User’s manual FLIR Cx series
User’s manual FLIR Cx series #T559918; r.
Table of contents 1 Disclaimers ......................................................................................1 1.1 Legal disclaimer ....................................................................... 1 1.2 Usage statistics ........................................................................ 1 1.3 Changes to registry ................................................................... 1 1.4 U.S. Government Regulations...................................................... 1 1.5 Copyright ...
Table of contents 7.9 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 Changing the color palette ........................................................ 17 7.9.1 General...................................................................... 17 7.9.2 Procedure .................................................................. 17 Changing the image mode ........................................................ 18 7.10.1 General......................................................................
Table of contents 11.2.3 Procedure .................................................................. 44 12 Application examples....................................................................... 45 12.1 Moisture & water damage ......................................................... 45 12.1.1 General...................................................................... 45 12.1.2 Figure ........................................................................ 45 12.2 Faulty contact in socket .........
1 Disclaimers 1.1 Legal disclaimer 1.7 Patents All products manufactured by FLIR Systems are warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from the delivery date of the original purchase, provided such products have been under normal storage, use and service, and in accordance with FLIR Systems instruction. One or several of the following patents and/or design patents may apply to the products and/or features.
1 Disclaimers html. The source code for the libraries Qt4 Core and Qt4 GUI may be requested from FLIR Systems AB. #T559918; r.
2 Safety information WARNING Applicability: Class B digital devices. This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation.
2 Safety information WARNING Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Only use the correct equipment to remove the electrical power from the battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, you can decrease the performance or the life cycle of the battery. If you do not use the correct equipment, an incorrect flow of current to the battery can occur. This can cause the battery to become hot, or cause an explosion. Injury to persons can occur.
2 Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Do not put the batteries in or near a fire, or into direct sunlight. When the battery becomes hot, the builtin safety equipment becomes energized and can stop the battery charging procedure. If the battery becomes hot, damage can occur to the safety equipment and this can cause more heat, damage or ignition of the battery. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries.
2 Safety information CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. When the battery is worn, apply insulation to the terminals with adhesive tape or equivalent materials before you discard it. Damage to the battery and injury to persons can occur if you do not do this. CAUTION Applicability: Cameras with one or more batteries. Remove any water or moisture on the battery before you install it. Damage to the battery can occur if you do not do this.
3 Notice to user 3.1 User-to-user forums Exchange ideas, problems, and infrared solutions with fellow thermographers around the world in our user-to-user forums. To go to the forums, visit: http://forum.infraredtraining.com/ 3.2 Calibration We recommend that you send in the camera for calibration once a year. Contact your local sales office for instructions on where to send the camera. 3.
3 Notice to user This means that this manual may contain descriptions and explanations that do not apply to your particular camera model. 3.8 Note about authoritative versions The authoritative version of this publication is English. In the event of divergences due to translation errors, the English text has precedence. Any late changes are first implemented in English. #T559918; r.
4 Customer help 4.1 General For customer help, visit: http://support.flir.com 4.2 Submitting a question To submit a question to the customer help team, you must be a registered user. It only takes a few minutes to register online. If you only want to search the knowledgebase for existing questions and answers, you do not need to be a registered user.
4 Customer help • Full name, publication number, and revision number of the manual 4.3 Downloads On the customer help site you can also download the following, when applicable for the product: • • • • • • • • • Firmware updates for your infrared camera. Program updates for your PC/Mac software. Freeware and evaluation versions of PC/Mac software. User documentation for current, obsolete, and historical products. Mechanical drawings (in *.dxf and *.pdf format). Cad data models (in *.stp format).
5 Quick Start Guide 5.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. Charge the battery for approximately 1.5 hours, using the FLIR power supply. Push the On/off button to turn on the camera. Aim the camera toward your target of interest. Push the Save button to save an image. (Optional steps) 5. Download FLIR Tools from http://support.flir.com/tools. 6. Install FLIR Tools on your computer. 7. Start FLIR Tools. 8. Connect the camera to your computer, using the USB cable. 9.
6 Description 6.1 1. 2. 3. 4. View from the front Camera lamp. Digital camera lens. Infrared lens. Attachment point. 6.2 View from the rear 1. On/off button. 2. Save button. 3. Camera screen. #T559918; r.
6 Description 6.3 Connector The purpose of this USB Micro-B connector is the following: • Charging the battery using the FLIR power supply. • Moving images from the camera to a computer for further analysis in FLIR Tools. Note 6.4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Install FLIR Tools on your computer before you move the images. Screen elements Main menu toolbar. Submenu toolbar. Result table. Status icons. Temperature scale. Spotmeter. 6.
6 Description 6.6 Navigating the menu system The camera has a touch screen. You can use your index finger or a stylus pen specially designed for capacitive touch usage to navigate the menu system. Tap the camera screen to bring up the menu system. #T559918; r.
7 Operation 7.1 Charging the battery WARNING For equipment with plugs: Make sure that you install the socket-outlet near the equipment and that it is easy to get access to. Follow this procedure: 1. Connect the FLIR power supply to a wall outlet. 2. Connect the power supply cable to the USB connector on the camera. 7.2 Turning on and turning off the camera • Push the On/off button to turn on the camera.
7 Operation 3. To view the previous or next image, do one of the following: • Swipe left or right. • Tap the left arrow or the right arrow . 4. To switch between a thermal image and a visual image, swipe up or down. 5. Tap the camera screen. This displays a toolbar. • Select Full screen normal views. or Exit full screen to switch between the full screen and • Select Thumbnails to display the thumbnail overview. To scroll between the thumbnails, swipe up/down. To display an image, tap its thumbnail.
7 Operation 5. In the dialog box, select Delete all saved images. This displays a dialog box. 6. In the dialog box, select Delete. 7. To return to live mode, tap the upper left arrow Save button once. repeatedly. You can also push the 7.7 Measuring a temperature using a spotmeter 7.7.1 General You can measure a temperature using a spotmeter. This will display the temperature at the position of the spotmeter on the screen. 7.7.1.1 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Tap the camera screen.
7 Operation 7.10 Changing the image mode 7.10.1 General The camera captures both thermal and visual images at the same time. By your choice of image mode, you select which type of image to display on the screen. The camera supports the following image modes: • Thermal MSX (Multi Spectral Dynamic Imaging): The camera displays an infrared image where the edges of the objects are enhanced with visual image details. • Thermal: The camera displays a fully infrared image.
7 Operation 3. On the submenu toolbar, select one of the following: • Thermal MSX • Thermal . . • Digital camera . 4. If you have selected the Thermal MSX mode, also set the distance to the object by doing the following: • On the submenu toolbar, select Alignment distance box. . This displays a dialog • In the dialog box, select the distance to the object. 7.11 Changing the temperature scale mode 7.11.
7 Operation 7.12.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Tap the camera screen. This displays the main menu toolbar. 2. 3. 4. 5. Select Settings . This displays a dialog box. In the dialog box, select Measurement parameters. This displays a dialog box. In the dialog box, select Emissivity. This displays a dialog box. In the dialog box, select one of the following: • • • • Matt. Semi-matt. Semi-glossy. Custom value. This displays a dialog box where you can set a value. 6.
7 Operation 2. Select Settings . This displays a dialog box. 3. In the dialog box, select Measurement parameters. This displays a dialog box. 4. In the dialog box, select Distance. This displays a dialog box where you can set a value. 5. To return to live mode, tap the upper left arrow Save button once. repeatedly. You can also push the 7.15 Performing a non-uniformity correction 7.15.
7 Operation 7.17.1 Setting up a peer-to-peer connection (most common use) Follow this procedure: 1. Tap the camera screen. This displays the main menu toolbar. 2. Select Settings 3. 4. 5. 6. . This displays a dialog box. Select Device settings. Select Wi-Fi. Select Share. (Optional step.) To display and change the parameters, select Settings. • To change the channel (the channel that the camera is broadcasting on), select Channel. • To activate WEP (encryption algorithm), select WEP.
7 Operation 7.18.1.3 Device settings • Language, time & units: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Language. Temperature unit. Distance unit. Date & time. Date & time format. • Reset options: ◦ Reset default camera mode. ◦ Reset device settings to factory default. ◦ Delete all saved images. • • • • Auto power off. Auto orientation. Display intensity. Camera information: This menu command displays various items of information about the camera, such as the model, serial number, and software version. 7.18.
7 Operation 7.19.2 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. Start FLIR Tools. Start the camera. Connect the camera to the computer using the USB cable. FLIR Tools displays a welcome screen when the camera is identified. On the welcome screen, click Check for updates. You can also click Check for updates on the Help menu in FLIR Tools. 5. Follow the on-screen instructions. #T559918; r.
8 Technical data Table of contents 8.1 Online field-of-view calculator........................................................... 25 8.2 Note about technical data................................................................. 25 8.3 Note about authoritative versions...................................................... 25 8.4 FLIR C2 .......................................................................................... 26 8.5 FLIR C2 Educational Kit..........................................
8 Technical data 8.4 FLIR C2 P/N: 72001-0101 Rev.: 40418 Imaging and optical data NETD 100 mK Field of view 41° × 31° Minimum focus distance • • Thermal: 0.15 m (0.49 ft.) MSX: 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) Focal length 1.54 mm (0.061 in.) Spatial resolution (IFOV) 11 mrad F-number 1.1 Image frequency 9 Hz Focus Focus free Detector data Focal Plane Array Uncooled microbolometer Spectral range 7.5–14 µm Detector pitch 17 µm IR sensor size 80 × 60 Image presentation Display (color) • • 3.
8 Technical data Set-up Color palettes • • • • Iron Rainbow Rainbow HC Gray Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time formats Languages Arabic, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Simpl. Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Trad. Chinese, Turkish. Lamp Output power 0.
8 Technical data Environmental data Relative humidity EMC 95% relative humidity +25°C to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) non condensing • • • • • • WEEE 2012/19/EC RoHs 2011/65/EC C-Tick EN 61000-6-3 EN 61000-6-2 FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B Magnetic fields EN 61000-4-8 Battery regulations UL 1642 Encapsulation Camera housing and lens: IP 40 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration 2 g (IEC 60068-2-6) Physical data Weight (incl. Battery) 0.13 kg (0.29 lb.
8 Technical data 8.5 FLIR C2 Educational Kit P/N: 72002-0202 Rev.: 40418 NOTE Only educational institutions are eligible for purchasing this product. Imaging and optical data NETD 100 mK Field of view 41° × 31° Minimum focus distance • • Thermal: 0.15 m (0.49 ft.) MSX: 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) Focal length 1.54 mm (0.061 in.) Spatial resolution (IFOV) 11 mrad F-number 1.1 Image frequency 9 Hz Focus Focus free Detector data Focal Plane Array Uncooled microbolometer Spectral range 7.
8 Technical data Set-up Color palettes • • • • Iron Rainbow Rainbow HC Gray Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time formats Languages Arabic, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Simpl. Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Trad. Chinese, Turkish. Lamp Output power 0.
8 Technical data Environmental data Relative humidity EMC 95% relative humidity +25°C to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) non condensing • • • • • • WEEE 2012/19/EC RoHs 2011/65/EC C-Tick EN 61000-6-3 EN 61000-6-2 FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Class B Magnetic fields EN 61000-4-8 Battery regulations UL 1642 Encapsulation Camera housing and lens: IP 40 (IEC 60529) Shock 25 g (IEC 60068-2-27) Vibration 2 g (IEC 60068-2-6) Physical data Weight (incl. Battery) 0.13 kg (0.29 lb.
8 Technical data 8.6 FLIR C3 (incl. Wi-Fi) P/N: 72003-0303 Rev.: 40418 Imaging and optical data NETD 100 mK Field of view 41° × 31° Minimum focus distance • • Thermal: 0.15 m (0.49 ft.) MSX: 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) Focal length 1.54 mm (0.061 in.) Spatial resolution (IFOV) 11 mrad F-number 1.1 Image frequency 9 Hz Focus Focus free Detector data Focal Plane Array Uncooled microbolometer Spectral range 7.
8 Technical data Set-up Color palettes • • • • Iron Rainbow Rainbow HC Gray Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time formats Languages Arabic, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Simpl. Chinese, Spanish, Swedish, Trad. Chinese, Turkish. Lamp Output power 0.
8 Technical data Power system External power operation Power management • • AC adapter, 90–260 VAC input 5 V output to camera Automatic shut-down Environmental data Operating temperature range –10°C to +50°C (14 to 122°F) Storage temperature range –40°C to +70°C (–40 to 158°F) Humidity (operating and storage) IEC 60068-2-30/24 h 95% relative humidity +25°C to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) / 2 cycles Relative humidity 95% relative humidity +25°C to +40°C (+77°F to +104°F) non condensing EMC Radio s
8 Technical data Supplies & accessories: • • • • • • • T198532; Car charger T198534; Power supply USB-micro T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B T198584; FLIR Tools T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB #T559918; r.
8 Technical data 8.7 FLIR C3 (incl. Wi-Fi) Educational Kit P/N: 72003-0404 Rev.: 40418 NOTE Only educational institutions are eligible for purchasing this product. Imaging and optical data NETD 100 mK Field of view 41° × 31° Minimum focus distance • • Thermal: 0.15 m (0.49 ft.) MSX: 1.0 m (3.3 ft.) Focal length 1.54 mm (0.061 in.) Spatial resolution (IFOV) 11 mrad F-number 1.
8 Technical data Measurement analysis Emissivity correction Measurements correction Yes; matt/semi-matt/semi-glossy + custom value • • Emissivity Reflected apparent temperature • • • • Iron Rainbow Rainbow HC Gray Set-up Color palettes Set-up commands Local adaptation of units, language, date and time formats Languages Arabic, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Simpl.
8 Technical data Power system Charging time 1.
8 Technical data Shipping information EAN-13 4743254002852 UPC-12 845188014100 Country of origin Estonia Supplies & accessories: • • • • • • • T198532; Car charger T198534; Power supply USB-micro T198533; USB cable Std A <-> Micro B T198584; FLIR Tools T198583; FLIR Tools+ (download card incl. license key) T199233; FLIR Atlas SDK for .NET T199234; FLIR Atlas SDK for MATLAB #T559918; r.
9 Mechanical drawings [See next page] #T559918; r.
© 2012, FLIR Systems, Inc. All rights reserved worldwide. No part of this drawing may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from FLIR Systems, Inc. Specifications subject to change without further notice. Dimensional data is based on nominal values. Products may be subject to regional market considerations. License procedures may apply.
10 CE Declaration of conformity [See next page] #T559918; r.
11 Cleaning the camera 11.1 Camera housing, cables, and other items 11.1.1 Liquids Use one of these liquids: • Warm water • A weak detergent solution 11.1.2 Equipment A soft cloth 11.1.3 Procedure Follow this procedure: 1. Soak the cloth in the liquid. 2. Twist the cloth to remove excess liquid. 3. Clean the part with the cloth. CAUTION Do not apply solvents or similar liquids to the camera, the cables, or other items. This can cause damage. 11.2 Infrared lens 11.2.
12 Application examples 12.1 Moisture & water damage 12.1.1 General It is often possible to detect moisture and water damage in a house by using an infrared camera. This is partly because the damaged area has a different heat conduction property and partly because it has a different thermal capacity to store heat than the surrounding material. Many factors can come into play as to how moisture or water damage will appear in an infrared image.
12 Application examples 12.3 Oxidized socket 12.3.1 General Depending on the type of socket and the environment in which the socket is installed, oxides may occur on the socket's contact surfaces. These oxides can lead to locally increased resistance when the socket is loaded, which can be seen in an infrared image as local temperature increase. A socket’s construction may differ dramatically from one manufacturer to another.
12 Application examples 12.4 Insulation deficiencies 12.4.1 General Insulation deficiencies may result from insulation losing volume over the course of time and thereby not entirely filling the cavity in a frame wall. An infrared camera allows you to see these insulation deficiencies because they either have a different heat conduction property than sections with correctly installed insulation, and/or show the area where air is penetrating the frame of the building.
12 Application examples #T559918; r.
13 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems was established in 1978 to pioneer the development of high-performance infrared imaging systems, and is the world leader in the design, manufacture, and marketing of thermal imaging systems for a wide variety of commercial, industrial, and government applications.
13 About FLIR Systems FLIR Systems is at the forefront of innovation in the infrared camera industry. We anticipate market demand by constantly improving our existing cameras and developing new ones. The company has set milestones in product design and development such as the introduction of the first battery-operated portable camera for industrial inspections, and the first uncooled infrared camera, to mention just two innovations. Figure 13.2 1969: Thermovision Model 661.
13 About FLIR Systems 13.3 Supporting our customers FLIR Systems operates a worldwide service network to keep your camera running at all times. If you discover a problem with your camera, local service centers have all the equipment and expertise to solve it within the shortest possible time. Therefore, there is no need to send your camera to the other side of the world or to talk to someone who does not speak your language. #T559918; r.
14 Definitions and laws Term Definition Absorption and emission2 The capacity or ability of an object to absorb incident radiated energy is always the same as the capacity to emit its own energy as radiation Apparent temperature uncompensated reading from an infrared instrument, containing all radiation incident on the instrument, regardless of its sources3 Color palette assigns different colors to indicate specific levels of apparent temperature.
14 Definitions and laws Term Definition Radiative heat transfer Heat transfer by the emission and absorption of thermal radiation Reflected apparent temperature apparent temperature of the environment that is reflected by the target into the IR camera13 Spatial resolution ability of an IR camera to resolve small objects or details Temperature measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules and atoms that make up the substance Thermal energy total kinetic energy of the molecules that make
15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15.1 Introduction An infrared camera measures and images the emitted infrared radiation from an object. The fact that radiation is a function of object surface temperature makes it possible for the camera to calculate and display this temperature. However, the radiation measured by the camera does not only depend on the temperature of the object but is also a function of the emissivity. Radiation also originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object.
15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15.2.1.1.1 Method 1: Direct method Follow this procedure: 1. Look for possible reflection sources, considering that the incident angle = reflection angle (a = b). Figure 15.1 1 = Reflection source 2. If the reflection source is a spot source, modify the source by obstructing it using a piece if cardboard. Figure 15.2 1 = Reflection source #T559918; r.
15 Thermographic measurement techniques 3. Measure the radiation intensity (= apparent temperature) from the reflection source using the following settings: • Emissivity: 1.0 • Dobj: 0 You can measure the radiation intensity using one of the following two methods: Figure 15.3 1 = Reflection source Figure 15.4 1 = Reflection source You can not use a thermocouple to measure reflected apparent temperature, because a thermocouple measures temperature, but apparent temperatrure is radiation intensity. 15.2.
15 Thermographic measurement techniques 5. Measure the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil and write it down. The foil is considered a perfect reflector, so its apparent temperature equals the reflected apparent temperature from the surroundings. Figure 15.5 Measuring the apparent temperature of the aluminum foil. 15.2.1.2 Step 2: Determining the emissivity Follow this procedure: 1. Select a place to put the sample. 2.
15 Thermographic measurement techniques 15.3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation reflected in the object. If the emissivity is low and the object temperature relatively far from that of the reflected it will be important to set and compensate for the reflected apparent temperature correctly. 15.4 Distance The distance is the distance between the object and the front lens of the camera.
16 History of infrared technology Before the year 1800, the existence of the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum wasn't even suspected. The original significance of the infrared spectrum, or simply ‘the infrared’ as it is often called, as a form of heat radiation is perhaps less obvious today than it was at the time of its discovery by Herschel in 1800. Figure 16.1 Sir William Herschel (1738–1822) The discovery was made accidentally during the search for a new optical material.
16 History of infrared technology When Herschel revealed his discovery, he referred to this new portion of the electromagnetic spectrum as the ‘thermometrical spectrum’. The radiation itself he sometimes referred to as ‘dark heat’, or simply ‘the invisible rays’. Ironically, and contrary to popular opinion, it wasn't Herschel who originated the term ‘infrared’. The word only began to appear in print around 75 years later, and it is still unclear who should receive credit as the originator.
16 History of infrared technology Figure 16.4 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906) The improvement of infrared-detector sensitivity progressed slowly. Another major breakthrough, made by Langley in 1880, was the invention of the bolometer. This consisted of a thin blackened strip of platinum connected in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge circuit upon which the infrared radiation was focused and to which a sensitive galvanometer responded.
17 Theory of thermography 17.1 Introduction The subjects of infrared radiation and the related technique of thermography are still new to many who will use an infrared camera. In this section the theory behind thermography will be given. 17.2 The electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is divided arbitrarily into a number of wavelength regions, called bands, distinguished by the methods used to produce and detect the radiation.
17 Theory of thermography Figure 17.2 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887) The construction of a blackbody source is, in principle, very simple. The radiation characteristics of an aperture in an isotherm cavity made of an opaque absorbing material represents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody. A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for an aperture in one of the sides.
17 Theory of thermography where: Wλb Blackbody spectral radiant emittance at wavelength λ. c Velocity of light = 3 × 108 m/s h Planck’s constant = 6.6 × 10-34 Joule sec. k Boltzmann’s constant = 1.4 × 10-23 Joule/K. T Absolute temperature (K) of a blackbody. λ Wavelength (μm). Note The factor 10-6 is used since spectral emittance in the curves is expressed in Watt/m2, μm. Planck’s formula, when plotted graphically for various temperatures, produces a family of curves.
17 Theory of thermography Figure 17.5 Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928) The sun (approx. 6 000 K) emits yellow light, peaking at about 0.5 μm in the middle of the visible light spectrum. At room temperature (300 K) the peak of radiant emittance lies at 9.7 μm, in the far infrared, while at the temperature of liquid nitrogen (77 K) the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 μm, in the extreme infrared wavelengths. Figure 17.
17 Theory of thermography Figure 17.7 Josef Stefan (1835–1893), and Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) Using the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body, at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx. 2 m2, we obtain 1 kW.
17 Theory of thermography • A selective radiator, for which ε varies with wavelength According to Kirchhoff’s law, for any material the spectral emissivity and spectral absorptance of a body are equal at any specified temperature and wavelength. That is: From this we obtain, for an opaque material (since αλ + ρλ = 1): For highly polished materials ελ approaches zero, so that for a perfectly reflecting material (i.e.
17 Theory of thermography 17.4 Infrared semi-transparent materials Consider now a non-metallic, semi-transparent body – let us say, in the form of a thick flat plate of plastic material. When the plate is heated, radiation generated within its volume must work its way toward the surfaces through the material in which it is partially absorbed. Moreover, when it arrives at the surface, some of it is reflected back into the interior.
18 The measurement formula As already mentioned, when viewing an object, the camera receives radiation not only from the object itself. It also collects radiation from the surroundings reflected via the object surface. Both these radiation contributions become attenuated to some extent by the atmosphere in the measurement path. To this comes a third radiation contribution from the atmosphere itself.
18 The measurement formula 2. Reflected emission from ambient sources = (1 – ε)τWrefl, where (1 – ε) is the reflectance of the object. The ambient sources have the temperature Trefl. It has here been assumed that the temperature Trefl is the same for all emitting surfaces within the halfsphere seen from a point on the object surface. This is of course sometimes a simplification of the true situation.
18 The measurement formula magnitudes of the three radiation terms. This will give indications about when it is important to use correct values of which parameters. The figures below illustrates the relative magnitudes of the three radiation contributions for three different object temperatures, two emittances, and two spectral ranges: SW and LW. Remaining parameters have the following fixed values: • τ = 0.
18 The measurement formula Figure 18.3 Relative magnitudes of radiation sources under varying measurement conditions (LW camera). 1: Object temperature; 2: Emittance; Obj: Object radiation; Refl: Reflected radiation; Atm: atmosphere radiation. Fixed parameters: τ = 0.88; Trefl = 20°C (+68°F); Tatm = 20°C (+68°F). #T559918; r.
19 Emissivity tables This section presents a compilation of emissivity data from the infrared literature and measurements made by FLIR Systems. 19.1 References 1. Mikaél A. Bramson: Infrared Radiation, A Handbook for Applications, Plenum press, N.Y. 2. William L. Wolfe, George J. Zissis: The Infrared Handbook, Office of Naval Research, Department of Navy, Washington, D.C. 3. Madding, R. P.: Thermographic Instruments and systems.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Aluminum anodized, light gray, dull 70 SW 0.61 9 Aluminum anodized, light gray, dull 70 LW 0.97 9 Aluminum as received, plate 100 T 0.09 4 Aluminum as received, sheet 100 T 0.09 2 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 70 SW 0.47 9 Aluminum cast, blast cleaned 70 LW 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brass oxidized 70 LW 0.03–0.07 9 Brass oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.59–0.61 1 Brass polished 200 T 0.03 1 Brass polished, highly 100 T 0.03 2 Brass rubbed with 80grit emery 20 T 0.20 2 Brass sheet, rolled 20 T 0.06 1 Brass sheet, worked with emery 20 T 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Carbon graphite, filed surface 20 T 0.98 2 Carbon lampblack 20–400 T 0.95–0.97 1 Chipboard untreated 20 SW 0.90 6 Chromium polished 50 T 0.10 1 Chromium polished 500–1000 T 0.28–0.38 1 Clay fired 70 T 0.91 1 Cloth black 20 T 0.98 1 20 T 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Glass pane (float glass) non-coated 20 LW 0.97 14 Gold polished 130 T 0.018 1 Gold polished, carefully 200–600 T 0.02–0.03 1 Gold polished, highly 100 T 0.02 2 Granite polished 20 LLW 0.849 8 Granite rough 21 LLW 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Iron and steel rusty, red 20 T 0.69 1 Iron and steel shiny oxide layer, sheet, 20 T 0.82 1 Iron and steel shiny, etched 150 T 0.16 1 Iron and steel wrought, carefully polished 40–250 T 0.28 1 Iron galvanized heavily oxidized 70 SW 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lead oxidized, gray 22 T 0.28 4 Lead shiny 250 T 0.08 1 Lead unoxidized, polished 100 T 0.05 4 100 T 0.93 4 100 T 0.93 1 T 0.75–0.80 1 Lead red Lead red, powder Leather tanned Lime T 0.3–0.4 1 Magnesium 22 T 0.07 4 Magnesium 260 T 0.13 4 538 T 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nickel oxidized at 600°C 200–600 T 0.37–0.48 1 Nickel polished 122 T 0.045 4 Nickel wire 200–1000 T 0.1–0.2 1 1000–1250 T 0.75–0.86 1 Nickel oxide Nickel oxide 500–650 T 0.52–0.59 1 Oil, lubricating 0.025 mm film 20 T 0.27 2 Oil, lubricating 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paper white, 3 different glosses 70 LW 0.88–0.90 9 Paper yellow T 0.72 1 17 SW 0.86 5 Plaster plasterboard, untreated 20 SW 0.90 6 Plaster rough coat 20 T 0.91 2 Plastic glass fibre laminate (printed circ. board) 70 SW 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Slag boiler 600–1200 T 0.76–0.70 1 Soil dry 20 T 0.92 2 Soil saturated with water 20 T 0.95 2 Stainless steel alloy, 8% Ni, 18% Cr 500 T 0.35 1 Stainless steel rolled 700 T 0.45 1 Stainless steel sandblasted 700 T 0.
19 Emissivity tables Table 19.1 T: Total spectrum; SW: 2–5 µm; LW: 8–14 µm, LLW: 6.5–20 µm; 1: Material; 2: Specification; 3:Temperature in °C; 4: Spectrum; 5: Emissivity: 6:Reference (continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Water frost crystals –10 T 0.98 2 Water ice, covered with heavy frost 0 T 0.98 1 Water ice, smooth 0 T 0.97 1 Water ice, smooth –10 T 0.96 2 Water layer >0.1 mm thick 0–100 T 0.95–0.98 1 Water snow T 0.8 1 Water snow –10 T 0.85 2 Wood 17 SW 0.
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