. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.19 How to Adjust Sensitivity The gain control adjusts the sensitivity of the receiver. The proper setting is such that the background noise is just visible on the screen. If you set up for too little sensitivity, weak echoes may be missed. On the other hand excessive sensitivity yields too much background noise; strong targets may be missed because of the poor contrast between desired echoes and the background noise on the display.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.20.2 How to fine-tune sea clutter reduction Auto A/C SEA allows for fine tuning of the A/C SEA circuit, within ±20 dB. Accordingly, with the bar reading set to 50, gain is not lowered to minimum as with manual A/C SEA on close-in ranges. Further, the auto A/C SEA level is low because the average value of the original input echo is low in areas where there are no sea surface reflections.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW How to reduce sea clutter manually from the on-screen box 1. Select [SEA MAN], following the procedure in section 1.20.1. 2. Place the cursor on the level indicator inside the A/C SEA box at the top of the display. SEA MAN 40 Place the cursor inside the level indication, then spin the scrollwheel. 3. While observing the A/C SEA level indicator, spin the scrollwheel to adjust the clutter reduction. The setting range is [0] to [100]. 1.20.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.21.1 How to select the method of rain clutter reduction 1. Place the cursor in the [RAIN AUTO] or [RAIN MAN] (whichever is shown) level indication at the top of the display. Place the cursor inside the level indication, then left-click. RAIN MAN 40 2. Left-click to display [RAIN AUTO] or [RAIN MAN] as appropriate. Note: Unlike sea clutter reduction, rain clutter cannot be finely adjusted when set to [AUTO]. 1.21.
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1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.22 Interference Rejector Mutual radar interference can occur in the vicinity of another shipborne radar operating in the same frequency band. It is seen on the screen as a number of bright spikes either in irregular patterns or in the form of usually curved spoke-like dotted lines extending from the center to the edge of the picture. Activating the interference rejector circuit can reduce this type of interference.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.23 Echo Stretch The echo stretch feature enlarges targets in the range and bearing directions to make them easier to see, and it is available on any range. There are three types of echo stretch, 1, 2 and 3, and the higher the number the greater the amount of stretch. Note: The echo stretch magnifies not only small target pips but also returns (clutter) from sea surface, rain and radar interference.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.24 Echo Averaging The echo averaging feature effectively reduces sea clutter. Echoes received from stable targets such as ships appear on the screen at almost the same position every rotation of the antenna. On the other hand, unstable echoes such as sea clutter appear at random positions. To distinguish real target echoes from sea clutter, echoes are averaged over successive picture frames.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW How to use the echo average function from the menu 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [1 ECHO]. 3. Select [2 CUSTOMIZED ECHO]. Note: You can also right-click the [PICTURE] box to access this menu. 4. Select [4 ECHO AVERAGE]. 5. Select the required setting. 6. Close the menu. How to highlight fast-moving targets Normally, when echo averaging is in use, fast-moving targets may be displayed weakly, or not at all.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.25 Automatic Clutter Elimination (ACE) Function This radar has the Automatic Clutter Elimination (ACE) function. This function detects sea and rain clutter from received echoes’ and automatically reduces sea and rain clutter according to the Automatic Clutter Elimination (ACE) threshold setting. Note: Use this function with caution. Weak target echoes may disappear from the screen. 1.25.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.25.3 How to get high sensitivity When the ACE function is [ON], the high sensitivity mode is also available. This requires a function key to be assigned with the [ACE HIGH SENSITIVITY] function (see section 1.9). To use high sensitivity mode, activate the ACE feature, then press the assigned function key. You can select the level for the high sensitivity mode as follows: 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [1 ECHO]. 3. Select [0 NEXT]. 4. Select [2 ACE]. The [ACE] menu appears. 5.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.26 Noise Rejector White noise can show itself on the screen as random “speckles” spread over the entire radar image. This equipment reduces the white noise, then improves the on-screen S/ N ratio by processing the weighted moving average filter for the received echoes in the range direction. Note: Use this function with caution. Weak target echoes may disappear from the screen or the range resolution may worsen. To remove this noise do the following: 1. Open the menu. 2.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.28 How to Preset Controls for a Specific Navigation Purpose Every time your navigating environment or task changes, you must adjust the radar, which can be a nuisance in a busy situation. Instead of changing radar settings case by case, it is possible to assign the function keys to provide optimum settings for oftenencountered situations.
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1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Default settings for [PULSELENGTH] CUSTOM1 CUSTOM2 CUSTOM3 NEAR FAR NEAR BOUY FAR BUOY ROUGH SEA SHIP HARBOR BIRD ICE COAST 0.125 NM to 0.5 NM S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 S1 CUSTOM1 CUSTOM2 CUSTOM3 NEAR FAR NEAR BOUY FAR BUOY ROUGH SEA SHIP HARBOR BIRD ICE COAST 4 NM* M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 M1 S2 M1 0.75 NM 1 NM* 1.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.28.1 How to select a customized echo Left-click the [CUSTOMIZE ECHO] box at the top left of the screen to cycle through the options and select a customized echo option. The available options depend on the settings selected for [3 SELECT CUSTOM] in the [ECHO] menu. See section 1.28.5. 1.28.2 How to edit a customized echo 1. Select a customize echo option to edit (see section 1.28.1). 2. Open the menu. 3. Select [1 ECHO]. 4. Select [2 CUSTOMIZED ECHO].
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1 to 4: Control dynamic range. 1 provides the widest dynamic range; 4 is the narrowest dynamic range. A: Low level echo brilliance is reduced and noise and clutter are also reduced. B: Low and high level echoes are displayed evenly. C: High level echoes' outer edge has gradation to indicate the echo level, with the higher level echo at the core. 8. Select [0 NEXT] to show the next menu page. 9. Select [2 CONDITION]. 10. Select [2 STC CURVE]. 11.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.28.4 How to restore a user customized echo to the factory default settings You can restore customized echo options to their factory default settings (see the tables on page 1-42 for a list of the default settings). 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [1 ECHO]. 3. Select [2 CUSTOMIZED ECHO]. Note: You can also right-click the [PICTURE] box to access this menu. 4. Select [0 NEXT] to show the next menu page. 5. Select [3 DEFAULT]. 6. Select [FACTORY]. 1.28.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.29 How to Reject Second-trace Echoes In certain situations, echoes from very distance targets can appear as false echoes (second-trace echoes) on the screen. This occurs when the return echo is received one transmission cycle later, or after a next radar pulse has been transmitted. Pulse interval Actual ranges Second-trace echo Measured ranges This equipment lengthens the pulse repetition period to reject false echoes. Note: his function decreases the number of echo hits.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.30 Orientation Modes This radar has the following orientation modes available: Mode Description Relative Motion (RM) modes [HEAD UP RM] Not stabilized [STERN UP RM]* The radar image is rotated 180°. Graphics and relative and true bearings are also rotated 180°. [STAB HEAD UP RM] Head-up with compass bearing scale (True Bearing) where the bearing scale rotates with the compass reading.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW COURSE UP mode The radar picture is stabilized and displayed with the currently selected course at the top of the screen. When you change the heading, the heading line moves with the course selected. If you select a new course, select the course up mode again to display the new course at the top of the display. Targets are shown at their measured distances and their directions relative to the set course, which is at the 0-degree position.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Note: The position of the own ship marker and bearing scale change according to reference position and off-centering. • [ANT]: When OFF CENTER is active, the bearing scale intervals change accordingly. • [CCRP]: When the CCRP moves outside the operational display area, the bearing scale intervals may not be displayed correctly. STERN UP mode The STERN UP mode rotates the HEAD UP mode picture, relative and true bearings and display graphics 180°.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.32 How to Measure Range The range to a target can be measured three ways: with the fixed range rings, with the cursor, or with the VRM. Use the fixed range rings to get an estimate of the range to a target. The rings are the concentric solid circles on the display. The number of rings is automatically set by the current range scale. The distance between the rings is the range ring interval, and the current interval appears at the upper-left position on the screen.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Note: The maximum VRM distance is set by the current display range and can be set as high as twice the distance of the display range. Using the VRM keys 1. Press the VRM ON key to activate the VRM1 box. Press the VRM ON key again to activate the VRM2 box. Press the VRM ON key again to switch between active VRMs. The currently active VRM marker is displayed as shown in the above figure. 2.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.32.4 How to show TTG to VRM TTG (Time To Go) to a selected VRM can be displayed as follows: 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [3 NAV TOOLS]. 3. Select [3 EBL•VRM•CURSOR SET]. 4. Select [3 VRM TTG]. 5. Select [OFF], [1], [2] or [1&2] as appropriate. • • • • [OFF] [1] [2] [1and2] : No TTG to VRM displayed. : TTG from OS to VRM1 displayed. : TTG from OS to VRM2 displayed. : TTG from OS to VRM1 and VRM2 displayed. 6. Close the menu. 1.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.33.1 Methods to measure bearing There are two methods for measuring bearing, using the EBL key and on-screen menu box operation. Using the EBL keys 1. Press the EBL ON key to activate the [EBL1] box. Press the EBL ON key again to activate the EBL2 box. Press the EBL ON key again to toggle active EBLs. The active EBL marker is displayed as shown on the previous page. 2.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.34 Collision Assessment by Offset EBL The origin of the EBL can be placed anywhere to enable measurement of range and bearing between any two targets. This function is also useful for assessment of the potential risk of collision. It is possible to read CPA (Closest Point of Approach) by using the EBL range marker as shown in (a) in the illustration below.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Using the [CURSOR] menu (on-screen box) 1. Select the operational display area, then right-click. The [CURSOR] context menu appears. 2. Select [EBL OFFSET]. 3. Select the operational display area, then left-click. The EBL line is attached to the cursor. 4. Place the offset EBL on the target appearing as threatening, then left-click. 5. After waiting for a few minutes (at least 3 minutes), operate the EBL used in step 4 until it bisects the target at the new position (A1).
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.35 How to Measure Range and Bearing Between Two Targets EBL2 Range Marker 340 350 000 010 020 030 330 320 040 310 EBL1 060 Target 4 290 Target 1 280 270 Range Marker 050 Target 2 300 070 R2 080 090 Target 3 EBL origin 260 250 100 110 240 120 230 130 140 220 210 150 200 190 180 170 160 Range/bearing between targets 1 and 2 EBL1 EBL2 045.3 °R 287.1 °R VRM1 VRM2 28.11 NM 36.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW How to measure range and bearing from the control unit (RCU-014) Range and bearing can be measure using the EBL OFFSET key. 1. Press the EBL ON key to activate EBL1. 2. Place the cursor inside the operational display area, then press the EBL OFFSET key. EBL1 moves to the cursor. 3. Place the cursor (EBL1 moves with the cursor) on a target of interest. (Shown as “Target 1” in the above example), then press the EBL OFFSET key. 4.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.36 How to Off-Center the Display Own ship position, or sweep origin, can be displaced to expand the view field without switching to a larger range scale. The sweep origin can be off-centered to the cursor position, but not more than 75% of the range in use; if the cursor is set beyond 75% of the range scale, the sweep origin will be off-centered to the point of 75% of the limit. Cursor Put cursor where desired and do appropriate off-center procedure.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.37 Target Trails The trails of the radar echoes of targets can be displayed in the form of synthetic afterglow. Target trails are shown either relative or true and can be sea or ground stabilized. True motion trails require a compass signal, and position and speed data. When the range is changed, trails are continued for targets which were already displayed in the previous range. Newly detected targets have no trail when first detected. 1.37.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 5. Select [2 TRAIL MODE]. 6. Select the appropriate trail mode. • [REL]: Relative target trails. Targets move relative to own ship and stationary targets appear smeared. • [TRUE]: True target trails. Targets true movements are shown, stationary targets are not smeared. 7. Close the menu. You can also click the trail mode indication to toggle between relative and true trails. 1.37.2 Trail time Trail time is the interval at which the trail is plotted on-screen.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW [TRAIL LENGTH] setting [NORMAL] [12H] [24H] [48H] Available options [OFF], [15 sec], [30 sec], [1 min] to [30 min] at 30-seconds intervals, [CONT]. [OFF], [00:30] to [12:00] at 30 minute intervals, [CONT]. [OFF], [00:30] to [24:00] at one hour intervals, [CONT]. [OFF], [00:30] to [48:00] at two hour intervals, [CONT]. Note 1: The timer displays the elapsed time of the selected trail. Use caution when using this feature, as the displayed time is not the overall trail time.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.37.5 Narrow trails (B/W-type only) Target trails can be painted with thinner lines if desired. This csection 1.37.2an be useful when there are a lot of targets on the screen and it is hard to distinguish one from another. 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [1 ECHO]. 3. Select [0 NEXT]. 4. Select [4 TRAILS]. The [TRAILS] menu appears. Note: You can also right-click the [TRAIL] box to access this menu. 5. Select [8 NARROW TRAIL]. 6.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW To erase a section of a trail (B/W-types only): 1. Place the cursor inside the operational display area, then right-click to show the [CURSOR] menu. 2. Select [TRAIL ERASER]. The cursor is now displayed with a red surround and a dashed circle, indicating that [TRAIL ERASER] mode is active. 3. Press the left button to change the diameter of the dashed circle, as shown in the figure below. 4.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.37.10 How to show/hide OS trails To show or hide the OS trail at any time, follow the procedure below. 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [1 ECHO]. 3. Select [0 NEXT]. 4. Select [4 TRAILS]. The [TRAILS] menu appears. Note: You can also right-click the [TRAIL] box to access this menu. 5. Select [6 OS TRAIL].S 6. Select [OFF] or [ON] as appropriate. Note: When [6 OS TRAIL] is set to [ON], [7 SUPPRESS AROUND OS] is automatically fixed at [ON].
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.37.12 How to set the trail length (B/W-type only) You can save up to 48 hours of trails. the [TRAIL LENGTH] can be set to one of the following lengths: [NORMAL], [12H], [24H] or [48H]. To set the trail length, follow the procedure below. 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [1 ECHO]. 3. Select [0 NEXT]. 4. Select [4 TRAILS]. The [TRAILS] menu appears. Note: You can also right-click the [TRAIL] box to access this menu. 5. Select [0 NEXT] to show the second page of the menu. 6.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW When [TRAIL LENGTH] is set to other than [NORMAL] When [4 TRAIL LENGTH] is set to [12H], [24H] or [48H], you can select the color for each trail segment. 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [1 ECHO]. 3. Select [0 NEXT]. 4. Select [4 TRAILS]. The [TRAILS] menu appears. Note: You can also right-click the [TRAIL] box to access this menu. 5. Select [0 NEXT] to show the second page of the menu. 6. Select [6 LONG TRAIL COLOR]. The [LONG TRAIL COLOR MENU] appears (see figure to the right). 7.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.37.15 How to offset the colors for multicolored trail (B/W-type only) You can “shift” the order of the trail colors. When this function is active, the first color used to paint the trail is changed.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.38 Target Analyzer (B/W-type only) The target analyzer function analyzes echoes and assists the operator to determine dangerous targets. This function is particularly useful under heavy rain/snow or where there is surface reflection, which can cause interference and noise. The target analyzer function can also place hatching over heavy rain areas, reducing the visible interference and allowing a clearer view of potential targets.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW Note 1: This function works best when the settings for [GAIN], [STC], [RAIN], [NOISE REJECT] and [VIDEO CONTRAST] are properly adjusted (surface reflections are displayed in green and rain is displayed in gray). Note 2: This function recognizes moving targets as approaching targets. Buoys and other stationary objects are not recognized as approaching targets by this function.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.39 Target Alarm The target alarm serves to alert the navigator to targets (ships, landmasses, etc.) entering a specific area, with audiovisual alerts. The operator can set the alarm zones at any location, with any size, however, the zones must be inside the operational display area. CAUTION The alarm should not be relied upon as the sole means for detecting possible collision situations.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.39.2 How to mute the target alarm A target in the target alarm zone produces both visual (flashing) and audible (beep) alarms. To silence the audio alarm select the appropriate target alarm box then leftclick. The target alarm box indication shows "MUTE". This will deactivate the audio alarm but will not stop the flashing of the offending target. You can also stop the alarm by deactivating the target alarm zone (see section 1.39.3).
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.40 PI (Parallel Index) Lines PI lines are useful for keeping a constant distance between own ship and a coastline or a partner ship when navigating. You can control the presentation and interval of the PI lines from the [PI Line] box, which is at the lower-left corner of the screen. PI lines [PI Line] box PI line number PI line status PI line interval 1.40.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW W-types 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [3 NAV TOOLS]. 3. Select [2 PI LINES]. The [PI LINES] menu appears. 4. Select [2 SET MAXIMUM PI 1•3 LINES] or [3 SET MAXIMUM PI 2•4 LINES] as required. Up to four sets of PI lines are available depending on the maximum number of PI lines selected on the menu. • [1]: Not available for W-types. • [2], [3] or [6]: Four sets of PI lines (PI1 to PI4). 5. Select the appropriate option. 6. Close the menu. 1.40.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.40.5 How to change the PI line orientation PI lines orientation can be selected from parallel or perpendicular. Note: This function is only available when [SET MAXIMUM PI LINES] is set for other than [1]. 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [3 NAV TOOLS]. 3. Select [2 PI LINES]. 4. Select [4 PI LINE MODE]. 5. Select [PARALLEL] or [PERPENDIC] as appropriate. 6. Close the menu. 1.40.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 10. Spin the scrollwheel to adjust the front PI line length. The available range is 0.000 NM to 24.000 NM. All PI lines beyond this mark will be hidden. 11. To change the length of other PI lines, activate the line you wish to adjust, then repeat steps 1 through 10. 12. Close the menu. Heading line PI line OS location TRUNC RANGE 1 length setting TRUNC RANGE 2 length setting 1.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.41.2 How to set the net cursor dimensions and orientation 1. Open the menu. 2. Select [3 NAV TOOLS]. 3. Select [3 EBL•VRM•CURSOR SET]. 4. Select [0 NEXT] to show the second page of the menu. 5. [3 FRONT HALF LENGTH]. 6. Rotate the scrollwheel, then left-click to set the length of selected net section. Note: The length appears in the [WARP LENGTH] indication. Adjust the values so that the total length for front and rear is equal to, or less than 3000m. 7.
1. OPERATIONAL OVERVIEW 1.42 Zoom The zoom function enlarges an area of interest as large as twice the normal viewing size, in the [INFORMATION BOX]. Zoom can be selected using the control unit or from a preset function key (see section 1.9 for how to assign functions to the function keys). Zoom is not available when the [INFORMATION BOX] setting for [TARGET DATA] is [LARGE].