User’s manual FLIR Ex series
User’s manual FLIR Ex series #T559828; r.
Table of contents 1 Disclaimers ......................................................................................1 1.1 Legal disclaimer ....................................................................... 1 1.2 Usage statistics ........................................................................ 1 1.3 Changes to registry ................................................................... 1 1.4 U.S. Government Regulations...................................................... 1 1.5 Copyright ...
Table of contents 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.4.2 Procedure .................................................................. 17 Deleting an image ................................................................... 18 8.5.1 General...................................................................... 18 8.5.2 Procedure .................................................................. 18 Deleting all images..............................
Table of contents 8.22 8.23 8.21.2 Connecting the camera to a wireless local area network (less common use) ....................................................... 27 Changing the settings .............................................................. 27 8.22.1 General...................................................................... 27 8.22.2 Procedure .................................................................. 28 Updating the camera ...........................................................
Table of contents 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Emissivity.............................................................................. 69 16.2.1 Finding the emissivity of a sample .................................... 69 Reflected apparent temperature................................................. 73 Distance ............................................................................... 73 Relative humidity .................................................................... 73 Other parameters............
1 Disclaimers 1.1 Legal disclaimer 1.7 Patents All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction. One or several of the following patents and/or design patents may apply to the products and/or features.
1 Disclaimers html. The source code for the libraries Qt4 Core and Qt4 GUI may be requested from FLIR Systems AB. #T559828; r.
2 Safety information WARNING Applicability: Class B digital devices. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation.
2 Safety information WARNING Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Only use the correct equipment to remove the electrical power from the battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur. This can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion. Injury to persons can occur.
2 Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery becomes hot, the builtin safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging procedure. If the battery becomes hot, damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of the battery. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
2 Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. When the battery is worn, apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or equivalent materials before you discard it. Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur if you do not do this. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this.
3 Notice to user 3.1 User-to-user forums Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit: http://forum.infraredtraining.com/ 3.2 Calibration We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera. 3.
3 Notice to user This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model. 3.8 Note about authoritative versions The authoritative version of this publication is English. In the event of divergences due to translation errors, the English text has precedence. Any late changes are first implemented in English. #T559828; r.
4 Customer help 4.1 General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com 4.2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
4 Customer help • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual 4.3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following, when applicable for the product: • • • • • • • • • Firmware updates for your infrared camera. Program updates for your PC/Mac software. Freeware and evaluation versions of PC/Mac software. User documentation for current, obsolete, and historical products. Mechanical drawings (in *.dxf and *.pdf format). Cad data models (in *.stp format).
5 Quick Start Guide 5.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Charge the battery. You can do this in three different ways: • Charge the battery using the FLIR stand-alone battery charger. • Charge the battery using the FLIR power supply. • Charge the battery using a USB cable connected to a computer. Note Charging the camera using a USB cable connected to a computer takes considerably longer than using the FLIR power supply or the FLIR stand-alone battery charger. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6 List of accessories and services Product name Part number Battery T198530 Battery charger incl power supply T198531 Car charger T198532 FLIR Tools+ (license only) T198583 Hard transport case FLIR Ex-series T198528 One year extended warranty for Ex or ix series T199806 Pouch FLIR Ex and ix series T198529 Power supply USB-micro T198534 Tool belt T911093 USB cable Std A <-> Micro B T198533 Note FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models, parts or accessories, and other item
7 Description 7.1 Camera parts 7.1.1 Figure 7.1.2 Explanation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Digital camera lens. Infrared lens. Lever to open and close the lens cap. Trigger to save images. Battery. #T559828; r.
7 Description 7.2 Keypad 7.2.1 Figure 7.2.2 Explanation 1. Camera screen. 2. Archive button Function: . • Push to open the image archive. 3. Navigation pad. Function: • Push left/right or up/down to navigate in menus, submenus, and dialog boxes. • Push the center to confirm. 4. Cancel button Function: . • Push to cancel a choice. • Push to go back into the menu system. 5. On/off button Function: • Push the button to turn on the camera.
7 Description 7.3 Connectors 7.3.1 Figure 7.3.2 Explanation The purpose of this USB mini-B connector is the following: • Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply. • Charging the battery using a USB cable connected to a computer. Note Charging the camera using a USB cable connected to a computer takes considerably longer than using the FLIR power supply or the FLIR stand-alone battery charger. • Moving images from the camera to a computer for further analysis in FLIR Tools. Note 7.
8 Operation 8.1 Charging the battery WARNING For equipment with plugs: Make sure that you install the socket-outlet near the equipment and that it is easy to get access to. 8.1.1 Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply Follow this procedure: 1. Connect the power supply to a wall outlet. 2. Connect the power supply cable to the USB connector on the camera. NOTE The charging time for a fully depleted battery is 2 hours. 8.1.2 Charging the battery using the FLIR stand-alone battery charger.
8 Operation 8.2 Turning on and turning off the camera • Push the button to turn on the camera. • Push and hold the button for less than 5 seconds to put the camera in standby mode. The camera then automatically turns off after 48 hours. • Push and hold the 8.3 button for more than 10 seconds to turn off the camera. Saving an image 8.3.1 General You can save multiple images to the internal camera memory. 8.3.2 Image capacity Approximately 500 images can be saved to the internal camera memory. 8.3.
8 Operation 8.5 Deleting an image 8.5.1 General You can delete one or more images from the internal camera memory. 8.5.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. Push the Archive button . Push the navigation pad left/right or up/down to select the image you want to view. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays the selected image. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar. 5. On the toolbar, select Delete 8.6 . Deleting all images 8.6.
8 Operation 8.8.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar. 2. On the toolbar, select Measurement . This displays a toolbar. 3. On the toolbar, select Auto hot spot . 8.9 Measuring the coldest temperature within an area 8.9.1 General You can measure the coldest temperature within an area. This displays a moving spotmeter that indicates the coldest temperature. 8.9.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the center of the navigation pad.
8 Operation 8.12.2 Image examples This table explains the different color alarms (isotherms). Image Color alarm Below alarm Above alarm 8.12.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar. 2. On the toolbar, select Color . This displays a toolbar. 3. On the toolbar, select the type of alarm: • Below alarm • Above alarm . . 4. Push the center of the navigation pad. The threshold temperature is displayed at the bottom of the screen. 5.
8 Operation 8.13 Changing image mode 8.13.1 General The camera can operate in five different image modes: • Thermal MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging): The camera displays an infrared image where the edges of the objects are enhanced. • Thermal: The camera displays a fully thermal image. • Picture-in-picture: The camera displays a digital camera image with a superimposed infrared image frame.
8 Operation • Digital camera: The camera displays a digital camera image. To display a good fusion image (Thermal MSX, Picture-in-picture, and Thermal blending modes), the camera must make adjustments to compensate for the small difference in position between the digital camera lens and the infrared lens. To adjust the image accurately, the camera requires the alignment distance (i.e., the distance to the object). 8.13.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the center of the navigation pad.
8 Operation If you use Auto mode instead, the color for the two items will appear the same. 8.14.3 When to use Manual mode 8.14.3.1 Example 1 Here are two infrared images of a building. In the left image, which is auto-adjusted, the large temperature span between the clear sky and the heated building makes a correct analysis difficult. You can analyze the building in more detail if you change the temperature scale to values close to the temperature of the building. Automatic 8.14.3.
8 Operation 4. To change the temperature span and the temperature level in Manual mode, do the following: • Push the navigation pad left/right to select (highlight) the maximum and/or minimum temperature. • Push the navigation pad up/down to change the value of the highlighted temperature. 8.15 Setting the emissivity as a surface property 8.15.1 General To measure temperatures accurately, the camera must know what kind of surface you are measuring.
8 Operation 8.17 Changing the emissivity as a custom value 8.17.1 General For very precise measurements, you may need to set the emissivity, instead of selecting a surface property or a custom material. You also need to understand how emissivity and reflectivity affect measurements, rather than just simply selecting a surface property. Emissivity is a property that indicates how much radiation originates from an object as opposed to being reflected by it.
8 Operation 8.19.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Push the center of the navigation pad. This displays a toolbar. 2. On the toolbar, select Settings . This displays a dialog box. 3. In the dialog box, select Measurement parameters. This displays a dialog box. 4. In the dialog box, select Distance. This displays a dialog box where you can select a distance. 8.20 Performing a non-uniformity correction (NUC) 8.20.
8 Operation 6. (Optional step.) To display and change the parameters, select Settings and push the center of the navigation pad. • To change the channel (the channel that the camera is broadcasting on), select Channel and push the center of the navigation pad. • To activate WEP (encryption algorithm), select WEP and push the center of the navigation pad. This will check the WEP check box. • To change the WEP password, select Password and push the center of the navigation pad.
8 Operation ◦ Off ◦ Share ◦ Connect to network – Networks • Reset options: ◦ Reset default camera mode. ◦ Reset device settings to factory default. ◦ Delete all saved images. • Auto power off. • Display intensity. • Demonstration mode: This menu command provides a camera mode that displays various images without any user interventions. The camera mode is intended for demonstration purposes or when displaying the camera in a store. ◦ Off. ◦ Electrical applications. ◦ Building applications.
9 Technical data Table of contents 9.1 Online field-of-view calculator........................................................... 29 9.2 Note about technical data................................................................. 29 9.3 Note about authoritative versions...................................................... 29 9.4 FLIR E4 .......................................................................................... 30 9.5 FLIR E4 (incl. Wi-Fi) ...........................................
9 Technical data 9.4 FLIR E4 P/N: 63901-0101 Rev.: 40418 General description The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
9 Technical data Measurement analysis Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected temperature Set-up Color palettes Black and white, iron and rainbow Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time formats Storage of images File formats Standard JPEG, 14-bit measurement data included Digital camera Digital camera, resolution 640 × 480 Digital camera, FOV 55° × 43° Data communicat
9 Technical data Physical data Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.) Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.) Color Black and gray Certifications Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC Shipping information Packaging, type List of contents Cardboard box • • • • • • Infrared camera Hard transport case Battery (inside camera) USB cable Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs Printed documentation Packaging, weight 2.9 kg (6.4 lb.
9 Technical data 9.5 FLIR E4 (incl. Wi-Fi) P/N: 63906-0604 Rev.: 40418 General description The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
9 Technical data Measurement analysis Isotherm Above/below/interval Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.
9 Technical data Environmental data EMC Radio spectrum • • • • • • WEEE 2012/19/EC RoHs 2011/65/EC C-Tick EN 61000-6-3 EN 61000-6-2 FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B • • • ETSI EN 300 328 FCC 47 CSR Part 15 RSS-247 Issue 1 Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration 2 g (IEC 60068-2-6) Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.) Physical data Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.) Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.
9 Technical data 9.6 FLIR E5 P/N: 63905-0501 Rev.: 40418 General description The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
9 Technical data Measurement analysis Emissivity table Emissivity table of predefined materials Reflected apparent temperature correction Automatic, based on input of reflected temperature Set-up Color palettes Black and white, iron and rainbow Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time formats Storage of images File formats Standard JPEG, 14-bit measurement data included Digital camera Digital camera, resolution 640 × 480 Digital camera, FOV 55° × 43° Data communicat
9 Technical data Physical data Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.) Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.) Color Black and gray Certifications Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC Shipping information Packaging, type List of contents Cardboard box • • • • • • Infrared camera Hard transport case Battery (inside camera) USB cable Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs Printed documentation Packaging, weight 2.9 kg (6.4 lb.
9 Technical data 9.7 FLIR E5 (incl. Wi-Fi) P/N: 63909-0904 Rev.: 40418 General description The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
9 Technical data Measurement analysis Isotherm Above/below/interval Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.
9 Technical data Environmental data EMC Radio spectrum • • • • • • WEEE 2012/19/EC RoHs 2011/65/EC C-Tick EN 61000-6-3 EN 61000-6-2 FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B • • Standard: 802.11 b/g/n Frequency range: ◦ ◦ • 2400–2480 MHz 5150–5260 MHz Max. output power: 15 dBm Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration 2 g (IEC 60068-2-6) Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.) Physical data Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.) Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.
9 Technical data 9.8 FLIR E6 P/N: 63902-0202 Rev.: 40418 General description The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
9 Technical data Measurement analysis Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.
9 Technical data Physical data Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.) Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.) Color Black and gray Certifications Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC Shipping information Packaging, type List of contents Cardboard box • • • • • • Infrared camera Hard transport case Battery (inside camera) USB cable Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs Printed documentation Packaging, weight 2.9 kg (6.4 lb.
9 Technical data 9.9 FLIR E6 (incl. Wi-Fi) P/N: 63907-0704 Rev.: 40418 General description The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
9 Technical data Measurement analysis Isotherm Above/below/interval Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.
9 Technical data Environmental data EMC Radio spectrum • • • • • • WEEE 2012/19/EC RoHs 2011/65/EC C-Tick EN 61000-6-3 EN 61000-6-2 FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B • • • ETSI EN 300 328 FCC 47 CSR Part 15 RSS-247 Issue 1 Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration 2 g (IEC 60068-2-6) Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.) Physical data Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.) Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.
9 Technical data 9.10 FLIR E8 P/N: 63903-0303 Rev.: 40418 General description The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use. The FLIR Ex series cameras are user-friendly, compact, and rugged, for use in harsh environments.
9 Technical data Measurement analysis Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.
9 Technical data Physical data Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.) Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.) Color Black and gray Certifications Certification UL, CSA, CE, PSE and CCC Shipping information Packaging, type List of contents Cardboard box • • • • • • • Infrared camera Hard transport case Battery (2x) USB cable Power supply/charger with EU, UK, US and Australian plugs Battery charger Printed documentation Packaging, weight 3.13 kg (6.9 lb.
9 Technical data 9.11 FLIR E8 (incl. Wi-Fi) P/N: 63908-0805 Rev.: 40418 General description The FLIR Ex series cameras are point-and-shoot infrared cameras that give you access to the infrared world. A FLIR Ex series camera is an affordable replacement for an infrared thermometer, providing a thermal image with temperature information in every pixel. The new MSX and visual formats make the cameras incomparably easy to use.
9 Technical data Measurement analysis Isotherm Above/below/interval Emissivity correction Variable from 0.1 to 1.
9 Technical data Environmental data EMC Radio spectrum • • • • • • WEEE 2012/19/EC RoHs 2011/65/EC C-Tick EN 61000-6-3 EN 61000-6-2 FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B • • • ETSI EN 300 328 FCC 47 CSR Part 15 RSS-247 Issue 1 Encapsulation IP 54 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration 2 g (IEC 60068-2-6) Drop 2 m (6.6 ft.) Physical data Camera weight, incl. battery 0.575 kg (1.27 lb.) Camera size (L × W × H) 244 × 95 × 140 mm (9.6 × 3.7 × 5.5 in.
10 Mechanical drawings [See next page] #T559828; r.
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
11 CE Declaration of conformity [See next page] #T559828; r.
12 Cleaning the camera 12.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 12.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 12.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 12.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid. 3. Clean the part with the cloth. CAUTION Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause damage. 12.2 Infrared lens 12.2.
13 Application examples 13.1 Moisture & water damage 13.1.1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material. Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image.
13 Application examples 13.3 Oxidized socket 13.3.1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, oxides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase. A socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another.
13 Application examples 13.4 Insulation deficiencies 13.4.1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.
13 Application examples #T559828; r.
14 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and government applications.
14 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We anticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones. The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and the first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations. Figure 14.2 1969: Thermovision Model 661.
14 About FLIR Systems 14.3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language. #T559828; r.
15 Definitions and laws Term Definition Absorption and emission2 The capacity or ability of an object to absorb incident radiated energy is always the same as the capacity to emit its own energy as radiation Apparent temperature uncompensated reading from an infrared instrument, containing all radiation incident on the instrument, regardless of its sources3 Color palette assigns different colors to indicate specific levels of apparent temperature.
15 Definitions and laws Term Definition Radiative heat transfer Heat transfer by the emission and absorption of thermal radiation Reflected apparent temperature apparent temperature of the environment that is reflected by the target into the IR camera13 Spatial resolution ability of an IR camera to resolve small objects or details Temperature measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules and atoms that make up the substance Thermal energy total kinetic energy of the molecules that make
16 Thermographic measurement techniques 16.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object.
16 Thermographic measurement techniques 16.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). Figure 16.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard. Figure 16.2 1 = Reflection source #T559828; r.
16 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflection source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • Dobj: 0 You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 16.3 1 = Reflection source Figure 16.4 1 = Reflection source You can not use a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature, because a thermocouple measures temperature, but apparent temperatrure is radiation intensity. 16.2.
16 Thermographic measurement techniques 5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. The foil is considered a perfect reflector, so its apparent temperature equals the reflected apparent temperature from the surroundings. Figure 16.5 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil. 16.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure: 1. Select a place to put the sample. 2.
16 Thermographic measurement techniques 16.3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object. If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly. 16.4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera.
17 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800. Figure 17.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822) The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material.
17 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator.
17 History of infrared technology Figure 17.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.
18 Theory of thermography 18.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 18.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
18 Theory of thermography Figure 18.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887) The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides.
18 Theory of thermography where: Wλb Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. c Velocity of light = 3 × 108 m/s h Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Joule sec. k Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10-23 Joule/K. T Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody. λ Wavelength (μm). Note The factor 10-6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m2, μm. Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves.
18 Theory of thermography Figure 18.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infrared, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths. Figure 18.
18 Theory of thermography Figure 18.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.
18 Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ + ρλ = 1): For highly polished materials ελ approaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material (i.e.
18 Theory of thermography 18.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the interior.
19 The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself.
19 The measurement formula 2. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τWrefl, where (1 – ε) is the reflectance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature Trefl. It has here been assumed that the temperature Trefl is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation.
19 The measurement formula magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters. The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values: • τ = 0.
19 The measurement formula Figure 19.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F). #T559828; r.
20 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 20.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C. 3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems.
20 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aluminum anodized, light gray, dull 70 SW 0.61 9 Aluminum anodized, light gray, dull 70 LW 0.97 9 Aluminum as received, plate 100 T 0.09 4 Aluminum as received, sheet 100 T 0.09 2 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 70 SW 0.47 9 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 70 LW 0.
20 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0.03–0.07 9 Brass oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.59–0.61 1 Brass polished 200 T 0.03 1 Brass polished, highly 100 T 0.03 2 Brass rubbed with 80grit emery 20 T 0.20 2 Brass sheet, rolled 20 T 0.06 1 Brass sheet, worked with emery 20 T 0.
20 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Carbon graphite, filed surface 20 T 0.98 2 Carbon lampblack 20–400 T 0.95–0.97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0.90 6 Chromium polished 50 T 0.10 1 Chromium polished 500–1000 T 0.28–0.38 1 Clay fired 70 T 0.91 1 Cloth black 20 T 0.98 1 20 T 0.
20 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Glass pane (float glass) non-coated 20 LW 0.97 14 Gold polished 130 T 0.018 1 Gold polished, carefully 200–600 T 0.02–0.03 1 Gold polished, highly 100 T 0.02 2 Granite polished 20 LLW 0.849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0.
20 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Iron and steel rusty, red 20 T 0.69 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer, sheet, 20 T 0.82 1 Iron and steel shiny, etched 150 T 0.16 1 Iron and steel wrought, carefully polished 40–250 T 0.28 1 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0.
20 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lead oxidized, gray 22 T 0.28 4 Lead shiny 250 T 0.08 1 Lead unoxidized, polished 100 T 0.05 4 100 T 0.93 4 100 T 0.93 1 T 0.75–0.80 1 Lead red Lead red, powder Leather tanned Lime T 0.3–0.4 1 Magnesium 22 T 0.07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0.13 4 538 T 0.
20 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nickel oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.37–0.48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0.045 4 Nickel wire 200–1000 T 0.1–0.2 1 1000–1250 T 0.75–0.86 1 Nickel oxide Nickel oxide 500–650 T 0.52–0.59 1 Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film 20 T 0.27 2 Oil, lubricating 0.
20 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paper white, 3 different glosses 70 LW 0.88–0.90 9 Paper yellow T 0.72 1 17 SW 0.86 5 Plaster plasterboard, untreated 20 SW 0.90 6 Plaster rough coat 20 T 0.91 2 Plastic glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board) 70 SW 0.
20 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Slag boiler 600–1200 T 0.76–0.70 1 Soil dry 20 T 0.92 2 Soil saturated with water 20 T 0.95 2 Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% Cr 500 T 0.35 1 Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0.45 1 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0.
20 Emissivity tables Table 20.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Water frost crystals –10 T 0.98 2 Water ice, covered with heavy frost 0 T 0.98 1 Water ice, smooth 0 T 0.97 1 Water ice, smooth –10 T 0.96 2 Water layer >0.1 mm thick 0–100 T 0.95–0.98 1 Water snow T 0.8 1 Water snow –10 T 0.85 2 Wood 17 SW 0.
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