G1000 TM hazard avoidance pilot’s guide for the Cessna Citation Mustang Preliminary 190-00498-00_0A.
Record of Revisions Revision Date of Revision Revision Page Range Draft 03/01/05 7-1 – 7-53 Description Pr el im in ar y Initial release. Garmin G1000 Hazard Avoidance Pilot’s Guide for the Cessna Citation Mustang 190-00498-00_0A.
WEATHER 7.1 WEATHER This document describes the Hazard Avoidance features of the G1000 system. The main hazards to flight safety are flying in or near weather, flying in close proximity to the terrain and other flight traffic in close proximity. CAUTION: GDL 69A NEXRAD weather data is to be used for long-range planning purposes only. Due to inherent delays and relative age of the data that can be received, NEXRAD weather data should not be used for short-range avoidance of weather.
WEATHER GDL 69A WEATHER AND DIGITAL AUDIO ENTERTAINMENT Radio IDs The GDL 69A are shipped with a Data Radio ID and an Audio Radio ID. You must obtain the Radio IDs of your receiver(s) before subscribing to XM services. The IDs are attached to the XM Satellite Radio Activation Instructions sheet included with the unit. They are also printed on a label on the back of the unit and are displayed on the XM Information Page. Contact the installer if you are unable to locate the Radio IDs.
WEATHER Audio Radio ID ar y Data Radio ID INFO Softkey Pr el im in Weather Products DONE Softkey Figure 7.1.1 XM Information Page 190-00498-00 Draft 190-00498-00_0A.
WEATHER GDL 69 WEATHER Complete GDL 69 capabilities include: Flight Information Services (FIS) weather information provided by the GDL 69 is displayed on the following MFD Maps and Pages: • Graphical NEXRAD Data (NEXRAD) • Graphical METAR Data (METAR) • Textual METAR Data • Navigation Map Page (NEXRAD and XM Lightning only) • Textual Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF) • City Forecast Data • Weather Data Link Page (complete GDL 69 capability) • Graphical Wind Data (WIND) • Nearest Pages (NEXRAD and
WEATHER Displaying Weather Data on the Navigation Map Page To display weather data on the Navigation Map Page: When appropriately configured, the Navigation Map Page displays NEXRAD, Cell Movement, TFRs and XM Lightning data. This capability improves situational awareness, which makes it easier to relate storm activity to airports, navaids, obstacles and other ground references. 1. Press the MAP softkey. 2. Press the NEXRAD or XM LTNG softkey to display the desired weather.
WEATHER im Pr el NEXRAD Weather Cell Movement Status XM Lightning Status in ar y NEXRAD Storms/Legend NEXRAD Softkey XM Lightning Softkey Figure 7.1.2 Navigation Map Page Displaying NEXRAD Weather 7-6 190-00498-00_0A.
WEATHER Navigation Map Setup Options The crew can customize the display of GDL 69 weather data on the Navigation Map Page by using the Map Setup Weather Group Options Menu. The following options are available: • NEXRAD DATA - Turns the display of NEXRAD data and radar coverage on or off and selects the desired display range. ar in NOTE: Stormscope (when installed) and all GDL 69 Weather Products are mutually exclusive. Stormscope is not a GDL 69 Weather Product.
WEATHER To customize the Navigation Map Page: 4. On the Navigation Map page, press the Menu key. 2. While the ‘Map Setup’ selection is highlighted on the Page Menu, press the ENT key. 3. Turn the small FMS knob to display the group selection window. Turn the FMS knob to select the ‘Weather Group’ and press the ENT key. Displaying Weather Data on the Nearest Pages In addition to the Navigation Map Page, the Nearest Pages displays Stormscope, NEXRAD and XM Lightning data. Pr el im in ar y 1.
WEATHER Displaying METAR and TAF on the Airport Information Page NOTE: TAF is an airport forecast, generally stan` dard around the world. TAF forecasts significant weather changes, temporary changes, probable changes and expected changes in weather conditions. METAR and TAF text is displayed on the Airport Information Page when the WX softkey is pressed. Once the WX softkey is pressed the page title changes from ‘WPT - Airport Information’ to ‘WPT - Weather Information’.
METAR Text Pr el im in ar y WEATHER TAF Text WX Softkey Figure 7.1.5 METAR and TAF Text Displayed on the Airport (Weather) Information Page 7-10 190-00498-00_0A.
WEATHER Displaying Weather Data on the Flight Plan Page Maps NEXRAD and XM Lightning Data can be displayed on the AUX - Trip Planning Page Map by pressing the NEXRAD and XM LTNG softkeys. NEXRAD and XM Lightning Data can be displayed on the Flight Plan Page Maps by pressing the NEXRAD and XM LTNG softkeys. ar y Displaying Weather Data on the AUX – Trip Planning Page Map Pr el im in Figure 7.1.6 AUX - Trip Planning Page Map Displaying NEXRAD Weather Figure 7.1.
WEATHER Displaying Weather on the Weather Data Link Page To select the Weather Data Link Page: Turn the large FMS knob to select the Map Page Group. 2. Turn the small FMS knob to select the Weather Data Link Page. Pr el im in ar y The Weather Data Link Page displays all available weather products. The display of the weather data can either be selected by softkeys located at the bottom of the display or through the Weather Data Link Setup menu. 1. Figure 7.1.
WEATHER Weather Data Link Page Softkeys NEXRAD Limitations The following softkeys perform the GDL 69A weather functions on the Weather Data Link Page: Certain limitations exist regarding the NEXRAD radar displays.
WEATHER RADAR COVERAGE – The display of Radar Coverage is always active when NEXRAD and ECHO TOPS are selected and indicates the currently available NEXRAD Radar coverage and ECHO TOPS areas by showing the area in a grayishpurple color where information is not being collected. Areas where radar capability exists, but is not active or is off-line, will not be shown as available. Areas where radar coverage is not available will be shown in grayish-purple. The update rate is every five minutes.
WEATHER NOTE: AIRMETs are broadcast for weather phenomena that potentially affect all aircraft. AIRMET (acronym for “AIRman’s METeorological information) gives valuable information about the following conditions: moderate icing, moderate turbulence, sustained winds 30 knots or greater at the surface, widespread area with a ceiling of less than 1,000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles and extensive obscurement of mountains.
WEATHER When enabled, the following AIRMETs can be displayed: • • • • • Icing Turbulence IFR conditions Mountain obscuration Surface winds ar in METAR – press the METAR softkey to display METARs (METeorological Aviation Reports). METARS are shown as colored flags at airports providing METAR reports. Refer to the legend for a description of the color code. The update rate is every 12 minutes. y Refer to the legend for a description of the color coding. Figure 7.1.
WEATHER MORE WX – press the MORE WX softkey to display the following group of softkeys for additional weather control: FRZ LVL – press the FRZ LVL softkey to display contour lines for freezing levels. The update rate is every 12 minutes. NOTE: City Forecast and METAR information is only displayed within the installed Aviation Database service area.
WEATHER ar Pr el im in COUNTY – pressing the COUNTY softkey provides specific public awareness and protection weather warnings for Tornado, Severe Thunderstorm and Flood conditions provided by the National Weather Service (NWS). Refer to the Legend for a description of the county warning icon. The update rate is every 5 minutes. CYCLONE – pressing the CYCLONE softkey shows the current location of cyclones (hurricanes) and their projected track at various time intervals.
WEATHER Weather Data Link Page Setup The crew can customize the display of XM Weather data on the Weather Data Link Page using the Weather Setup Menu. To customize the display of weather data on the Weather Data Link Page: 2. While the Weather Setup selection is highlighted on the Page Menu, press the ENT key. If necessary, turn the small FMS knob to select ‘Weather Setup’ and then press the ENT key.
WEATHER To display information for selected weather products: Push in the joystick to display the panning arrow. 2. Move the joystick to place the panning arrow on AIRMETs, TFRs, METARs or SIGMETs. Press the ENT key to display pertinent information for the selected product. Panning Information Map Panning Arrow Pr el im in ar y 1. Note that pressing the ENT key when panning over an AIRMET or a SIGMET displays an information box that gives the actual text of that alert.
WEATHER Weather Product Symbols Figure 7.1.12 depicts the symbol for each weather product (read from left to right). When a weather product is active, the product symbol is displayed in the lower right of the screen. in ar y NEXRAD Cloud Top/Echo Top XM Lightning Cell Movement SIGMETs/AIRMETs METARs City Forecast Surface Analysis Freezing Levels Winds Aloft County Warnings Cyclone Warnings im • • • • • • • • • • • • Pr el Echo Top (Cloud Top and Echo Top Mutually Exclusive) Figure 7.1.
WEATHER Weather Product Age Weather Product SIGMETs/AIRMETs City Forecasts County Warnings Cyclone Warnings Echo Tops Freezing Levels METARs Lightning NEXRAD Radar Coverage Cell Movement Surface Analysis TFRs Winds Aloft TAFs Clouds Tops Expires After “n” Minutes 60 60 60 60 30 60 90 30 30 30 30 60 60 60 60 60 Pr el im in ar y The times for each of the enabled products are displayed on the right side of the display.
WEATHER To select the System Status Page: Although it is the responsibility of the facility that installed the GDL 69A to correct any hardware problems, the crew can perform some quick troubleshooting steps to find the possible cause of a failure. First, ensure that the owner/operator of the aircraft in which the GDL 69A is installed has subscribed to XM Radio and that it has been activated. Perform a quick check of the circuit breakers to ensure the GDL 69A has power applied.
WEATHER Description Antenna is not connected Updating encryption code Loss of signal Acquiring channel audio or information ar y Channel not in service Missing channel information in Message CHECK ANTENNA – XM Radio Page, the active channel is replaced with this message UPDATING – XM Radio Page, the active channel is replaced with this message NO SIGNAL – XM Radio Page, the active channel is replaced with this message ; also displayed on the Weather Data Link Page when the signal strength is too low
WEATHER GWX 68 AIRBORNE WEATHER RADAR Table 7.1.3 shows six different colors associated with levels of ground mapping return intensity. Ground Mapping Return None Least Reflective Moderate Return Heavy Return Very Heavy Return TBS The GWX 68 Airborne Weather Radar System provides weather detection and ground mapping capability. The primary function of the weather radar system is to find storms along the flight path.
WEATHER Operating Modes The G1000 controls and softkeys supply all the controls and functions to operate the weather radar. The radar antenna is automatically stabilized in pitch and roll axes. The crew can manually adjust the radar tilt, gain and range. The crew selects the different weather radar modes. ar el im WX – When selected, the radar is in the weather detection mode. Weather data is shown on the MFD. in STBY – The radar is in standby, the antenna scan stopped, the transmitter inhibited.
Pr el im in ar y WEATHER Figure 7.1.20 Radar Initializing 190-00498-00 Draft 190-00498-00_0A.
WEATHER Pr el im in ar y When TEST mode is selected, a test pattern is shown on the MFD to verify system operation. Figure 7.1.21 Radar Test Pattern 7-28 190-00498-00_0A.
Pr el im in ar y WEATHER Figure 7.1.22 Radar Fail 190-00498-00 Draft 190-00498-00_0A.
Pr el im in ar y WEATHER Figure 7.1.23 Sector Scan at +26 Degrees 7-30 190-00498-00_0A.
TAWS/TERRAIN 7.2 TAWS/TERRAIN TAWS/Terrain Proximity Page Operations There are two terrain/obstacle viewing options available (relative to the position of the aircraft), an ARC (120°) display and a 360° default display. TAWS/TERRAIN PROXIMITY PAGE To change the viewing mode between 360° and ARC: The TAWS/Terrain Proximity Page displays the following information: Pr el • Heading Box (North Up, Track Up, DTK Up, HDG Up).
TAWS/TERRAIN Aircraft Altitude 100' Threshold 1000' AGL Figure 7.2.1 Terrain Scale • CAUTION • WARNING el YELLOW Indication WARNING: Obstacle height is at or above 100’ below the current aircraft altitude. CAUTION: Obstacle height is between 100’ and 1000’ below the current aircraft altitude. Pr Obstacle Shapes Unlighted Obstacle (Height is less than 1000’ AGL) 190-00498-00_0A.indd 32 ar im RED Each level is associated with a color.
TAWS/TERRAIN Navigation Map Display Conditions Displaying Terrain Data on the Navigation Map Page The Map Setup Page Menu has ‘OBSTACLE DATA’ and ‘TERRAIN DATA’ feature On/Off options.
TAWS/TERRAIN TAWS In order to operate properly, the Garmin TAWS/Terrain system requires a valid 3D GPS position solution and a valid terrain/airport terrain/obstacle database. Garmin’s Terrain Awareness Warning System (TAWS) satisfies TSO-C151b Class B requirements for certification. Class B TAWS is required for all Part 91 aircraft operations with 6 or more seats and for Part 135 turbine aircraft operations with 6 to 9 passenger seats (FAR Parts 91.223, 135.154).
TAWS/TERRAIN System Compairison Garmin TAWS and TERRAIN share several common operational characteristics. Table 7.2.
TAWS/TERRAIN Basic Operation TAWS/TERRAIN/PROXIMITY Page Terrain information, aircraft ground track and GPS-derived MSL altitude are displayed on the screen. Altitude is shown in increments of 20 feet or in increments of 10 meters, depending on unit configuration. The ‘G’ to right of the MSL altitude display is a reminder that altitude is GPS-derived. Power Up During power-up of the G1000 unit, terrain/airport terrain/obstacle database versions and area of coverage are displayed along with a disclaimer.
TAWS/TERRAIN Terrain/Obstacle Database Areas of Coverage TAWS/TERRAIN Failure Alert The following areas of coverage are available in each database. Regional definitions may change without notice. The TAWS/TERRAIN system continually monitors several system-critical items, such as database validity, hardware status and GPS status. Should the system detect a failure, one of the following messages is issued: TAWS/TERRAIN database versions may be viewed by going to AUX System Status Page.
TAWS/TERRAIN Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance RTC/ITI Severity Levels The Forward Looking Terrain Avoidance alert (FLTA) is used by TAWS and is composed of two sub-functions: Reduced Required Terrain Clearance (RTC) Avoidance — Provides alerts when the aircraft flight path is above terrain, yet is projected to come within minimum clearance values shown in Table 7.2.2. When an RTC alert is issued, a potential impact point is displayed on the TAWS/ TERRAIN Proximity Page.
TAWS/TERRAIN alerting ends at 0.5 nm from the runway threshold OR at an altitude of 125’ AGL while within 1 nm of the threshold. ar in CAUTION: The above annunciation and pop-up terrain alert are displayed during a PDA alert. For TAWS, the PDA alert is accompanied by the aural message “Too Low, Terrain”. y • ILS Approach Loaded — PDA alerting begins when FAF is the active waypoint AND the aircraft is within 15 nm of the destination airport.
TAWS/TERRAIN Glideslope Intercept Final Approach Fix 200' below FAF Altitude Runway Threshold CAUTION PDA Alert is 0.7 Below Glideslope 0.5 nm 15 nm im in The threshold for the Non-Precision Approach PDA descent is computed by algorithms based on varying flight conditions. ar y Figure 7.2.5: Example of PDA alert threshold for ILS approach 200' below FAF Altitude Pr el Final Approach Fix Runway Threshold CAUTION 0.5 nm 15 n m Figure 7.2.
TAWS/TERRAIN TAWS Alerts Excessive Descent Rate Severity Levels The following features are required to meet Class B requirements for a TAWS system per TSO-C151b. TAWS provides aural voice alerts along with regular display annunciation. With each alert type shown is an accompanying aural alert as well. CAUTION: The annunciation and pop-up terrain alert are accompanied by the aural message “Sink Rate”.
TAWS/TERRAIN Negative Climb Rate After Takeoff Alert (NCR) Alert Priority and Aural Alert Message Summary The purpose of the Negative Climb Rate After Takeoff alert is to provide suitable alerts to the crew when the system determines that the aircraft is losing altitude (closing upon terrain) after takeoff. The aural message “Don’t Sink” is given for NCR alerts, accompanied by an annunciation and a pop-up terrain alert on the display.
TAWS/TERRAIN Terrain Awareness Caution: RTC, ITI Alerts 5 Obstacle Awareness Caution: ROC, IOI 6 7 8 9 PDA Caution Alert Altitude Callout “500” Excessive Descent Rate Alert Caution Negative Climb after Takeoff Alert y 4 ar Obstacle Awareness Warning: ROC, IOI “Terrain, Terrain; Pull-Up, Pull-Up” Or “Terrain Ahead, Pull-Up; Terrain Ahead, Pull-Up” “Obstacle, Obstacle; Pull-Up, Pull-Up” Or “Obstacle Ahead, Pull-Up; Obstacle Ahead, Pull-Up” “Caution, Terrain; Caution, Terrain” Or “Terrain Ahead; Terr
in ar y TAWS/TERRAIN Pr el im This page intentionally left blank. 7-44 190-00498-00_0A.
TRAFFIC 7.3 TRAFFIC TRAFFIC MAP PAGES The Traffic Map Page displays the following information: TIS (TRAFFIC INFORMATION SYSTEM) • Current aircraft location, surrounding TIS traffic, and range marking rings. TIS is a system used for detecting and tracking aircraft in the vicinity of your own aircraft. When ATC radar interrogates aircraft transponders, the replies are analyzed to determine range, bearing and the relative altitude of the intruder. The traffic is then displayed to the flight crew on the MFD.
TRAFFIC in ar y Traffic Annunciation Traffic Map Range Pr Traffic Mode el im Figure 7.3.2 Traffic Annunciation on PFD Own Aircraft Figure 7.3.3 Traffic Map Page 7-46 190-00498-00_0A.
TRAFFIC TIS Symbology Category TIS traffic is displayed on the Traffic Map Page similarly to TCAS symbology. The main difference between TIS and TCAS is the source of surveillance data. TCAS uses an airborne interrogator with a half-second update rate. TIS uses the terminal Mode S ground interrogator and its Data Link to provide approximately a five-second update rate. The range accuracy of TIS and TCAS is similar. Appendix E describes the Traffic Information Service in detail.
TRAFFIC Changing the Map Range • OPERATE – when the Traffic Map Page displays ‘OPERATE’ in the status box on the Traffic Map Page, the TIS system is operational and displays traffic on the Traffic and Map Pages. To change the map range: 1. Turn the joystick clockwise to zoom out or turn the joystick counter-clockwise to zoom in. Map ranges are 2 nm, 6 nm and 12 nm. The crew can switch between the standby (STBY) and operate (ON) modes to manually override automatic operation using the page menu or softkeys.
TRAFFIC TIS Audio Alert y • TRAFFIC - on the PFD, when the system receives a traffic advisory a flashing ‘TRAFFIC’ alert is displayed in the upper left hand portion of the display. The PFD inset map also automatically displays traffic data. in • “Traffic” - TIS traffic alert is received. • TA OFF - the ‘TA OFF’ scale banner displayed in the lower left corner of the display indicates that a traffic advisory is outside the selected display range.
y ar in im el Pr 190-00498-00 Draft 190-00498-00_0A.
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