Front Cover C120-H007-06EN SPARC M10 Systems/ SPARC Enterprise/ PRIMEQUEST COMMON INSTALLATION PLANNING MANUAL
FOR SAFE OPERATION Handling of This Manual This manual contains important information regarding the use and handling of this product. Read this manual thoroughly. Use the product according to the instructions and information available in this manual. Keep this manual in hand for further understanding. Fujitsu makes every effort to prevent users and bystanders from being injured or from suffering from damages to their property. Use the product according to this manual.
TRADEMARKS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS z UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. The contents of this manual shall not be disclosed in any way or reproduced in any media without the express written permission of Fujitsu Limited.
Revision History (1/1) Edition 01 02 Revised section Details (Added/Deleted/Altered) 2002-10-31 ⎯ ⎯ 2005-09-15 Entire manual (Altered) • Technical brush-up • Modification of the manual title • Addition of PRIMEQUEST Date Section 3.3.2 (Altered/Added) • Modification of the concept of units operational grouping • Addition of description for concentration of small equipment Section 5.2.
Preface 1 This manual describes the requirements and concepts of installation and facility planning that pertain to the setup of SPARC Enterprise and PRIMEQUEST. Installation and facility planning requires full review with Fujitsu representatives in charge according to the instructions presented herein. This manual is intended for site planners preparing for the server system installation. Use this manual to review server system installation plans or to run and administer the server system.
Preface CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities This chapter describes the power supply requirements, power supply facilities, grounding plans, power distribution boards, and power distribution routes for the server systems. CHAPTER 7 Protection Against Lightning This chapter describes the safeguards necessary to protect server systems against destructive lightning surge voltages. CHAPTER 8 Security Actions This chapter describes the actions necessary to ensure server system security.
Preface Other Reference Manuals When installing the SPARC Enterprise or PRIMEQUEST, read the installation guide for each model first. For the readers • If you find any inconvenience with the description or incorrect explanation in this manual, please fill in the "Comment Form" sheet at the back of this manual and forward it to the address described on the sheet. • This manual is subject to be revised without prior notice.
Contents .......................................................................... 1 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i CHAPTER 1 Installation Planning Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Office Installation and Computer Room Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Office installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents 3.3.1 Hardware constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Operational considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Air Conditioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.1 Air conditioning units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.2 Air conditioning piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.5.6 4.5.7 4.5.8 Installing temperature/humidity sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taking in fresh air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Preventing dew condensation in underfloor ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . Preventing water leaks and installing detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installing a backup unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents 6.8.1 6.8.2 6.8.3 Test voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase and grounding cable insulation test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interphase insulation testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 89 89 CHAPTER 7 Protection Against Lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 7.1 Protection of AC Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Figures Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 3.1 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9 Figure 4.10 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2 Figure 6.3 Figure 6.4 Figure 6.5 Figure 6.6 Figure 6.7 Figure 6.8 Figure 6.9 Figure 6.10 Figure 6.11 Figure 6.12 Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Figure 7.3 Figure 7.4 Figure 8.1 C120-H007-05EN Slit floor panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Contents Tables Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Table 2.3 Table 3.1 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Table 5.1 Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 6.4 Table 6.5 Table 6.6 Table 6.7 Table 6.8 Table 7.1 Table 7.2 Table 8.1 Table A.1 Table A.2 C120-H007-05EN Ceiling heights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Raised floor heights of free-access floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHAPTER 1 Installation Planning Overview 1 This chapter defines the general requirements for server system installation planning and for the facilities used to house server systems. Successful planning ensures system installation efficiency now and in the future, assuring system reliability, convenience, and functionality.
CHAPTER 1 Installation Planning Overview A server system involving equipment that is too large to fit into the available office space or a mixture of equipment having a combined heat dissipation over about 21 MJ/h (20000 Btu/h) would need to be installed in facilities meeting the computer room installation requirements. (1) Equipment suitable for office installation Equipment meeting any of the following requirements is suitable for office installation.
1.2 Computer Room Installation Planning 1.2 Computer Room Installation Planning Computer room installation requires prior device support planning and support staff assignment. 1.2.
CHAPTER 1 Installation Planning Overview Regarding the required staff in the installation planning group, consider the following: z An installation planning group and a supervisor within the user organization z An installation consultant from a Fujitsu or agent 1.3 Preparing Building and Facilities Review the building and facilities needed to install a server system, ancillary furnishings accompanying the server system, and the rooms needed to run the server system. 1.3.
1.4 Scheduling 1.3.3 Rooms needed to run the server system Regarding the rooms needed to run the server system, review the following: z z z z z 1.
CHAPTER 2 Installation Sites 1 This chapter details the recommended sites and structures and the buildings in which server systems can be installed, and the structures of the computer rooms.
CHAPTER 2 Installation Sites 2.1.2 Utility services When selecting sites that afford good access to utility services, take the following factors into consideration: z Satisfactory availability of electric power z No suspension or failure of water supplies, or the availability of alternate measures for water supply z Access to telecommunication lines 2.1.3 Secure sites When selecting sites that offer a high degree of security, take the following into consideration.
2.2 Buildings 2.2.1 Building structures Structural considerations for buildings in which server systems are to be installed are summarized below. (1) Floor strength The floor of the building in which a server system is to be installed should be strong enough to withstand the combined weight of the server and its component devices.
CHAPTER 2 Installation Sites d) Newly constructed buildings If a server system is to be installed in a newly constructed building, it is recommended that loading strength of the floor itself, beam, and column is 4.9 kN/ m2 (100 lbf/ft2) or greater for such computer room.
2.2 Buildings z Water leaking due to clogged drainage pipelines on the roof or in the upper floor(s) c) Preventing water leakage from air conditioning facilities Because air conditioning facilities commonly involve the use of water, as in coolant pipelines, humidifying feed water, and water generated as a result of dehumidifying, they would require measures to prevent water leakage.
CHAPTER 2 Installation Sites 2.2.2 Computer room location Things to consider with regard to location of the computer room are summarized below. (1) Operability The computer room should be conveniently located for access to communication with related departments and for data receipt, issue, and relocation. (2) Security From a security standpoint, the computer room should be located on the lower middle floor of a building, rather than the top floor or a basement.
2.2 Buildings z z z z z 2.2.4 The space used for signal and telecommunication lines in the building Recording media storage room Office room needed for systems administration and development Storage rooms for supplies and spare parts Access control room Facilities Considerations pertaining to facilities are summarized below: (1) Power supply facilities The power supply facilities should distribute enough power to meet the requirements of the server systems and associated facilities.
CHAPTER 2 Installation Sites b) Purpose of air conditioning In a computer room, there are many heat sources such as dissipation from server systems, heat from surrounding circumstances, and heat generated by lighting and operators' bodies that increase instability of air conditions in the room. Air conditioners are required in order to improve stability of air conditions in the room.
2.
CHAPTER 2 Installation Sites (3) Withstand load and protection of the access route The withstand load of the access route should be large enough to support the mass and transportation activity concerning the server system. At the time of transportation, the floor and wall surfaces along the access route may require protection. 2.2.
2.3 Computer Room Structure z Security and disaster prevention considerations (1) Base floor strength The base floor on which the server system is to be set up must have enough strength to support a raised floor and facilities and equipment, as well as the server system itself.
CHAPTER 2 Installation Sites 2.3.
2.3 Computer Room Structure (2) Strength and surface material of free-access floor panels Table 2.3 lists the strengths and surface materials suggested for free-access floor panels. Table 2.3 Strengths and surface materials of free-access floor panels Item Floor-panel strength Surface material Condition Deflection not exceeding 1.5 mm (0.05 in.) under a concentrated load of 4.
CHAPTER 2 Installation Sites Figure 2.1 shows the outer view of a slit floor panel. Figure 2.1 Slit floor panel d) Preventing the free-access floor from being collapsed because of the opening Horizontal forces applied to the free-access floor during earthquakes or when heavy equipment is carried in could cause the floor panel to shift, depending on the structure of the free-access floor and the shape of the floor panel opening, leading to freeaccess floor collapse.
2.3 Computer Room Structure The number of floor panels with an airflow control damper or number of airflow control panels required should be determined by the air conditioning facility or the free-access floor construction designer on the basis of the concerned heat load in the room. Figure 2.2 Floor panels with an airflow control damper Figure 2.
CHAPTER 2 Installation Sites (6) Base floor and free-access floor cleaning The base floor and the free-access floor require cleaning before the server system is installed. The following cleaning procedures are recommended, including those for cleaning the free-access floor surface periodically: 1 Remove dust on the surface of the panels. 2 Clean with a mop or cloth dipped in a solution having an anti-static agent, then squeeze the mop tightly before proceeding with mopping.
2.3 Computer Room Structure (2) Prevention of entry of outside air Outside air penetrating through gaps in a window could threaten successful temperature and humidity control of the air conditioning facilities. Moreover, outside air might contain dust and harmful gases. From this standpoint, the windows in the computer room should be made airtight or semi-airtight.
CHAPTER 2 Installation Sites (6) Maintenance outlets The computer room requires maintenance outlets to power instruments for maintaining the server system or to clean the floor. Maintenance outlets should be provided on column or wall surfaces 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) apart at a height of about 30 cm (12 in.) above the floor. An extension cord is required where the outlet spacing exceeds 7 m (23 ft). Power leading to the outlets may be fed from a common general power source.
CHAPTER 3 Equipment Layout 1 This chapter describes the items which considerations require for when laying out equipment. Equipment layout deserves special consideration, because it has a significant bearing on the efficiency of system operation and maintenance. 3.1 Proposed Computer Room Top View A top view of the proposed computer room must be prepared. (1) Top view A precise top view of the proposed computer room must be prepared to aid in reviewing the equipment layout.
CHAPTER 3 Equipment Layout 3.3 Precautions in Preparation of an Equipment Layout In preparing an equipment layout, take into account hardware constraints, operational considerations, and installation equipment constraints. 3.3.1 Hardware constraints (1) Cable length limitations Each signal cable or power control cable has a limitation on its length. In laying out equipment, be careful not to exceed these limitations.
3.3 Precautions in Preparation of an Equipment Layout Even if a single device has multiple functions, it should be grouped according to the degree to which it can be run with or without manual intervention.
CHAPTER 3 Equipment Layout (5) Acoustic noise A general-purpose server system is generally made up of a mix of equipment, each of which generates its own acoustic noise. Because the acoustic noises from individual equipment may result in a very high noise-level, it is recommended that these equipment be installed in an unattended zone.
3.4 Air Conditioners 3.4 Air Conditioners Factors to be considered when laying out air conditioning are described below: 3.4.1 Air conditioning units Do not simply install a single, high-capacity central air conditioning unit in the computer room or an adjoining air-conditioning room.
CHAPTER 3 Equipment Layout 3.4.5 Dusting Units that use paper or toner in operation, such as line printers and laser printers, produce dust. The relation between dust-producing devices and device that should be dust-free requires special consideration. For example, dust-free devices can be installed near the air outlet, while the dust-producing devices can be near the air intake. 3.5 Power Supply Facilities This section describes power supply facilities. 3.5.
3.5 Power Supply Facilities Table 3.1 Kinds, uses, and locations of power supply facilities (2/2) Power supply Separate transformers Step-down transformers (200 V to 100 V) Distribution panels Grounding facilities 3.5.2 Use Low-voltage transformers used when: • The supply voltage available to the building and the voltage required by the server system differ. • A voltage regulator, such as a UPS, is installed in a separate building or at a remote location.
CHAPTER 3 Equipment Layout 3.6 Line and Signal Wiring Facilities This section describes line and signal wiring facilities. 3.6.1 Line facilities When line terminal boards and line terminals are installed, they must be located to allow for easy connection with any line units in the computer room. 3.6.2 Signal wiring facilities Signal cabling with devices that are installed outside the computer room requires wiring facilities, such as pipelines, ducts, and cable racks.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning 1 This chapter describes which items require considerations when laying out air conditioning facilities. 4.1 Characteristics of Computer Room Air Conditioning Computer room air conditioning is characterized by: z Constant temperatures and humidities z Air conditioning conditions and capacities z Service time and reliability These are detailed as below: 4.1.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning 4.1.2 Air conditioning conditions and capacities The air conditioning system must have the capacity to be able to process the amount of heat dissipated from the computer equipment to cool the computer room. A server system generates heat from the Power Supply Unit, semiconductor devices, etc.
4.2 Styles of Air Conditioner 4.2.1 Direct blowing In the direct blowing setup, air conditioner(s) are installed in the computer room to blow air directly into the room. This setup is economical, permits easy room temperature and humidity regulation, and is less susceptible to dew condensation. Moreover, the air conditioner(s), free from blowing temperature constraints, offer high working efficiency. However, while this setup is easier to install, cold air could be poorly distributed.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning An air conditioner installed in the duct blowing setup should include a cooling coil, a heater for the winter and temperature control, a humidifier, and a filter. Figure 4.2 shows a schematic view of the duct blowing setup. Figure 4.2 Duct blowing setup 4.2.
4.2 Styles of Air Conditioner This setup features the ability to keep operators less chilled because this lessens direct exposure to drafts of air blown out of the air conditioner. Because underfloor ventilation blows air directly against equipment, the air must be filtered for dust by the air conditioner beforehand. The lower the air temperature is, the greater the chance for dew condensation becomes because of increased humidity. Hence, the air requires regulation of both its temperature and humidity.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning Sometimes the underfloor-ventilation air conditioner does not perform heating and humidifying but only cools the room air to the target temperature. In this situation, regulation of the temperature and humidity of the air in the room and under the floor can be accomplished by heating and humidifying the room air and the outside air after it has been dehumidified by overcooling by the underfloor air conditioner. Figure 4.4 shows a schematic view of a combined system. Figure 4.
4.3 Air Conditioning Conditions 4.3.2 Recommended temperatures and humidities for computer rooms Keep the ambient temperature in the computer room at a level that feeds comfortable to the human body or somewhat lower.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning Table 4.1 Recommended temperatures and humidities for computer rooms Near the underfloor air outlet Air conditioning Temperature Humidity % setup °C °F ⎯ ⎯ Direct ⎯ blowing or duct blowing Underfloor 18±1 °C 64±2 °F 65±5% ventilation 18±1 °C 64±2 °F 65±5% Combined direct blowing or duct blowing and underfloor ventilation 4.3.
4.3 Air Conditioning Conditions Table 4.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning (2) Lowering the underfloor temperature In unattended areas where paper is not used and where only those devices that have broad permissible underfloor and room temperature and humidity ranges are installed, the underfloor temperature may be lowered. As an example, in an unattended room associated with a large system installation involving multiple computer rooms, hold the underfloor relative humidity to 70% or below to keep the room humidity at a lower level. Table 4.
4.3 Air Conditioning Conditions 4.3.4 Dust (1) Airborne dust Ensure that airborne dust does not exceed 0.15 mg/m3 (0.004 mg/ft3). Most server systems are designed to withstand this level of airborne dust. This is the same as the permissible level for airborne dust in a general office and should be easily attainable in a computer room where there is little inflow of outside air and smoke. (2) Removing dust Airborne dust is collected by air filters in the air conditioner. For air filter, see Section 4.5.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning Table 4.4 Tolerable limits for corrosive gases (2/2) 4.3.6 Gas name Nitrogen dioxide (nitrogen oxide) (NO2) Tolerable limit Up to 52 ppb Ammonia (NH3) Up to 420 ppb Ozone (O3) Up to 5 ppb Oil vapor Up to 0.2 mg/m3 Seawater (salt damage) The air in the vicinity of coastal areas contains large amounts of airborne sea salt particles. If these particles remain inside computers, substances are formed by a condensation reaction of chemicals.
4.4 Thermal Load and Cooling Capacities 4.4 Thermal Load and Cooling Capacities The thermal load imposed on an air conditioner must include those coming from the power supply facilities and from the building, as well as heat from the server system itself.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning 4.4.2 Example of cooling capacity calculations for room air conditioning Examples of cooling capacity calculations for an air conditioner, flow rate 135 m3/min (4770 ft3/min), running in a room air conditioning setup are given below. The following values have been determined with respect to the rated capacity of 167.4 MJ/h (158,700 Btu/h): z The cooling capacity is 145.6 MJ/h (138,000 Btu/h), 87% of the capacity rating. z The sensible heat capacity is 124.
4.4 Thermal Load and Cooling Capacities The values in the table involve certain characteristic curve and air-line diagram read errors. Table 4.6 Examples of typical air conditioner cooling capacity calculations (1/2) Item Enthalpy of the air at the conditioner inlet Calculated value Calculation method i1=45.4 kJ/kg Determine the enthalpy at 24°C (75.2°F) and 45%RH from the air-line diagram (19.6 Btu/lb) Δi=16.7 kJ/kg Enthalpy difference (7.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning Table 4.6 Examples of typical air conditioner cooling capacity calculations (2/2) Item Air conditioner sensible heat cooling capacity (when calculated on the basis of sensible heat enthalpy differences) Calculated value Calculation method 124.4 MJ/h (i4 - i3) × Flow rate/Specific volume (117,931 Btu/h) =12.9 (kJ/kg) × 135 (m3/min) × 60 (min/h) / Air conditioner sensible heat cooling capacity (when calculated on the basis of temperature differences) 124.
4.4 Thermal Load and Cooling Capacities 4.4.3 Underfloor ventilation air conditioning Figure 4.9 shows the air condition for underfloor ventilation in a psychrometric chart. Table 4.7 summarizes procedures for calculating the cooling capacities of an underfloor-ventilation air conditioner, flow rate 220 m3/min (7770ft3/min). The values in the table involve certain characteristic curve and psychrometric chart read errors. Figure 4.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning Table 4.7 Examples of underfloor-ventilation air conditioner cooling capacity calculations (2/2) Item Calculated value Enthalpy of the air i5 =39.3 kJ/kg coming out of the air (16.9 Btu/lb) conditioner Air conditioner sensible 95.9 MJ/h(90900 Btu/h) at a flow heat cooling capacity rate of 220 m3/min (7770ft3/min) (when calculated on the basis of sensible heat enthalpy difference) 4.4.4 Calculation method Determine the enthalpy at 18°C (64.
4.4 Thermal Load and Cooling Capacities The formula terms are: z Flow rate: Sensible heat from the thermal load divided by the temperature difference and the heat removed to cool a unit volume by 1°C (34°F).
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning 4.5 Precautions Pertaining to the Installation of Air Conditioners Air conditioners that are installed in computer rooms differ in many ways from those installed in general offices. Precautions specific to installing air conditioners in a computer room are summarized below. 4.5.1 Humidifier The reason a humidifier is needed, types of humidifiers available, and humidifiers used with underfloor-ventilation air conditioners are described below.
4.5 Precautions Pertaining to the Installation of Air Conditioners (3) Humidifiers used with underfloor-ventilation air conditioners Certain types of underfloor-ventilation air conditioners have a boiling humidifier and a draft fan installed at adjacent locations such that drops of boiling water from the humidifier can enter the draft fan for aerial dispersion.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning 4.5.3 Installing temperature/humidity sensors Temperature/humidity sensors used to regulate the temperature and humidity of an air conditioner are installed at different positions according to the ventilation method. (1) Location of temperature/humidity sensors for a room air conditioner Location to install temperature/humidity sensors for a room air conditioner is: z At a height of about 1 to 1.5 m (3.3 to 4.
4.5 Precautions Pertaining to the Installation of Air Conditioners 4.5.5 Preventing dew condensation in underfloor ventilation In underfloor ventilation, provisions should be made to prevent dew condensation inside and outside of devices installed in the computer room as they are exposed to direct drafts of cold air from the air conditioner.
CHAPTER 4 Air Conditioning 2 When temperature reaches the target range, turn on the server system. The humidifier may operate after the room temperature reaches a stable state.
4.5 Precautions Pertaining to the Installation of Air Conditioners 4.5.7 Installing a backup unit It is recommended that the air conditioner be backed up. Without a backup unit, if the air conditioner fails, the resultant rise in the computer room temperature would demand a shutdown of the server system to correct the failure. A backup unit also facilitates scheduled inspections. 4.5.8 Preventing freezing of cooling water The air conditioner for a server system is generally run for cooling year round.
CHAPTER 5 Electromagnetic Environment and Static Electricity 1 This chapter explains the electromagnetic environment conditions and electrostatic effects relevant to server systems. 5.1 Magnetic Fields CRT displays could be influenced by the magnetic fields generated by nearby power transformers, electric wires carrying large current, or any magnetized metallic objects. 5.1.
CHAPTER 5 Electromagnetic Environment and Static Electricity 5.1.2 Sources of magnetic fields and fault symptoms Table 5.1 lists the possible sources of magnetic fields and the associated display screen faults. Table 5.
5.1 Magnetic Fields Table 5.1 Sources of magnetic fields and fault symptoms (2/2) Magnetic field component DC magnetic field components 5.1.3 Source of magnetic field Fault symptom 1 Electrically welded metallic exterior sheets, etc.: Color misconvergence, Magnetism may remain as a result of metallic display distortion magnetization. 2 Magnets used in acoustic equipment: Speaker magnets, etc. 3 Steel-framed prefabricated columns, etc.
CHAPTER 5 Electromagnetic Environment and Static Electricity 5.2 Electric Fields This section describes electric fields. 5.2.1 Allowable electric field intensities for server systems Each equipment has an allowable electric field intensity of 3 V/m, where 1 V/m is 120 dB/μV. An electric field intensity of 1 V/m is a typical level encountered in a low-level electromagnetic radiation environment.
5.3 Static Electricity 5.3 Static Electricity Static electricity may be charged and kept in a person's body by the following conditions. z Through friction between shoes and floor as a result of his or her walking. z Through friction between clothes and body. z Also, carts may be charged as a result of their movement. When this static electricity is discharged to server system at a high charge voltage, it could cause a malfunction.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities 1 This chapter deals with input power requirements, power supply facilities, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), grounding, distribution panels, distribution lines, and the share of responsibility for construction work. Operational stability of a server system requires a good-quality power supply. Power supply facilities that match the power requirements of the server system must be selected to suit the importance of the server system's operation. 6.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities Table 6.1 Input power requirement Item Input voltage Voltage regulation Instantaneous input voltage variation Instantaneous input interruption Input frequency Frequency regulation Input voltage imbalance Voltage waveform distortion Power capacitance Rush current 6.1.
6.2 Power Supply Facilities 6.2 Power Supply Facilities Select power supply facilities after considering the input power requirements of the server system (see Section 6.1), the availability of a power source at the installation site, and the operational importance of the server system. 6.2.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities (1) Reduction in leakage current Computers are equipped with a line filter in their power input terminals to absorb both external and internal electric noise. If a common commercial power source is connected to a computer, leakage current will flow to the grounding cable of the computer. In a system built by connecting multiple computers with one another, the total leakage current flowing to ground across the system must be compliant with IEC60435 and IEC60364.
6.2 Power Supply Facilities 6.2.2 Selecting power supply facilities Select power supply facilities to suit the available power source at the installation site, and the operational importance of the server system. (1) Systems that cannot tolerate service disruption a) Power failure-free system Use of a UPS is mandatory for server systems that cannot tolerate service disruption at any time even the instantaneous interruption or power failure of commercial power supply. Figure 6.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities (2) Systems that can tolerate a service disruption If a server system can tolerate a service disruption caused by power interruption or voltage variation, install a transformer dedicated to that system, isolated from the secondary terminals if the system runs at 200 V or grounded to a neutral phase wire if it runs at 400 V. a) Transformers dedicated to 200 V server systems Table 6.
6.2 Power Supply Facilities b) Transformers dedicated to 400 V server systems Table 6.4 describes the types of high-to-low-voltage transformers that can be dedicated to 400 V server systems and those that can be shared with other power supplies. Table 6.4 Transformers dedicated to 400 V server systems Transformer dedicated to a server Case Schematic view system A dedicated high-to-low-voltage Install a transformer in High-voltage line transformer can be installed. the power receiving/ transformer room.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities 6.3 UPS Requirements An Uninterruptible Power Supply system (UPS) supplies power to server systems constantly under power failures even in a huge magnitude of power failures. Instantaneous voltage drop of commercial power generally occur by thunder. The chance of occurrence of instantaneous voltage drop depends on the location of the site (in Japan, three to four times in a year). The typical interruption time of power supply is said between 0.07 to 2 seconds.
6.3 UPS Requirements (1) UPS load specifications Some server systems adopt condenser-input type rectifier circuit (commutating load) as shown in Figure 6.3. Figure 6.3 Commutating load circuit Rectifier of this type turns the current waveform of a server system into a distorted waveform containing harmonics. The amplified crest (peak value) of distorted waveform containing harmonics is about 2.8 times to the effective value.(It means that if effective value is 10 A, the peak value is 28 A.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities (3) UPS terminating requirements UPS terminates when incorrect current is loaded (overload). When such circumstance is made, the output cutoff circuit (which prevents distribution of current exceeding the specification) activates to drop voltage, and the UPS stops. Some components may generate higher load to stop UPS. If this occurs, input power to the components is switched to direct commercial power since UPS stops when overloaded.
6.3 UPS Requirements (7) Requirements for power interruption The following specifications must be checked for selection of a UPS. z Most of UPS cannot be started up under circumstance of power interruption. If such startup is required, request the UPS manufacturer for modification.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities (10)Power rating (for printer connection) If a printer is connected to a UPS, selecting a UPS whose power capacitance is sufficient to connect a printer is needed, by taking account of the following precautions. z Input voltage variation of a printer depends on the printing mode. z Some laser printers requires few times higher than their rated power in toner fixing.
6.4 Grounding 6.4.1 Grounding equipment in the computer room For grounding equipment, connect a protective grounding conductor to the dedicated grounding electrode. Transformer Flow of leakage current Line filter Protective grounding conductor Secondary single wire ground of the transformer Equipment Figure 6.4 Method of grounding equipment If possible, do not connect an equipment cabinet to the ground built into the floor of the computer room (such as a mesh ground) through a separate wire.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities (2) Grounding in the buildings conforming with the IEC standards. In the installation of server systems to the buildings based on the equal potential bonding principal of the IEC standards, the server systems must be grounded using grounding facility shared with other facilities.
6.4 Grounding 6.4.2 Grounding other equipment Table 6.6 summarizes the requirements for other equipment grounding facilities. Table 6.6 Requirements for other equipment grounding facilities Item Requirements Grounding electrode • A dedicated grounding electrode for other equipment is recommended. If a dedicated grounding electrode is not available, a grounding trunk cable may be branched from a shared grounding electrode. • The grounding resistance must not exceed 100 Ω.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities 6.4.3 Grounding LAN devices Grounding LAN devices which share the same signal ground to the same grounding system and those which have different signal ground to different grounding systems. The method for grounding LAN devices, details of the separation of the LAN transmission line signal ground from the connected devices, and typical modes of LAN connection and grounding are described below.
6.4 Grounding Figure 6.5 Typical 100 Base-T connection 6.4.4 Grounding-plate method In shared ground facilities complying with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards, noise generated by other electronic facilities such as electronic devices, air conditioning facilities and elevators may penetrate the server systems through the shared ground facilities' cables. In some cases, this can be prevented by the grounding-plate method.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities Figure 6.
6.5 Distribution Panels 6.5 Distribution Panels This section describes distribution panels. 6.5.1 Distribution panel location (1) Computer room distribution panel A distribution panel must be installed in the computer room to distribute power to the server system components. (2) Location The distribution panel must be located near the entrance and where it will not interfere with operation.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities 6.5.3 Distribution panel structure A distribution panel uses an output terminal strip to connect a power cable to each device. Figure 6.7 and Figure 6.8 show typical distribution panel setups having output terminal boards. Figure 6.7 Distribution panel (free-standing) Figure 6.
6.5 Distribution Panels (2) Distribution panel front plate The front plate must be removable to allow for cable connection to the output terminal boards. (3) Connected device marking A card holder is provided near each breaker to indicate the name of the associated device. (4) Output terminal boards requirements The following list is output terminal board requirements: z Round crimp terminals must be connectable. z Screws should have a nominal metric screw head designation of M6, M8, or M10.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities Round crimp terminal dimensions L, W, and d φ are shown in Figure 6.9. Figure 6.9 Round crimp terminal dimensions (5) Space around output terminal boards The space around output terminal boards must meet the requirements illustrated in Figure 6.10. Figure 6.
6.6 Distribution Lines (6) Grounding connection within a distribution panel Figure 6.11 shows grounding connections within a distribution panel. Figure 6.11 Grounding connections within a distribution panel 6.6 Distribution Lines The construction of distribution lines requires consideration of induced noise control and voltage drops. 6.6.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities 6.7 Share of Responsibility for Construction in a Computer Room The share of responsibility for construction are : z Fujitsu will install wiring from the output terminal block in the distribution panel to individual devices in the same room as a standard construction. The construction of all other electrical requirements is the user' s responsibility. z The user is responsible for electrical wiring and receptacle for devices. Figure 6.
6.8 Distribution Line Insulation Testing 6.8 Distribution Line Insulation Testing This section specifies the test voltage for distribution line insulation testing and explains the points to watch when performing phase and grounding cable insulation tests and interphase insulation tests. 6.8.1 Test voltage Use an applied test voltage within DC250 V for distribution line insulation testing. 6.8.
CHAPTER 6 Power Supply Facilities (2) Interphase insulation test from the distribution panel to a directly connected device An interphase insulation test may not be performed on a power cable that directly connects a device to the distribution panel. If interphase insulation testing of a direct power cable is required, disconnect the device and power cable from each other. Also turn off the corresponding breaker to prevent the test voltage from being applied to devices attached to any other breaker line.
CHAPTER 7 Protection Against Lightning 1 If a low-voltage distribution cable that feeds power directly to devices or an interface cable is to be laid outdoors, safeguards are needed to protect against possible destruction caused by lightning surges. If a device is damaged by a lightning, the direct cause is a surge (abnormal voltages and currents).
CHAPTER 7 Protection Against Lightning 7.1 Protection of AC Line The surge protection level of SPARC Enterprise and PRIMEQUEST power supply facility complies to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard. Therefore, special protective action against typical multitude of lightning is not required. However, depending on the multitude of induced surge energy, the equipment may be damaged by the induced surge.
7.1 Protection of AC Line (2) Install a surge absorber in each terminal outlet Figure 7.1 shows the surge absorber connected to commercial power outlet. This type is dedicated to single terminal. Applicable for all components using commercial power outlet. Figure 7.1 Surge absorber (power outlet connected type) (3) Install a surge absorber to the input side of a distribution panel Figure 7.2 shows the surge absorber installed on the input side of distribution panel.
CHAPTER 7 Protection Against Lightning 7.2 Protection of Signal Lines (1) External modem is in use When modems are installed, damage to internal circuitry components in the modems could result from indirect strike surges. Hence, it is recommended to install the appropriate surge absorber. Some modems are equipped with surge absorber within them. If modems are installed, and the modem does not have surge absorber, installation of an external surge absorber should be considered. Figure 7.
CHAPTER 8 Security Actions 1 With more sophisticated and extensive use of servers, concern over the security of server systems has become increasingly important. In an online application, for example, a disruption of the central system would degrade or shut down the functionality of the terminals, which could have social or economic consequences depending on the nature of the application. Alteration, loss, or theft of data can be considered an infringement on a person's property or privacy.
CHAPTER 8 Security Actions 2 If a disaster occurs, services are closed down, but can be resumed immediately when the disaster is over. Services are closed down temporarily to protect against errors or malfunctions that might arise from continuing to run the server system for the duration of the disaster, or from problems in running associated facilities. This level assumes no physical or qualitative damage will be incurred.
8.2 Details 8.1.3 Kinds of disasters Different kinds of disasters require different security actions suited to their causes and characteristics. z Fires Negligence, leaks, catching fire from flare, arson, etc. z Earthquakes Overturns, falls, movement, breakage, etc. z Water damage Floods, rainwater leaks, supply/drainage pipe leaks, leaks from facilities which use water, water for extinguishing fires, etc. z Subversive activities, theft, obstructive activities, etc.
CHAPTER 8 Security Actions It is also important to train and prepare staff to fight fires before they become too serious. While the Fire Services Law and other relevant regulations dictate that certain firefighting equipment be available, this equipment is not necessarily adequate for server system security. The installation of more appropriate fire-fighting equipment is recommended, even if they are not required by these laws and regulations.
8.2 Details (2) Kinds of fire extinguishing agents Ideally, any fire extinguishing agents to be used in the computer room and the data storage room should not contaminate the equipment or storage media, be harmless to the human body, and be environmentally friendly. Table 8.1 lists fire extinguishing agents and their characteristics. Table 8.
CHAPTER 8 Security Actions b) Fixed fire extinguishing equipment Fixed fire extinguishing equipment includes sprinklers and carbon dioxide fire extinguishing equipment. A sprinkler, normally tripped on detecting heat, is not suitable for extinguishing fires in their early stages, but can be useful as a last resort for putting out fires. A preaction sprinkler is recommended, because a sprinkler that is constantly filled with water is liable to spray water accidentally upon contact.
8.2 Details (5) Other considerations for fire prevention Other major considerations for fire prevention are: z Risks of fires spreading from neighboring buildings z Fire resistance of the building z Fire resistance of the computer room and the data storage room z Fire prevention facilities at openings, such as windows and doors z Fire dampers (e.g.
CHAPTER 8 Security Actions Common buildings are designed pursuant to the Building Standards Law and other relevant laws. This should keep a building free from critical damage even in a huge earthquake. (When the seismic intensity scale is about 5) Server systems are designed to withstand a horizontal seismic intensity of 2.5m/S2 (8.2ft/S2). Certain devices are furnished with casters to facilitate their relocation.
8.2 Details (3) Water leaking from supply/drainage pipes If a new building is to be built, avoid the construction of supply/drainage pipes around the computer room and the data storage room or limit such construction to a minimum. If piping cannot be rerouted in an existing building, install a stop valve at a point just before the pipes enter the room. Avoid installing facilities that use water on the floor right above.
CHAPTER 8 Security Actions 8.2.4 Burglary Disasters caused by malicious acts, such as subversive activities, burglary, and obstructive activities, require protection, because these acts are entirely unpredictable.
8.2 Details (4) Monitor cameras Install monitor cameras in an inconspicuous manner at the entrances to the building, the computer room, etc. for monitoring in the guard room or a monitoring center. (5) Automatic burglar alarms Install automatic burglar alarms at emergency exits or equipment delivery doors that are not in daily use. These should alert the guard room or a monitoring center when trespassing is attempted.
CHAPTER 8 Security Actions 8.3 Maintenance and Management of Disaster Control Facilities Long-term maintenance and management of disaster control facilities are essential to putting them to use in emergencies. Poorly maintained and managed disaster control facilities have been ineffective in numerous instances in the past, leading to large scale disasters. As mentioned in the text, supervisors and managers should be appointed to ensure periodic maintenance and inspections.
Appendix A Conversion Information B z Units of Measure Conversion z Fraction to Decimal Equivalence A.1 Units of Measure Conversion To use the table below, find the original unit in the first column, the new unit in the second column, then multiply the original value by the number in the third column. Table A.
Appendix A Conversion Information A.2 Fraction to Decimal Equivalence The table below provides a quick reference of fractional decimal equivalent conversions. Table A.2 Fractions to decimal-equivalent conversion Fraction 1/16 1/8 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 11/16 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16 108 Decimal Equivalent 0.06 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.38 0.44 0.50 0.56 0.62 0.69 0.75 0.81 0.88 0.
Acronyms & Abbreviations A AUI AVR P Attachment Unit Interface Automatic Voltage Regulator C CPU Fibre Distributed Data Interface Flexible System Link I IEC Remote Cabinet Interface S SCCI SCSI SGP System Component Control Interface Small Computer System Interface Surge Protector U International Electrotechnical Commission L LAN Peripheral Component Interconnect R RCI Central Processing Unit F FDDI FSL PCI UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply W WAN Wide Area Network Local Area Network C120-H
Index A AC line for surge attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 access management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 acoustic noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 air circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 air condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 air conditioner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29, 34 filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index equipment template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 escape facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 escape passage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 F facility control panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 97 fire extinguisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 fire extinguishing equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 fire-extinguishing facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Index for air conditioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . for computer equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . preventing dew condensation in underfloor ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . freezing of cooling water . . . . . . . . . . . . water leak and installing detector . . . . . prevention of entry of outside air . . . . . . . . protection against lightning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of AC line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of signal line . . . . . . . . .
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