. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.43 How to Use Marks 1.43.1 Heading line mark The heading line is a line from the own ship position to the outer edge of the radar display area and appears at zero degrees on the bearing scale in HEAD UP mode. The orientation of the line changes depending on the ship orientation in NORTH UP and True Motion modes.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.43.3 North mark The north mark is displayed as a short dotted line on the inside edge of the operational display area. In HEAD UP mode, the north mark moves according to the own ship bearing. North mark The north mark is hidden when the radar is in standby mode. 1.43.4 How to set up the own ship symbol The own ship symbol marks own position on the display. It can be turned on or off and its configuration selected from the [MARK] menu.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 7. Select [4 BARGE ARRANGEMENT]. This item lets you set a single barge or a barge chain. Spin the scrollwheel to select a value, then left click to move the cursor to the next line. Select number of barges (max. 9) to display. As you spin the scrollwheel the squares light or extinguish and the number of barges selected appears at the right side. First row of barge [ARRANGEMENT] is displayed as the right side of the barge icon on-screen.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.44 Drop Mark The operator can inscribe a drop mark at a selected location to find the range and bearing from own ship to the mark. This can be useful for marking a point to avoid while navigating to a destination. 1.44.1 Drop mark How to activate the drop mark To active the drop mark feature, do the following: 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [2 MARKS]. For A/B/W-types with Radar Plotter functionality, this menu appears as [2 MARKS•CHART]. 3. Select [4 DROP MARK]. 4.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.45 Brilliance and Color Schemes Brilliance and color schemes are preset “palettes” that let you change the brilliance and color of on-screen data together. 1.45.1 How to select a brilliance and color scheme The system has four presets of brilliance and color settings to choose from. Each preset is customizable (see section 1.45.3). The following list shows each preset along with their default settings.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 5. Select the appropriate item to adjust. Menu item Page 1 [2 ECHO COLOR] [3 PALETTE] [4 CONTROL PANEL] [5 CHARACTERS] [6 CURSOR] [7 ECHOES] [8 TRAILS] [9 HL] Page 2 [2 RANGE RINGS] [3 BEARING CURSOR] [4 EBL] [5 VRM] [6 PI LINES] [7 TT SYMBOLS] [8 AIS SYMBOLS] [9 L/L GRID] Page 3 [2 MARKS] [3 CHART] Description Changes the color used to display echoes.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.45.3 How to change the color palette This radar provides eight sets of color and brilliance schemes to match any ambient lighting condition and can be assigned to a [BRILL] box preset. 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [9 INITIAL SETTINGS]. 3. Select [2 BRILL]. The [BRILL] menu appears. 4. Select [3 PALETTE]. 5. Select the appropriate palette. The default settings for each palette are shown in the following table.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.46 How to Display and Set Up Navigational Data Wind, depth, ocean current, wave data, water temperature, date and time and waypoint data can be displayed on this radar, however appropriate sensors are required. 1.46.1 How to set up the navigational data 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [7 INFORMATION BOX]. 3. Select [4 NAV DATA SETTINGS]. 4. Referring to the table below, select the appropriate menu item, then press the ENTER MARK key.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Note 2: [4 WAVE DATA] can only be active at one radar at any time. If [4 WAVE DATA] is turned [ON] at another radar in the same network, it is automatically turned [OFF] at this radar. 5. Referring to the table above, select the appropriate setting, then press the ENTER MARK key. 6. Close the menu. Wave data display You can view wave data when a PC with the wave analysis software installed is connected to the same network as this radar.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.47 How to Use the Information Box The information box shows target data, navigational data and zoomed areas of the radar display. To set up the information box, do the following: 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [7 INFORMATION BOX]. 3. Select and set the appropriate menu item, referring to the table below. 4. Close the menu. Menu item [2 OWN SHIP INFO] Settings See section 1.11, section 1.12 and section 1.13 for details.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Zoom and Zoom and navigational data navigational data are displayed here. are displayed here. Zoom and navigational data are displayed here. Zoom and navigational data are displayed here, but can be hidden by TT/AIS data. Zoom and navigational data are displayed here, but can be hidden by TT/AIS data. Zoom can be displayed here, but can be hidden by TT/AIS data. Zoom can be displayed here, but can be hidden by TT/AIS data.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.48 Interswitch The interswitch of this radar uses an Ethernet to transfer video and control signals. A digital signal transfers the video and control signals. You can connect up to four antennas and four display units. Set radar display and antenna groups from the [ANTENNA SELECT] display. When you switch to a different antenna, the heading skew and timing adjustment (set at installation) for that antenna are automatically applied.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.48.2 How to preset antenna and display combinations You can preset the antenna and display combinations for each antenna and display in the radar system. As an example, the procedure below shows how to select the no. 1 antenna unit for the no. 2 display unit. 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [9 INITIAL SETTINGS]. 3. Select [3 SELECT ANTENNA]. The [SELECT ANTENNA] menu appears. Note: You can also right-click the [ANTENNA] box to access this menu. 4.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW • Radar functions are controlled independently, dependently or commonly depending on selection as [MASTER] or [SLAVE] (see the following table).
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Compatibility of display and operation When connecting with FAR-2xx7 series radar When switching the antenna from FAR-2xx8 to FAR-2xx7, the image for FAR-2xx7 is displayed on the screen and each function is operative. However, when switching the antenna from FAR-2xx7 to FAR-2xx8, the following functions are not operative. • Automatic Clutter Elimination (ACE) function. • Selection of the transmit frequency by the [TX CH] button for solid state radar. • Target Analyzer function.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Note: If the blind sector and the direction of the PM antenna overlap one another, turn off the blind sector in order to display echoes correctly. The radar is automatically set as follows when the performance monitor is activated.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.49.2 How to check the radar’s performance The range scale is automatically set to 24 NM. The radar screen will show arcs. If the radar transmitter and receiver are in good working conditions in as much as the original state when the monitor was turned on, the innermost arcs should appear between 8.0 NM to 19.8 NM. The performance monitor can observe a total of 10 dB loss in transmitter and receiver. How to set the number of arcs 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [1 ECHO]. 3.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.50 How to Change the Reference Position The reference position for measurements (range, bearing, etc.) and markers (heading line, stern mark, etc.) can be the radar antenna position ([ANT]) or the consistent common reference point ([CCRP]).
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Category CPA, TCPA BCR, BCT Own ship data Reference point ANT CCRP Table continued from previous page Calculated with an- Calculated with tenna position at CCRP at center. center. Calculated from bow position. Heading Data is taken from respective sensors, regardless of reference point selected. Speed Item Course over ground Speed over ground Own L/L Location of the CCRP.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.52 Alerts 1.52.1 What is an alert? “Alert” is a generic name for a notice to any unusual or potentially dangerous situation generated within the system. For detailed information regarding specific alerts and alert codes, including possible remedies, see "ALERT CODES, MESSAGES & MEANINGS" on page AP-11. Alerts are classified according to priority and category. Alert priority The level of priority, from highest to lowest, is ALARM WARNING CAUTION.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.52.3 How to silence the alert buzzer You can temporarily silence the buzzer by clicking the buzzer silence icon in the [ALERT] box. The icon for a silenced alert also changes, as show in section 1.52.6. 1.52.4 How to acknowledge an alert Alerts can be acknowledged in one of the following manners: • Press the ALARM ACK key. • Click the alert name in the [ALERT] box. • Click the alert name in the [ALERT LIST]. The icon for an acknowledged alert changes as shown in section 1.52.6.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.52.6 Alert icons and their meanings Icon 1-100 Status Visual indication Audible alert Active - unacknowledged alarm Red, flashing 3 short, audible alerts repeated every 7 seconds.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.53 Icing Prevention You can rotate the antenna (24 rpm) without transmission to keep the antenna from freezing. 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [9 INITIAL SETTINGS]. 3. Select [5 OPERATION]. 4. Select [7 ICING PREVENTION]. 5. Select [ON] or [OFF] as appropriate. If you select [ON], the message "Rotate Antenna to Prevent Icing." appears at the bottom of the screen. 6. Click [Start Antenna Rotation] to rotate the antenna without transmission.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.54 How to Select a Display Mode (B/W-type Only) B/W-type radars of this series have three echo display modes available: • [CIRCLE] mode: The echoes are displayed inside a circle on the screen. This is the default (IMO compliant) mode. • [WIDE] mode: The echoes are displayed in a square area, but are not displayed in the data display area. • [ALL] mode: The echoes are displayed across the entire screen. Follow the procedure below to change display modes. 1. Open the menu. 2.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.55 How to Manage SD Card Data The following data can be stored on a SD Card: marks, lines, user settings, installation settings, own track, target track (for A/B/W-types only), alert history and some logs (for example, the alert log). Note: The menu operations outlined in this section are only available when a SD-Card is inserted. When there is no SD-Card inserted, the [FILES] menu is not selectable. SD Cards must be formatted as FAT32. Other formats are not usable. 1.55.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.55.4 How to insert SD cards The SD card slot is located on the front face of the processor unit, between the LAN1 port and the DVI-I port. SD card slot (covered) Note: Do not use any instruments to insert the card. 1. Remove the rubber cover on the SD card slot. 2. To insert a card, gently push the card into the slot, making sure that the card connectors are facing downwards. 3. Close the rubber cover. 1.55.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.55.6 How to save data to an SD card 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [6 FILES]. The [FILES] menu appears. 3. Select [2 SAVE DATA]. 4. Select the data to save. The software keyboard appears. 5. Using the software keyboard, name the file, then select [END] to start saving data. The file namecan be up to seven characters in length. Note: Depending on the data saved, the first letter of the filename is preset and cannot be changed. The presets are listed below.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.56 How to Take a Screenshot The system has an in-built screenshot feature. To use the feature, a SD Card must be inserted in the Processor Unit. If there is no card inserted, the screenshot button on the screen is not active. Screenshot button To take a screenshot of the currently displayed screen, click the screenshot button. Note: The screenshot function can also be assigned to a function key. For how to set up the function keys, see section 1.9 1.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.58 Dual Radar (A/B-types only) When installing two FAR-2xx8 series radars, the image from both radars (main radar and external radar) may be shown together on one radar display. This allows you to take advantage of the best characteristics each type of radar has to offer. The dual radar function is available only for A/B-types.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.58.1 How to toggle control of each dual radar display Note: Dual radar mode must be enabled and both radars must be turned on. You can switch between radars to control either your own, or the external radar from the antenna box. Left-click to toggle control. Place the cursor on the [CONTROL] box, then left-click. The indication toggles between "M" (Master) and "S" (Slave) to show the level of control you have for the radar you are currently controlling.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Radar Functions IR* Tuning TT LOST warning TT alerts ACK TT acquire Control Dependent Control Master Desired value can be set Slave Cannot control Common Control Item Commonly Controlled Item Commonly Controlled *: When the connected radar antenna is a magnetron-type, and the radar is assigned as “Slave”, the desired value can be set for these functions. For SSD-types, this function cannot be controlled.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Notes regarding dual radar operations • The dual radar function is available between two FAR-2xx8 series radars using the LAN. FAR-2xx7 and FAR-3xx0 series radars are not compatible. • When a transmission error occurs between two radars in the dual radar mode, the Alert "EXT RADAR COM ERROR" appears and the dual radar function is turned off.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.59 Wave Mode You can output echo data from this radar to a PC with the wave analysis software installed. The wave analysis software calculates incoming waves and gives you an onscreen indication as to wave size, direction and time between waves. This section covers how to use the wave mode and related functions on your FAR2xx8 series radar. For details regarding the analysis software and PC indications, see the manual supplied with the software.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.60 Doppler Feature (X-band Solid State Radars only) When activated, the doppler feature can help with clutter reduction, making targets easier to find. This feature is only available with FAR-2228-NXT, FAR-2228-NXT-BB or FAR-2328-NXT. To activate and use the feature, follow the procedure below. 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [1 ECHO]. 3. Select [0 NEXT] to show the second page of the menu. 4. Select [9 DOPPLER]. 5. Select the required setting, referring to the table below.
2. RADAR OBSERVATION 2.1 General 2.1.1 Minimum range The minimum range is defined by the shortest distance at which, using a scale of 1.5 or 0.75 nm, a target having an echoing area of 10 m2 is still shown separate from the point representing the antenna position. It is mainly dependent on the pulselength, antenna height, and signal processing such as main bang reduction and digital quantization.
2. RADAR OBSERVATION 2.1.3 X-band and S-band In fair weather, the equation on the previous page does not give a significant difference between X- and S-band radars. However, in heavy precipitation condition, an Sband radar would have better detection than an X-band radar. 2.1.4 Radar resolution There are two important factors in radar resolution (discrimination): bearing resolution and range resolution.
2. RADAR OBSERVATION 2.1.5 Bearing accuracy One of the most important features of the radar is how accurately the bearing of a target can be measured. The accuracy of bearing measurement basically depends on the narrowness of the radar beam. However, the bearing is usually taken relative to the ship’s heading, and thus, proper adjustment of the heading line at installation is an important factor in ensuring bearing accuracy.
2. RADAR OBSERVATION Sidelobe echoes Every time the radar pulse is transmitted, some radiation escapes on each side of the beam, called “sidelobes”. If a target exists where it can be detected by the side lobes as well as the main lobe, the side echoes may be represented on both sides of the true echo at the same range. Side lobes show usually only on short ranges and from strong targets. They can be reduced through careful reduction of the gain or proper adjustment of the A/C SEA control.
2. RADAR OBSERVATION Shadow sectors Funnels, stacks, masts, or derricks in the path of the antenna block the radar beam. If the angle subtended at the antenna is more than a few degrees, a non-detecting sector may be produced. Within this sector targets can not be detected. Wharf and its echo Radar position Radar position Wharf and its echo Shadow sector occurs because wharf is hidden behind ship. Shadow sector occurs because obstruction (like mast) is in path of radar beam.
2. RADAR OBSERVATION 2.3.2 How to show SART marks on the radar display This radar is equipped with a feature that optimally sets up the radar for SART detection. This feature automatically detunes the radar receiver out of its best tuning condition. This erases or weakens all normal radar echoes, but the SART marks are not erased because the SART response signal scans over all frequencies in the 9 GHz band.
2. RADAR OBSERVATION Radar bandwidth This is normally matched to the radar pulselength and is usually switched with the range scale and the associated pulselength. Narrow bandwidths of 3-5 MHz are used with long pulses on long range scales and wide bandwidths of 10-25 MHz with short pulses on short ranges. A radar bandwidth of less than 5 MHz will attenuate the SART signal slightly, so it is preferable to use a medium bandwidth to ensure optimum detection of the SART.
2. RADAR OBSERVATION 2.6 Solid state radar In Solid State radars, long-range and short-range pictures are mixed before they are displayed on the screen. Due to this mixing process, echoes may be displayed differently when compared with magnetron radars. : Short-range : Long-range Approx. 0.5 NM to 2 NM (depending on the pulse length) Range and signal intensity At long-range, even though the Solid State radar has lower transmission power than magnetron radars, the signal intensity is equivalent.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.1 Precautions when Using Target Tracking WARNING WARNIN No one navigational aid should be relied upon for the safety of vessel and crew. The navigator has the responsibility to check all aids available to confirm position. Electronic aids are not a substitute for basic navigational principles and common sense. This TT automatically tracks automatically or manually acquired radar targets and calculates their courses and speeds, indicating them by vectors.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.2 TT Controls The control unit has three keys that are used in the target tracking mode. The keys are indicated in the figure below.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.4 How to Select the TT mode You can click the TT acquisition mode indication in the TT•AIS box to select the required mode. TT aquisition mode OFF The indication changes depending on the setting for [TT SELECT] in the [TT] menu. TT mode selected [MANUAL 100] [MANUAL 75 • AUTO 25] [MANUAL 50 • AUTO 50] [MANUAL 25 • AUTO 75] [AUTO 100] Indication change "TT OFF" "TT MAN" "TT OFF"... "TT OFF" "TT MAN/AUTO" "TT OFF"... "TT OFF" "TT MAN/AUTO" "TT OFF"...
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 4. Select [2 TT SELECT], then select the acquisition condition. Your selection here changes how many targets can be acquired, both automatically and manually.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) Note 1: For successful acquisition, the target should be within 24 NM (or 32 NM, depending on initial setting) from own ship and not obscured by sea or rain clutter. Note 2: You are alerted when the capacity of manual acquisition is 95% and 100%. These alerts are "TT TARGET95%(MAN)" and "TT TARGET FULL(MAN)". If the capacity is 100% you cannot acquire more targets. Cancel tracking of non-threatening targets if you wish to acquire additional targets manually.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 4. Repeat step 3 until to place up to three reference points. 5. Right-click to deactivate the reference mark function. 6. Right-click the [SPD] indication at the top-right of the screen to show the [SPEED] menu. 7. Select [2 SHIP SPEED]. 8. Select [REF]. 9. Close the menu. It takes approximately one minute for the speed to appear in the own ship information box. When the speed appears, the indication "REF BT" also appears to the right of the speed value.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.7 How to Cancel Target Tracking When the number of tracked targets reaches maximum capacity, the alert box shows [TT TARGET FULL (MAN)] or [TT TARGET FULL (AUTO)], based on the selected TT mode. No new targets can be acquired until a tracked target is lost or tracking is canceled. When this occurs, cancel tracking for non-dangerous targets as required. 3.7.1 How to cancel tracking for individual TT targets Using the control unit (RCU-014) 1.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.8 Lost Target Targets not detected in nine consecutive scans become “lost targets”. A lost target is shown in the display with a flashing red "". Flashing stops after lost target alert is acknowledged. Further, the alert box shows the indication "TT TARGET LOST" in orange characters and the audible alert sounds. The symbol disappears when the alert is acknowledged.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.9 TT Symbols and Attributes The TT symbols used in this equipment are compliant with IEC62288. For details regarding the symbols and their meanings, see "TT symbols" on page AP-31. 3.9.1 How to adjust symbol brilliance Note: Each color scheme (palettes PLT1 to PL4) can be adjusted individually. For how to select a color scheme, see section 1.45.2 and section 1.45.3. 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [9 INITIAL SETTINGS]. 3. Select [2 BRILL]. The [BRILL] menu appears.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.9.3 How to select a TT symbol (B/W-types only) In addition to the "standard" circle TT symbol, you may select from the symbols shown below, using the full keyboard. This cannot be done with trackball-type control unit (RCU-015, RCU-016). However, you can program a function key to do so: assign the function key the [TARGET DATA] function from the [STD KEY] category. For function key setup, see section 1.9. To change the TT symbol, do the following procedure. 1.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.10.2 How to show/remove target data in the data display area Place the cursor on a desired tracked target and left-click, or press the ACQ key. The target’s symbol is surround with a broken square and the selected TT target’s data is shown in the data display area. Note: This feature requires [2 TGT DATA/ACQ SETTING] on the second page of the [CURSOR] menu to be set as [ANY] or [TT ONLY]. Target No. Name Indication Target No.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.10.3 How to display, hide and sort the target list The target list provides a comprehensive data display of all TT (and AIS) targets being tracked. A total of 1303 targets can be displayed in the list. How to display the target list Select the [TGT LIST] menu item at the bottom-right of the screen, then left-click. The target list appears inside the information box.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) How to sort the target list 1. With the target list displayed, place the cursor on the sorting method indication to the right of [SORT] ("CPA" in the example below). The indication is highlighted. 2. Spin the scrollwheel to select the sort method, referring to the table below, then left-click. Sorting method Filter method Sorting method [CPA] [TCPA] [BCR] [BCT] [RANGE] [SPEED] [NAME] Description Targets are sorted in order from closest to farthest CPA.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.11 How to Assign a Preset Name to TT Targets (B/ W-type only) You can assign a preset name to TT targets, which is displayed alongside the TT number in the target list. 3.11.1 How to activate the preset name function 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [5 TT•AIS]. 3. Select [6 TT]. 4. Select [5 TARGET NAME FUNCTION]. 5. Select [ON], then press the ENTER MARK key. 3.11.2 How to setup preset names 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [5 TT•AIS]. 3. Select [6 TT]. 4.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.11.3 How to assign a name to a TT 1. Referring to section 3.11.1, activate the preset name function. 2. Referring to section 3.10.2, show the target’s data in the data display area. 3. Place the cursor on the target data, then press the left button. The [TARGET NAME] menu appears. 1 2 3 TARGET NAME BACK TARGET NAME PRESET LIST TEST1 Preset names are listed below [3 PRESET LIST]. In the above example, the name "TEST1" is set as a preset name. 4.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.12 Vector Modes Target vectors can be displayed relative to own ship’s heading (Relative) or North (True). Note: IMO recommends the use of true vector mode in sea stabilization or relative vector mode for collision avoidance. 3.12.1 Description of vectors Stabilization modes It is important to select the optimum stabilization mode for the radar display.
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) Ground stabilization and sea stabilization Target vectors can be ground stabilized or sea stabilized in the True Motion mode. To select speed over the ground or speed through the water data, open the page from the menu. Select for ground stabilization or for sea stabilization. The vector mode indication shows the stabilization mode in the true motion as [TRUE-G] or [TRUE-S].
3. TARGET TRACKING (TT) 3.12.2 Vector mode and length Vectors can be displayed in true or relative modes. Vector lengths can be set between 30 seconds and 60 minutes. The vector tip shows an estimated position of the target after the selected vector time elapses. It can be valuable to extend the vector length to evaluate the risk of collision with any target.