to the nature of wireless communications, transmission and reception of data can never be guaranteed. Data may be delayed, corrupted (i.e., have errors) or be totally lost.
Preface INABILITY TO USE ANY SIERRA WIRELESS PRODUCT, EVEN IF SIERRA WIRELESS AND/OR ITS AFFILIATES HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES OR THEY ARE FORESEEABLE OR FOR CLAIMS BY ANY THIRD PARTY.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Comments Sales Desk: Phone: Hours: E-mail: Post: 1-604-232-1488 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM Pacific Time sales@sierrawireless.com Fax: Sierra Wireless 13811 Wireless Way Richmond, BC Canada V6V 3A4 1-604-231-1109 Web: www.sierrawireless.com Your comments and suggestions on improving this documentation are welcome and appreciated. Please e-mail your feedback, noting document 2130367 Rev 1.1, to documentation@sierrawireless.com.
Preface Table of Contents Preface..........................................................................................................................................2 Important notice ................................................................................................................2 Safety and hazards ...........................................................................................................2 Limitation of liability .......................................................
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Power Interface...........................................................................................................................20 Overview of operation .....................................................................................................20 EM power signals ................................................................................................20 Electrostatic discharge .....................
Preface Figures Figure 1: Anechoic chamber ........................................................................................... 15 Figure 2: US PCS sensitivity measurements .................................................................. 16 Figure 3: Power state transition diagram ........................................................................ 21 Figure 4: Inrush model ....................................................................................................
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Tables Table 1: Typical RF parameters for a CDMA Embedded Module................................... 11 Table 2: Current specifications ....................................................................................... 25 Table 3: Average current consumption in slotted mode sleep ........................................ 27 Table 4: Power consumption of a sample application.................................................
Introduction Introduction Sierra Wireless manufactures several modules that are designed to be embedded in other products, such as mobile phones and PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants). The Sierra Wireless modules form the radio component of these products, providing the ability to establish wireless phone calls and/or data connections.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Document organization This document is organized into the following sections: 1. Introduction (this section) 2. RF Integration (page 11)—Discusses antenna connection methods and grounding issues, and describes how to design the host in order to minimize RF interference and desense issues as well as noise from other components. This section also discusses regulatory approvals and regulatory information requirements.
RF Integration RF Integration This chapter provides information related to the RF (Radio Frequency) integration of the EM. The frequencies of operation and performance specifications vary depending on the EM model used. RF performance parameters for a typical EM are listed below. Table 1: Typical RF parameters for a CDMA Embedded Module Parameter Band Value Transmit Band PCS 1851 to 1910 MHz Cellular 824 to 849 MHz IMT 1920 to 1980 MHz PCS +24.0 dBm (251 mW) Cellular +24.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e the noise cannot be reduced, isolating the mounting holes from the ground may actually help. Shielding The module is fully shielded to protect against EMI and to ensure FCC Part 15 (or equivalent) compliance. To maintain the shield effectiveness, the modem shields must not be removed. Ground plane isolation The coaxial cable connecting the module to the antenna carries the ground connection.
RF Integration Interference and sensitivity Several sources of interference could impact the RF performance of the EM. Common sources are discussed below. Most carriers require a certain level of receiver performance to ensure proper functioning of the device on the their networks. Although the EM has been designed to meet these carrier requirements, it is still susceptible to various performance inhibitors.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e device (such as the main processor and parallel bus) that have the highest RF emissions. • To filter out unwanted high-order harmonic energy, use discrete filtering on low frequency lines. • To form shielding layers around high-speed clock traces, use multi-layer PCBs. It is important to investigate sources of localized interference early in the design cycle.
RF Integration Figure 1: Anechoic chamber Agilent 8960 call box Approx . 1 m Path loss calculation The chamber is calibrated for path loss using a reference antenna with known gain that is feeding a spectrum analyzer or power meter. This makes it possible to determine the radiated power available to the receiving antenna, which is equal to the measured received power, plus any cable losses, minus the gain of the reference receive antenna. Path loss is then determined by subtracting the input power.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e location for receiver desense measurements. The unit is placed in a call and set to generate peak output power, either through a test mode, or by configuring the base station simulator to issue the appropriate command. The unit is then positioned for maximum power as determined by the call box. Sensitivity vs. frequency Sensitivity is defined as the input power level in dBm that produces a FER of .5%.
RF Integration Regulatory information Refer to the EM Reference Guides for Regulatory Information. Regulatory compliance information is dependent upon both the individual module certification as well as the intended market. FCC module acceptance criteria FCC classification of mobile vs. portable devices For operation in the United States, your module integration is required to meet certain regulatory requirements for stand-alone operation, including 47 CFR Parts 2, 15, 22, and 24.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e RF exposure requirements for mobile approval Certain Sierra Wireless embedded modules have been approved for mobile operations only in accordance to 47 CFR Part 2.1091 (b). The Reference Guide for your EM model contains the FCC ID Number if approved. Warning: If this module will be used as a portable device, you are responsible for separate approval to satisfy the SAR requirements of 47 CFR Part 2.1093 (b).
If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio and television reception, which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following suggestions: Rev 1.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Power Interface Overview of operation The EM is designed to run off the same power supply as the host system (typically 3.3V). There is neither an independent power supply within the EM nor any protection circuits to guard against electrical issues. It is the responsibility of the host system to provide safe and continuous power to the EM at all times.
P o we r I n t e r f a c e EM power state transitions Figure 3 shows how the EM transitions between power states. Each power state is described in the sections that follow. Figure 3: Power state transition diagram DISCONNECTED state This power state occurs when the host power supply is disconnected from the EM. In this state, all voltages associated with the EM are at 0 V and the host may or may not be powered off.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e SHUTDOWN ROUTINE state In this state, the EM has received a request from the host to power down and is completing its active tasks and initiating the shutdown routine. At the completion of the shutdown routine, the EM drives its OFF signal high and completely powers down. To keep the EM powered down, the host should keep ON/OFF deasserted. Note: For the duration of the shutdown routine, the EM asserts the VCC_RADIO signal.
P o we r I n t e r f a c e Current Probe Current PWR (1,2,3,4,5) 38m 32m +3.8VDC LDO pass element 1 ohm typ EM BOARD 10m 15m LI-ION BATTERY PACK 250m ESR 20m LI-ION CELL Chost 2x 33uF 8.5m ESR + trace Z 60m ESR + trace Z 40m RF Cap 4.7uF Cin 2x 1uF ESR 20m Cin 2x 1uF ON/OFF GND (18) (6,53,54,57,58,59,60) 1.7m 2.8m Host decoupling caps 2x33uF ESR 80m REG 1uF 2.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Figure 5: Inrush without large decoupling capacitors Figure 6 shows the effect of increasing decoupling capacitors on the inrush current (inrush of about 400 mA from the host battery using 66 uF decoupling caps).
P o we r I n t e r f a c e Current consumption Electrical requirements and current specifications are listed in Table 2. Conditions related to the various modes of operation are described in subsections following the table. These specifications identify the maximum current drain; typical use should result in less drain, depending on the application. For sleep modes, the figures are given for the actual sleep state. The modem wakes at intervals to control timing and check for traffic.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Shutdown Shutdown mode is the state of the modem when /ShutDown (the shutdown request) is asserted, or /DTR1 is deasserted—based on AT command configuration—and the modem is shut down. The modem gracefully disconnects any call and is ready to power down. This is the state entered via Windows power management (ACPI suspend state).
P o we r I n t e r f a c e Table 3: Average current consumption in slotted mode sleep Slot cycle index Cycle duration (seconds) Average current consumption (mA) 0 1.28 10.4 1 2.56 5.8 2 5.12 3.4 3 10.24 2.2 4 20.48 1.6 5 40.96 1.3 6 81.92 1.1 7 163.84 1.0 Deep sleep The modem enters deep sleep mode after failing within 15 minutes to acquire service on a CDMA channel. The modem exits deep sleep every three minutes to attempt to acquire a CDMA channel.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Usage models To calculate actual current consumption (and anticipated battery life), a usage model is needed. As applications of the EM can vary widely, we can provide only samples here. Slotted mode sleep is assumed when not actively receiving or transmitting (SCI = 2). Transmit power is assumed to be +3 dBm.
Host Interface Host Interface This chapter provides detailed information about the Host-EM interface, describing the signals required for serial data transfer, handshaking and digital module I/O (MIO).
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Physical layer Differential 1 and 0 The USB uses differential signaling (called D+ and D-) with NRZI (Non-Return to Zero, Inverted) encoding. A NRZI encoder toggles the output for input source data bit 0 and maintains current output state for source data bit 1. A differential 1 exists at the driver when the D+ output is at least 2.8 V and the D- output is no greater than 0.3 V.
Host Interface USB activity is resumed either by the USB host or by the modem. The USB controller automatically detects the USB host resuming bus activity, even if the 48 MHz oscillator is disabled. This is indicated by the resume interrupt. When the resume interrupt is detected, the modem must re-enable the 48 MHz oscillator for the USB controller. If the modem is initiating the resume via remote wakeup, the 48 MHz oscillator must first be re-enabled.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e USB handshaking The module behaves as a non-host device supporting full-speed USB. Consequently, the host that interfaces to the module must act as a USB host device. The module does not use discrete hardware signals for handshaking; instead the USB standard Resume and Suspend functions are used to control the sleep and wakeup states.
Host Interface Host USB driver requirements The following are critical requirements that must be met by the USB driver on the host device: • The host USB driver must support remote wakeup, resume, and suspend operations as specified by the USB specification. (See the Compaq, Intel, Microsoft, and NEC Universal Serial Bus Specification.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e XIM Interface The EM is designed to support one SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) or RUIM (Removable User Identity Module). SIM is a smart card developed for GSM networks while RUIM is for CDMA cellular systems. Each provides personal user information that allows a mobile to attach to the wireless network. The XIM feature provides the user with handset independence.
Host Interface Figure 10: RUIM application interface 4.7uF X5R typ XIM_VCC located near SIM socket pin 1 RUIM_PWR pin 3 RUIM_CLK XIM_CLK 0 ohm XIM_IO pin 4 RUIM_IO 0 ohm pin 2 /XIM_RESET /RUIM_RESET 0 ohm GND RUIM/SIM card connector GND pin 8 ESD protection MCXXXX located near SIM socket XIM notes of operation Rev 1.2 A p r - 0 5 • To save power, the XIM interface should be powered down when not in use. • XIM is specified to run up to 5 MHz (XIM clock rate).
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e 36 Proprietary and confidential 213XXXX
A c r o n ym s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s Acronyms and definitions Table 6: Acronyms and definitions Acronym or term Definition ADC Analog to Digital Converter AGC Automatic Gain Control Bi-directional Microphone with lower sensitivity along the circumference of the housing, higher sensitivity towards the front and rear sections of the housing.
P C I E x p r e s s M i n i C a r d H a r d wa r e I n t e g r a t i o n G u i d e Acronym or term Definition MP Mass Production – the finished product. Newton Unit of force: 1 N = force required to accelerate 1 kg object 1 meter per second per second. F = m x a. Force = mass x acceleration Noise-canceling Active microphone with built in filtering. Better noise cancellation performance than Uni-directional.
A c r o n ym s a n d d e f i n i t i o n s Rev 1.
