User’s manual Flir T4xx series
User’s manual Flir T4xx series #T559772; r.
Table of contents 1 Legal disclaimer ................................................................................1 1.1 Legal disclaimer ....................................................................... 1 1.2 U.S. Government Regulations ...................................................... 1 1.3 Copyright ................................................................................ 1 1.4 Quality assurance ..................................................................... 2 1.5 Patents ....
Table of contents 11.2 Explanation ........................................................................... 22 12 Pairing Bluetooth devices ................................................................. 23 12.1 General ................................................................................ 23 12.2 Procedure ............................................................................. 23 13 Configuring Wi-Fi.............................................................................
Table of contents 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 General ................................................................................ 37 16.3.1 Procedure................................................................... 37 Saving an image ..................................................................... 37 16.4.1 General...................................................................... 37 16.4.2 Formatting memory cards............................................... 37 16.4.
Table of contents 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.8 Removing measurement tools.................................................... 49 19.5.1 Procedure................................................................... 49 Moving measurement tools ....................................................... 50 19.6.1 Procedure................................................................... 50 Resizing areas ....................................................................... 50 19.7.1 Procedure..........................
Table of contents 23.2 Infrared lens........................................................................... 61 23.2.1 Liquids....................................................................... 61 23.2.2 Equipment .................................................................. 61 23.2.3 Procedure................................................................... 61 24 Technical data ................................................................................. 62 25 Pin configurations ...
Table of contents 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample .................................... 81 Reflected apparent temperature ................................................. 84 Distance ............................................................................... 84 Relative humidity. .................................................................... 84 Other parameters....................................................................
1 Legal disclaimer 1.1 Legal disclaimer All products manufactured by Flir Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with Flir Systems instruction.
1 Legal disclaimer Names and marks appearing on the products herein are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Flir Systems and/or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, trade names or company names referenced herein are used for identification only and are the property of their respective owners. 1.4 Quality assurance The Quality Management System under which these products are developed and manufactured has been certified in accordance with the ISO 9001 standard.
1 Legal disclaimer • GRANT OF SOFTWARE LICENSE. This EULA grants you the following license: • You may use the SOFTWARE only on the DEVICE. • NOT FAULT TOLERANT. THE SOFTWARE IS NOT FAULT TOLERANT. Flir Systems AB HAS INDEPENDENTLY DETERMINED HOW TO USE THE SOFTWARE IN THE DEVICE, AND MS HAS RELIED UPON Flir Systems AB TO CONDUCT SUFFICIENT TESTING TO DETERMINE THAT THE SOFTWARE IS SUITABLE FOR SUCH USE. • NO WARRANTIES FOR THE SOFTWARE. THE SOFTWARE is provided “AS IS” and with all faults.
2 Warnings & Cautions WARNING • (Applies only to Class A digital devices.) This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause interference to radio communications.
2 Warnings & Cautions • Applies only to cameras with battery: • Do not disassemble or do a modification to the battery. The battery contains safety and protection devices which, if they become damaged, can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion or an ignition. • If there is a leak from the battery and the fluid gets into your eyes, do not rub your eyes. Flush well with water and immediately get medical care. The battery fluid can cause injury to your eyes if you do not do this.
2 Warnings & Cautions • Applies only to cameras with battery: • Do not attach the batteries directly to a car’s cigarette lighter socket, unless a specific adapter for connecting the batteries to a cigarette lighter socket is provided by Flir Systems. • Do not connect the positive terminal and the negative terminal of the battery to each other with a metal object (such as wire). • Do not get water or salt water on the battery, or permit the battery to get wet.
2 Warnings & Cautions • (Applies only to Flir A3xx f/A3xx pt series cameras.) • Except as described in this manual, do not open the Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera for any reason. Disassembly of the camera (including removal of the cover) can cause permanent damage and will void the warranty. • Do not to leave fingerprints on the Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera’s infrared optics. • The Flir A3xx pt/A3xx f series camera requires a power supply of 24 VDC.
3 Notice to user 3.1 User-to-user forums Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit: http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/ 3.2 Calibration We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera. 3.
4 Customer help 4.1 General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com 4.2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
5 Quick Start Guide 5.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Charge the battery for four hours. Insert the battery into the camera. Insert an SD Memory Card into the card slot at the bottom of the camera. Push the On/Off button to turn on the camera. Allow 45 seconds for the startup sequence. Aim the camera toward your target of interest. Push the Preview/Save button halfway down to autofocus the camera. Push the Preview/Save button fully down to save an image.
6 Parts lists 6.1 Contents of the transport case • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Infrared camera with lens Battery (2 ea.) Battery charger Bluetooth headset* Calibration certificate Camera lens cap Downloads brochure Flir ResearchIR scratchcard* Flir Tools download card Flir apps card Getting started guide Hard transport case Important information guide Memory card Neckstrap Optics brochure Power supply, incl.
6 Parts lists Part No Product name ITC-CER-5101 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers. ITC-CER-5105 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course - additional student to on site class, 1 pers ITC-CER-5109 ITC Level 1 Thermography Course – group of 10 pers. ITC-CER-5201 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course - attendance, 1 pers. ITC-CER-5205 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course - additional student to on site class, 1 pers ITC-CER-5209 ITC Level 2 Thermography Course – group of 10 pers.
6 Parts lists Part No Product name T127598L10 Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only), 10 user licenses T127598L5 Flir ResearchIR 3 Max (license only), 5 user licenses T127648 Flir Tools+ (license only) T197000 High temp. option +1200°C/+2192°F for Flir T/B2xx to T/B4xx and A3xx, A3xxf, A3xxpt, A3xxsc series T197214 Close-up 2× (50 µm) incl. case T197215 Close-up 4× (100 µm) incl.
7 A note about ergonomics 7.1 General To prevent strain injuries, it is important that you hold the camera ergonomically correct. This section gives advice and examples on how to hold the camera. Note Please note the following: • • Always adjust the angle of the lens to suit your work position. When you hold the camera, make sure that you support the camera housing with your left hand too. This decreases the strain on your right hand. 7.2 Figure #T559772; r.
8 Camera parts 8.1 Rear view 8.1.1 Figure 8.1.2 Explanation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Touch screen LCD. Antenna for wireless communication. Digital zoom button. Programmable button. Joystick: Move up/down or left/right to navigate on menus, in dialog boxes, and in the image archive. Push to confirm choices. 6. Menu/Back button: Push to display the menu on the screen, and to go back in dialog boxes. 7. Mode button: Push to display the mode selector and select a camera mode.
8 Camera parts 8. A/M button: This button has two main functions: 1. Push to switch between automatic and manual adjustment modes. The manual adjustment modes that can be selected are the following: • Manual: Using this mode, the top and bottom temperature levels in the scale can be changed simultaneously, by pushing the joystick up/down. The temperature span can be changed by pushing the joystick left/right. • Manual min.
8 Camera parts 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Focus button: Move left/right to manually focus the camera. Attachment point for the neck strap. Video lamp. Digital camera lens. Release button for additional infrared lenses. Laser pointer. Infrared lens. Note The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets. 8.3 Bottom view 8.3.1 Figure 8.3.2 Explanation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
8 Camera parts 8.4 Battery condition indicator 8.4.1 Figure 8.4.2 Explanation Type of signal Explanation The green light flashes. The power supply or the stand-alone battery charger is charging the battery. The green light is continuous. The battery is fully charged. The green light is off. The camera is using the battery (instead of the power supply). #T559772; r.
8 Camera parts 8.5 Laser pointer 8.5.1 Figure Figure 8.1 This figure shows the difference in position between the laser pointer and the optical center of the infrared lens. WARNING Do not look directly into the laser beam. The laser beam can cause eye irritation. CAUTION Protect the laser pointer with the protective cap when you are not using the laser pointer. Note The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets. Note The symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on. 8.5.
9 Screen elements 9.1 Figure 9.2 Explanation 1. Back toolbar button. 2. Mode toolbar button. 3. Presets toolbar button. 4. Tools toolbar button. 5. Palette toolbar button. 6. Parameters toolbar button. 7. Result table. 8. Measurement box. 9. Measurement spotmeter. 10. Various status and mode icons, e.g., Bluetooth, battery, USB, and compass. 11. Measurement circle. 12. Temperature scale. 13. Measurement line. #T559772; r.
10 Navigating the menu system 10.1 Figure 10.2 Explanation The figure above shows the two ways to navigate the menu system in the camera: • Using the index finger or a stylus pen to navigate the menu system (left). • Using the joystick to navigate the menu system (right). You can also use a combination of the two. In this manual it is assumed that the joystick is used, but most tasks can also be carried out using the index finger or a stylus pen. #T559772; r.
11 External devices and storage media 11.1 Figure 11.2 Explanation 1. To connect an external USB device to the camera, use a USB-A cable and this socket. 2. Indicator showing that the memory card is busy. Note • • Do not eject the SD memory card when this LED is flashing. Do not connect the camera to a computer when this LED is flashing. 3. To connect a computer to the camera to move images and files to and from the camera, use a USB Mini-B cable and this socket. 4.
12 Pairing Bluetooth devices 12.1 General Before you can use a Bluetooth device with the camera, you need to pair the devices. 12.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Turn on the camera. 2. Push the Menu/Back button. 3. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick. 4. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick. 5. On the Connectivity tab, go to Bluetooth and push the joystick to enable Bluetooth connectivity. 6.
13 Configuring Wi-Fi 13.1 General Depending on your camera configuration, you can connect the camera to a wireless local area network (WLAN) using Wi-Fi, or let the camera provide Wi-Fi access to another device. You can connect the camera in two different ways: • Most common use: Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (also called ad hoc or P2P connection). This method is primarily used with other devices, e.g., an iPhone or iPad. • Less common use: Connecting the camera to a WLAN. 13.
14 Fetching data from external Extech meters 14.1 General You can fetch data from an external Extech meter and merge this data into the result table in the infrared image. 14.2 Figure 14.3 Supported Extech meters • Extech Moisture Meter MO297 • Extech Clamp Meter EX845 14.4 Technical support for Extech meters support@extech.com This support is for Extech meters only. For technical support for infrared cameras, go to http://support.flir.com.
14 Fetching data from external Extech meters 5. Do one of the following: • To preview an image, push the Preview/Save button. At this stage, you can add additional values. To do so, take a new measurement with the meter and select Add on the infrared camera screen. • To save an image without previewing, push and hold down the Preview/Save button.
15 Handling the camera 15.1 Charging the battery Note You must charge the battery for four hours before you start using the camera for the first time. 15.1.1 General You must charge the battery when a low battery voltage warning is displayed on the screen. Follow one of these procedures to charge the battery: • Use the combined power supply and battery charger to charge the battery when it is inside the camera.
15 Handling the camera 15.1.4 Using the stand-alone battery charger to charge the battery 15.1.4.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Put the battery in the stand-alone battery charger. 2. Connect the power supply cable plug to the connector on the stand-alone battery charger. 3. Connect the power supply mains-electricity plug to a mains socket. 4. Disconnect the power supply cable plug when the green light of the battery condition indicator is continuous.
15 Handling the camera 4. Close the cover to the battery compartment. 15.3 Removing the battery 15.3.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the release button on the battery compartment cover to unlock it. 2. Open the cover to the battery compartment. 3. Push the red release button in the direction of the arrow to unlock the battery. 4. Pull out the battery from the battery compartment. #T559772; r.
15 Handling the camera 15.4 Turning on and turning off the camera • To turn on the camera, push and release the On/Off button. • To turn off the camera, push and release the On/Off button. 15.5 Adjusting the angle of lens 15.5.1 Figure 15.5.2 Procedure To adjust the angle, tilt the lens up or down. 15.6 Mounting an additional lens Note Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according to the instructions in 23.2 Infrared lens, page 61 15.6.
15 Handling the camera 2. Rotate the lens cap 30° counter-clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). 3. Carefully pull out the lens cap from the bayonet ring. 4. Correctly position the lens in front of the bayonet ring. 5. Carefully push the lens into position. #T559772; r.
15 Handling the camera 6. Rotate the lens 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). 15.7 Removing an additional infrared lens Note Do not touch the lens surface when you mount an infrared lens. If this happens, clean the lens according to the instructions in 23.2 Infrared lens, page 61 When you have removed the lens, put the lens caps on the lens immediately, to protect it from dust and fingerprints. 15.7.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the lens release button to unlock the lens. 2.
15 Handling the camera 3. Carefully pull out the lens from the bayonet ring. 4. Correctly position the lens cap in front of the bayonet ring. 5. Carefully push the lens cap into position. 6. Rotate the lens cap 30° clockwise (looking at the front of the lens). #T559772; r.
15 Handling the camera 15.8 Attaching the sunshield 15.8.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Align the two front tabs of the sunshield with the corresponding two notches at the top of the screen. 2. Push the front part of the sunshield into position. Make sure that the two tabs mate with the corresponding notches. 3. Carefully hold together the two rear wings of the sunshield. 4. Push the rear part of the sunshield toward the screen, and then release your grip.
15 Handling the camera 15.9 Using the laser pointer 15.9.1 Figure 15.9.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To turn on the laser pointer, push and hold the laser pointer button. 2. To turn off the laser pointer, release the laser pointer button. Note The laser pointer may not be enabled in all markets. Note The symbol is displayed on the screen when the laser pointer is on. 15.10 Calibrating the compass 15.10.1 Figure 15.10.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2.
15 Handling the camera 5. On the Camera tab, select Calibrate compass and push the joystick. 6. Click Start. 7. Calibrate the compass by rotating the camera vertically one revolution and horistontally one revolution. 15.11 Calibrating the touchscreen LCD 15.11.1 Figure 15.11.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. and push the joystick. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick. Go to the Camera tab.
16 Working with images and folders 16.1 Adjusting the infrared camera focus 16.1.1 Procedure To adjust the infrared camera focus, do one of the following: • Push the focus button left for far focus. • Push the focus button right for near focus. • Push the Preview/Save button halfway down to autofocus the camera. Note It is important that you hold the camera steady while autofocusing. 16.2 Previewing an image 16.
16 Working with images and folders Card size No voice annotation Incl. 30 seconds voice annotation 256 MB 500 250 512 MB 1000 500 1 GB 2000 1000 16.4.4 Procedure To save an image without previewing, push the Preview/Save button fully down. Note The behavior of the Preview/Save button can be changed on the Preferences tab (Mode > Settings > Preferences). 16.5 Periodically saving an image 16.5.1 General You can periodically save images to the SD Memory card. 16.5.
16 Working with images and folders You use the A/M button to switch between these two modes. 16.7.2 Example 1 This figure shows two infrared images of cable connection points. In the left image a correct analysis of the circled cable is difficult if you only auto-adjust the image. You can analyze this cable in more detail if you • change the temperature scale level • change the temperature scale span. In the left image, the image is auto-adjusted.
16 Working with images and folders 16.7.5 Changing the temperature scale span Follow this procedure: 1. Push the A/M button repeatedly to select Manual . 2. To change the temperature span, move the joystick left/right. 16.8 Hiding overlay graphics 16.8.1 General Overlay graphics provide information about an image. You can choose to hide some or all overlay graphics. 16.8.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick.
16 Working with images and folders 3. 4. 5. 6. Select the image for which you want to create a report. Push the joystick to open the image. Push the joystick to display a menu. On the menu, select Create report page by using the joystick. At this stage you can also add information to the report header and footer. Note To view the report on the PC, you need Adobe Reader. This software can be downloaded for free from: http://get.adobe.
17 Working with fusion 17.1 What is picture-in-picture? Picture-in-picture is similar to thermal fusion in that it lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared image. However, picture-in-picture displays an infrared image frame on top of a digital photo. 17.2 What is thermal fusion? Thermal fusion is a function that lets you display part of a digital photo as an infrared image.
17 Working with fusion Fusion type Image Above Below Interval #T559772; r.
17 Working with fusion Fusion type Image Picture-in-Picture MSX 17.5 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Mode button to select one of the following: • Thermal fusion • Picture in Picture . . 2. Push the A/M button to select one of the following: • Above . • Below . • Interval . 3. (This step applies to Thermal fusion.) Do one or more of the following: • If you chose Above or Below, move the joystick up or down to adjust the temperature level.
17 Working with fusion 4. (This step applies to Picture in Picture.) Do one or more of the following: • If you chose Above or Below, move the joystick up or down to adjust the temperature level in the infrared portion of the image. • If you chose Interval, do one or more of the following: • Push the joystick up/down to move the temperature interval up/down in the infrared portion of the image.
18 Working with video 18.1 Recording video clips 18.1.1 General You can record non-radiometric infrared or visual video clips. In this mode, the camera can be regarded as an ordinary digital video camera. The video clips can be played back in Windows Media Player, but it will not be possible to retrieve radiometric information from the video clips. 18.1.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button and push the joystick. 3.
19 Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.1 Setting up measurement tools 19.1.1 General To measure the temperature, you use one or more measurement tools. This section gives you examples how you set up a spotmeter or an area. 19.1.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button and push the joystick. 3. On the Tools menu, select one of the following: • Add spot • Add box . . • Add circle .
19 Working with measurement tools and isotherms • An isotherm color that is displayed when the camera detects what may be an insulation deficiency in a wall. 19.3.2 Setting up a high-temperature isotherm Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button 3. On the Tools menu, select Add isotherm and push the joystick. and push the joystick. 4. Select Above. 5.
19 Working with measurement tools and isotherms 5. Use the joystick to set the following parameters: • Rel. humidity limit: The critical limit of relative humidity that you want to detect in a building structure. For example, mold will grow in areas where the relative humidity is less than 100%, and you may want to find such areas. • Rel. hum. %: The current relative humidity at the inspection site. • Atm. temp.: The current atmospheric temperature at the inspection site. 19.3.
19 Working with measurement tools and isotherms 19.6 Moving measurement tools 19.6.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Tools button 3. On the Tools menu, select Adjust tools and push the joystick. and push the joystick. 4. Select the measurement tool that you wish to move. This will display a submenu. 5. On the submenu, select Move and push the joystick. This will make the center of the measurement tool turn blue.
19 Working with measurement tools and isotherms Emissivity 0.95 Reflected apparent temperature +20°C (+69°F) Object distance 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) Atmospheric temperature +20°C (+69°F) Relative humidity 50% 19.8.4 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Parameters button and push the joystick. 3. On the Parameters menu, select the parameter that you want to change and push the joystick. 4. Move the joystick up/down to change the value. 5.
20 Annotating images 20.1 General This section describes how to save additional information to an infrared image by using annotations. The reason for using annotations is to make reporting and post-processing more efficient by providing essential information about the image, such as conditions, photos, sketches, where it was taken, and so on. Note Many of the procedures in this section assume that the camera is set to preview images before saving them.
20 Annotating images 20.4.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To preview an image, push and release the Autofocus/Save button fully down. 2. Use the joystick to select . 3. Push the joystick to display a submenu. 4. On the submenu, select Voice. This will display a voice recording toolbar. 5. Do one or more of the following, and push the joystick to confirm each choice. Some buttons have more than one function. • To start a recording, select .
20 Annotating images 4. On the submenu, select Text. This will display a soft keyboard where you can enter the text you want to save. Note To select special characters, press and hold down the corresponding key on the soft keyboard. 5. Click OK. 20.6 Creating a table 20.6.1 General A table with textual information can be saved in an infrared image. This feature is a very efficient way of recording information when you are inspecting a large number of similar objects.
20 Annotating images Figure 20.1 The table as it appears in the camera software. 20.6.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. To preview an image, push the Autofocus/Save button fully down and release it. 2. Use the joystick to select . 3. Push the joystick to display a submenu. 4. On the submenu, select Table. This will display the following dialog box. This is the default table annotations template that ships with the camera. #T559772; r.
20 Annotating images 5. Do one of the following: • To edit a field, click . This will display the following dialog box. • • • • Insert field: Select this option to insert a new field. Duplicate field: Select this option to duplicate the currently selected field. Rename field: Select this option to rename the currently selected field. Keep as default value: Enable this option to keep the current value as a default value.
20 Annotating images 4. Use the joystick to select Sketch. 5. Push the joystick to display a sketchboard. 6. On this sketchboard you can: • • • • Draw a sketch, using the stylus pen. Change the color of the lines. Erase lines and start again. Erase the entire sketch. The sketch will now be added to what is called a group, and will be grouped together with the infrared image in the image archive, and also when moving files from the camera to reporting software on the computer. 20.7.
21 Programming the camera 21.1 General You can program the camera to save images periodically. 21.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button or tap the screen to display the menu system. 2. Use the joystick to go to (Mode). This will display the Mode submenu. 3. One the Mode submenu, select Program and push the joystick. This will display the Program dialog box. 4. Select Duration between images and push the joystick.
22 Changing settings 22.1 Changing camera settings 22.1.1 General On this tab you can change the following: • Temperature range, i.e. the temperature range used for measuring objects. You must change the temperature range according to the expected temperature of the object you are inspecting. • Add-on lens. • Display intensity. • Auto power off. • Digital camera lamp. • Calibrate touchscreen. • Calibrate compass. • Reset to default settings. 22.1.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1.
22 Changing settings 22.3.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the Menu/Back button. 2. On the main menu, go to the Mode button 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. and push the joystick. On the Mode menu, select Settings and push the joystick. On the Connectivity tab, go to the setting that you want to change. Push the joystick. Move the joystick up/down to select a new value. Push the joystick to confirm. 22.4 Changing regional settings 22.4.
23 Cleaning the camera 23.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 23.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 23.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 23.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid. 3. Clean the part with the cloth. CAUTION Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause damage. 23.2 Infrared lens 23.2.
24 Technical data For technical data on this product, refer to the product catalog and/or technical datasheets on the User Documentation CD-ROM that comes with the product. The product catalog and the datasheets are also available at http://support.flir.com. #T559772; r.
25 Pin configurations 25.1 Pin configuration for USB Mini-B connector 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. +5 V (out) USB – USB + N/C Ground 25.2 Pin configuration for video connector 1. 2. 3. 4. Audio right Ground Video out Audio left #T559772; r.
25 Pin configurations 25.3 Pin configuration for USB-A connector 1. 2. 3. 4. +5 V (in) USB – USB + Ground 25.4 Pin configuration for power connector 1. +12 V 2. GND 3. GND #T559772; r.
26 Dimensions 26.1 Camera 26.1.1 Camera dimensions 26.1.1.1 Figure 26.1.2 Camera dimensions, continued 26.1.2.1 Figure #T559772; r.
26 Dimensions 26.1.3 Camera dimensions, continued 26.1.3.1 Figure 26.1.4 Camera dimensions, continued (with 30 mm/15° lens) 26.1.4.1 Figure 26.1.5 Camera dimensions, continued (with 10 mm/45° lens) 26.1.5.1 Figure #T559772; r.
26 Dimensions 26.2 Battery 26.2.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. #T559772; r.
26 Dimensions 26.3 Stand-alone battery charger 26.3.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. #T559772; r.
26 Dimensions 26.4 Stand-alone battery charger with the battery 26.4.1 Figure Note Use a clean, dry cloth to remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. 26.5 Infrared lens (30 mm/15°) 26.5.1 Figure #T559772; r.
26 Dimensions 26.6 Infrared lens (10 mm/45°) 26.6.1 Figure #T559772; r.
27 Application examples 27.1 Moisture & water damage 27.1.1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material. Note Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image.
27 Application examples 27.3 Oxidized socket 27.3.1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, oxides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase. Note A socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another.
27 Application examples 27.4 Insulation deficiencies 27.4.1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.
27 Application examples 27.5 Draft 27.5.1 General Draft can be found under baseboards, around door and window casings, and above ceiling trim. This type of draft is often possible to see with an infrared camera, as a cooler airstream cools down the surrounding surface. Note When you are investigating draft in a house, there should be sub-atmospheric pressure in the house. Close all doors, windows, and ventilation ducts, and allow the kitchen fan to run for a while before you take the infrared images.
28 About Flir Systems Flir Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and government applications.
28 About Flir Systems Figure 28.2 LEFT: Thermovision Model 661 from 1969. The camera weighed approximately 25 kg (55 lb.), the oscilloscope 20 kg (44 lb.), and the tripod 15 kg (33 lb.). The operator also needed a 220 VAC generator set, and a 10 L (2.6 US gallon) jar with liquid nitrogen. To the left of the oscilloscope the Polaroid attachment (6 kg/13 lb.) can be seen. RIGHT: Flir i7 from 2012. Weight: 0.34 kg (0.75 lb.), including the battery.
28 About Flir Systems 28.4 A few images from our facilities Figure 28.3 LEFT: Development of system electronics; RIGHT: Testing of an FPA detector Figure 28.4 LEFT: Diamond turning machine; RIGHT: Lens polishing Figure 28.5 LEFT: Testing of infrared cameras in the climatic chamber; RIGHT: Robot used for camera testing and calibration #T559772; r.
29 Glossary absorption (absorption factor) The amount of radiation absorbed by an object relative to the received radiation. A number between 0 and 1. atmosphere The gases between the object being measured and the camera, normally air. autoadjust A function making a camera perform an internal image correction. autopalette The IR image is shown with an uneven spread of colors, displaying cold objects as well as hot ones at the same time. blackbody Totally non-reflective object.
29 Glossary FOV Field of view: The horizontal angle that can be viewed through an IR lens. FPA Focal plane array: A type of IR detector. graybody An object that emits a fixed fraction of the amount of energy of a blackbody for each wavelength. IFOV Instantaneous field of view: A measure of the geometrical resolution of an IR camera. image correction (internal or external) A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabilizing the camera.
29 Glossary radiation The process by which electromagnetic energy, is emitted by an object or a gas. radiator A piece of IR radiating equipment. range The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera. Cameras can have several ranges. Expressed as two blackbody temperatures that limit the current calibration. reference temperature A temperature which the ordinary measured values can be compared with.
30 Thermographic measurement techniques 30.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object.
30 Thermographic measurement techniques 30.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard. 1 = Reflection source #T559772; r.
30 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflecting source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.
30 Thermographic measurement techniques 30.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure: 1. Select a place to put the sample. 2. Determine and set reflected apparent temperature according to the previous procedure. 3. Put a piece of electrical tape with known high emissivity on the sample. 4. Heat the sample at least 20 K above room temperature. Heating must be reasonably even. 5. Focus and auto-adjust the camera, and freeze the image. 6.
30 Thermographic measurement techniques • External optics transmittance – i.e. the transmission of any external lenses or windows used in front of the camera #T559772; r.
31 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800. Figure 31.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822) The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material.
31 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator.
31 History of infrared technology Figure 31.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.
32 Theory of thermography 32.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 32.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
32 Theory of thermography Figure 32.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887) The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides.
32 Theory of thermography Wλb Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. c Velocity of light = 3 × 108 m/s h Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Joule sec. k Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10-23 Joule/K. T Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody. λ Wavelength (μm). Note The factor 10-6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m2, μm. Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves.
32 Theory of thermography Figure 32.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infrared, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths. Figure 32.
32 Theory of thermography Figure 32.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.
32 Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ + ρλ = 1): For highly polished materials ελ approaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material (i.e.
32 Theory of thermography Figure 32.9 Spectral emissivity of three types of radiators. 1: Spectral emissivity; 2: Wavelength; 3: Blackbody; 4: Graybody; 5: Selective radiator. 32.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed.
33 The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself.
33 The measurement formula 2. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τWrefl, where (1 – ε) is the reflectance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature Trefl. It has here been assumed that the temperature Trefl is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation.
33 The measurement formula magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters. The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values: • τ = 0.
33 The measurement formula Figure 33.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F). #T559772; r.
34 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by Flir Systems. 34.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C. 3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems.
34 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 6 6 Aluminum as received, plate 100 T 0.09 4 Aluminum as received, sheet 100 T 0.09 2 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 70 SW 0.47 9 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 70 LW 0.46 9 Aluminum dipped in HNO3, plate 100 T 0.05 4 Aluminum foil 27 10 µm 0.
34 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 6 6 Brass rubbed with 80grit emery 20 T 0.20 2 Brass sheet, rolled 20 T 0.06 1 Brass sheet, worked with emery 20 T 0.2 1 Brick alumina 17 SW 0.68 5 Brick common 17 SW 0.86–0.81 5 Brick Dinas silica, glazed, rough 1100 T 0.
34 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 6 6 Chromium polished 500–1000 T 0.28–0.38 1 Clay fired 70 T 0.91 1 Cloth black 20 T 0.98 1 20 T 0.92 2 Concrete dry 36 SW 0.95 7 Concrete rough 17 SW 0.97 5 Concrete walkway 5 LLW 0.974 8 Copper commercial, burnished 20 T 0.
34 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 6 6 Granite rough, 4 different samples 70 SW 0.95–0.97 9 Granite rough, 4 different samples 70 LW 0.77–0.87 9 20 T 0.8–0.9 1 Gypsum Ice: See Water Iron and steel cold rolled 70 SW 0.20 9 Iron and steel cold rolled 70 LW 0.
34 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 6 6 Iron galvanized sheet 92 T 0.07 4 Iron galvanized sheet, burnished 30 T 0.23 1 Iron galvanized sheet, oxidized 20 T 0.28 1 Iron tinned sheet 24 T 0.064 4 Iron, cast casting 50 T 0.81 1 Iron, cast ingots 1000 T 0.95 1 Iron, cast liquid 1300 T 0.
34 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 3 4 6 6 Magnesium 22 T 0.07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0.13 4 Magnesium 538 T 0.18 4 20 T 0.07 2 T 0.86 1 Magnesium 2 polished Magnesium powder Molybdenum 1500–2200 T 0.19–0.26 1 Molybdenum 600–1000 T 0.08–0.13 1 700–2500 T 0.1–0.3 1 Molybdenum filament 17 SW 0.
34 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 6 6 Oil, lubricating film on Ni base: Ni base only 20 T 0.05 2 Oil, lubricating thick coating 20 T 0.82 2 Paint 8 different colors and qualities 70 SW 0.88–0.96 9 Paint 8 different colors and qualities 70 LW 0.92–0.94 9 Paint Aluminum, various ages 50–100 T 0.27–0.
34 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 6 6 Plastic glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board) 70 SW 0.94 9 Plastic glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board) 70 LW 0.91 9 Plastic polyurethane isolation board 70 LW 0.55 9 Plastic polyurethane isolation board 70 SW 0.
34 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 6 6 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0.70 1 Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 SW 0.18 9 Stainless steel sheet, polished 70 LW 0.14 9 Stainless steel sheet, untreated, somewhat scratched 70 SW 0.30 9 Stainless steel sheet, untreated, somewhat scratched 70 LW 0.
34 Emissivity tables Table 34.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 6 6 Wood 17 SW 0.98 5 Wood 19 LLW 0.962 8 T 0.5–0.7 1 Wood ground Wood pine, 4 different samples 70 SW 0.67–0.75 9 Wood pine, 4 different samples 70 LW 0.81–0.89 9 Wood planed 20 T 0.8–0.9 1 Wood planed oak 20 T 0.90 2 Wood planed oak 70 SW 0.
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