USER'S GUIDE
User’s Guide
IMPORTANT NOTICE DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY Seiko Epson Corporation makes no representations or warranties, either express or implied, by or with respect to anything in this manual, and shall not be liable for any implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose or for any indirect, special, or consequential damages. Some states do not allow the exclusion of incidental or consequential damages, so this exclusion may not apply to you. COPYRIGHT NOTICE All rights reserved.
FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENT FOR AMERICAN USERS This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy and if not installed and used properly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, may cause interference to radio and television reception.
Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 How to Use This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Chapter l Setting Up Your System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1-1 Unpacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1-1 Choosing a Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1-3 Arranging the Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 3 Using Diskettes and Disk Drives . . . . . . . . ...3-1 How Diskettes Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...3-2 Choosing Diskettes for the Apex . . . . . . . . . . . . ...3-3 Caring for Your Diskettes and Disk Drives . . . . ...3-4 Inserting and Removing Diskettes . . . . . . . . . . . ...3-6 Protecting Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...3-7 Write-protecting diskettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...3-8 Making backup copies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 6 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6-1 The Computer Fails to Start Up . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6-2 The Video Display Does Not Appear . . . . . . . . ...6-3 The Computer Locks Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6-4 Floppy Disk Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6-5 Software Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6-6 Printer Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...6-7 Option Card Problems . . . . .
Introduction Your ApexTM by Epson® personal computer comes with 512KB (kilobytes) of internal memory and two floppy disk drives, and is compatible with all popular IBM® PC software. The amount of internal memory (called random access memory or RAM) in your computer determines the type of software programs you can run and the size of your data files. With 512KB of RAM, you can run any of the larger programs without having to add any memory and you can create large data files.
Your Apex comes with a built-in parallel interface that lets you connect an Epson printer or plotter, or any other parallel printer. (Parallel refers to the way data is transmitted; a parallel interface is a high-speed interface used primarily for printers.) Besides a printer, you can add other accessories to further expand the capabilities of your Apex. You have three option slots that let you connect almost any perifherul device you choose.
Here are some of the devices you can use with your Apex by adding an option card: Enhanced graphics monitor TTL monochrome monitor Any serial device, such as a game port or joy stick. You can also add additional memory to increase the amount of RAM to 640KB, and you can add an 8087 math coprocessor. Besides the accessories made especially for the Apex, you can use most of the option cards designed for the IBM personal computer on your Apex. Your Apex comes with the MS-DOS ® operating system.
After you set up your Apex, see the manuals for your application programs for information on using the software. How to Use This Manual By reading this manual, you’ll learn how to set up and care for your Apex by Epson. You’ll also learn how you can start using the MS-DOS operating system and how to connect optional equipment. You may not need to read everything in this manual; some sections may describe a particular option or accessory that you don’t have.
You can refer to the appendixes to find out how to set DIP switches and for hardware specifications. DIP switches give the computer information about itself. You should not need to change the DIP switches on your Apex; they are already set when you purchase the computer. However, it’s a good idea to become familiar with the switch settings in case you upgrade your Apex or have a system problem. A glossary of computer terms used in this manual is also included at the end of this manual.
Chapter 1 Setting Up Your System Setting up your Apex by Epson personal computer is easy. Just follow the nine steps in this chapter and you’ll be on your way. You can also refer to the “Quick Guide To Setting Up” on the inside back cover. 1 Unpacking Now you can remove the components from their cartons, but be sure to inspect each piece as you do. If anything is missing or damaged, notify your Epson Customer Care Center immediately. The number to call is 1-800-421-5426.
9 An MS-DOS operating system diskette (version 3.2) with an MS-DOS manual A GW-BASIC programming language diskette (version 3.2) with a GW-BASIC manual. You’ll find one registration card with your Apex; fill it out now and mail it to Epson. With your registration card on file, Epson can send you any update information.
2 Choosing a Location Before you set up your Apex, it’s important that you decide on the right place to locate the computer. Whether you use your Apex at home or in the office, you’ll need a comfortable, convenient place to use it. When considering a location, make sure that it provides the following A large area and sturdy surface, such as a desk or table, that can easily support the weight of your Apex, including all its components. A flat, hard surface.
Appropriate power sources. Static charges can be damaging. Connect all your equipment to threeprong, 120-volt, grounded outlets. You can plug the monitor into the auxiliary power outlet on the back panel of the Apex, but you still need one outlet for the main unit and one outlet for your printer. No electromagnetic interference. Choose a spot for your Apex away from any electrical device that generates an electromagnetic field.
3 Arranging the Components First things first. Decide how you want to arrange your system components. The most common setup is with the monitor on top of the main unit and the keyboard directly in front (leaving enough space for you to insert diskettes into the disk drives): Of course, if you have special computer furniture, you can arrange your Apex components to suit your own particular needs.
Before you begin to connect the cables, take a look at the front and back panels of the main unit. The front panel On the front panel you’ll see two floppy disk drives, the power light, and two buttons you press to control the operation of your Apex. Here’s how the front panel components work: Floppy disk drives. Both the top and bottom floppy disk drives use 5 l/4-inch, 360KB diskettes. Disk lock/release latch. After you insert a diskette, turn this latch down until it is vertical.
■ POWER light. When this light is red, it means that the power is on and the system is running at 4.77MHz (megahertz). When this light is green, the system is on and running at 8MHz. (Your Apex operates at two different speeds. The difference between these speeds is explained in Chapter 2.) ■ SPEED button. You can press this button to change the computer’s running speed from 4.77MHz to 8MHz. When the button is pressed in, your Apex runs at 8MHz; when the button is released, it runs at 4.77MHz.
The back panel Take a look at the back panel and find the Apex power switch, input/output ports, and keyboard cable socket. This is where you turn on the Apex and connect the peripheral devices, such as the monitor and printer.
Here is some background information on each component: POWER switch. You turn the main unit ON and OFF with this switch. AC OUTPUT This is the auxiliary power outlet. You can plug your monitor (or another device) into the main unit here, instead of into a wall outlet. The main unit’s power switch controls the power to this outlet. Be careful not to plug any device into this outlet that uses more than 80 watts. AC INPUT.
DIP switches. These switches give the computer information about its keyboard, coprocessor status, memory size, video card type, floppy disk drives, and parallel interface. The switches are preset to match your system configuration. (Refer to Appendix A to see how to set these switches if you change your system configuration.) Parallel port. You can connect any printer with a parallel interface into this connector. Option card access slots.
4 Connecting the Monitor Now you can connect your monitor by placing it on top of or near the Apex main unit. It is easiest to connect the monitor cable if the backs of the monitor and the main unit are facing you. Your Apex has a color/graphics adapter (CGA) video card installed. This means that you can connect a composite monochrome monitor or a composite or RGB color/graphics monitor to this port right now: You connect a color/graphics monitor in the top port or a composite monitor in the bottom port.
2. Next, connect the monitor cable to the connector at the back of the main unit: 3. Then, tighten the screws (if any) on the plug with a screwdriver.
4. Finally plug the monitor’s power cable into the AC OUTPUT outlet on the back panel of the Apex or into an electrical outlet. If you are using anything other than the color/ graphics adapter, you need to check the DIP switch settings (defined in Appendix A) to be sure they are set correctly for the type of video card you have. (Although these switches are set by the manufacturer, it’s a good idea to become familiar with them so you can check the settings when it’s appropriate.
5 Connecting the Keyboard It’s easy to connect the keyboard. Just insert the keyboard connector into the KEYBOARD socket on the back panel of your Apex. Be careful not to force the connector, but make sure you insert it all the way by pushing on it gently. Then check to see that the cable is secure. Now that your Apex is all hooked up, you can decide if you’d like to adjust the angle of the keyboard by lifting the legs on the bottom.
6 C onnecting a Printer Your Apex has a parallel interface to which you can easily connect a printer or plotter. Epson offers a fill range of printer products for you to choose from. If you have a printer you’d like to connect to your Apex, make sure you have an IBM PC-compatible printer cable. Once you have a printer cable, just follow these next few steps to connect your printer to the parallel interface on the main unit: 1. Place the printer in a convenient location next to your system.
2. Before you connect the printer, make sure the power switches on the main unit, the monitor, and the printer are off. 3. Connect the printer cable to the parallel port on the back panel of the main unit. If the plug has retaining screws, tighten them with a small screwdriver.
4. Connect the other end of the cable to the printer. Secure the cable by pressing together the squeeze locks at each side of the printer port and pushing them into the connectors on each side of the cable. 5. Plug the printer’s power cable into an electrical outlet. Now your printer is connected to your Apex.
7 C onnecting the Power Cord The last step before turning on your computer is to insert the power cord into the AC INPUT connector on the back panel. To avoid an electric shock, be sure to plug this end into the main unit first and then plug the other end into the wall socket. Now you can plug the power cord into an electrical outlet.
8 Turning On the Computer At this point, you have successfully set up your system, and you’re almost ready to turn on the power and start using your Apex. But before you do this, please take a minute to read the following safety rules and the section on removing the disk drive protector sheets. Safety rules If you follow these rules, you can help to avoid accidentally damaging your computer or injuring yourself: Never turn the computer on with a disk drive protector sheet in the disk drive.
Always wait at least five seconds after you switch the power off before switching it on again. Turning the power off and on rapidly can damage the computer’s circuitry. Never leave a beverage on top of, or next to, your Apex or any of its components. Spilled liquid damages the circuitry of your components. To install or remove an option card, always turn off the power, disconnect the main power cord, and wait for a few minutes before removing the cover from the computer.
Be sure to remove both protector sheets before you turn the computer on. Turn the latch that covers the disk slot until it is horizontal and carefully pull out the sheet. – — Save these protector sheets and put them back whenever you move the computer, even if you are just moving it to another part of the room. If you are not going to use your computer for a week or more, put the protector sheets back in and they will help keep dust from entering the disk drives.
System startup Now you’re ready to turn on your Apex; however, it’s a good idea to turn on the monitor and printer before you turn on the computer. Make one last check to be sure that the power cord is plugged into the power inlet (AC INPUT) on the back panel of the main unit and into a 3-prong, 120-volt, grounded electrical outlet. Next, turn on the monitor so you can see the messages that appear as your computer starts up. Finally, if you have a printer, turn it on.
Initial screen display After the Apex completes its self test, you see a message telling you how much internal memory is available: 512KB OK Then the following messages are displayed: Non-system disk or disk error Insert system diskette in dirve A and strike any key when ready These messages tell you that the computer is ready to load the MS-DOS operating system from a diskette in the topdrive. The Apex comes with version 3.2 of MS-DOS.
9 Loading MS-DOS Before you can run a software program designed to run on the MS-DOS operating system, MS-DOS itself must be running in the Apex’s memory. Loading MS-DOS into memory is called booting the system. Once MS-DOS is loaded, you can give instructions to the computer and begin to use various software programs. Loading MS-DOS is simple: 1. Insert your MS-DOS system diskette in the top drive. Hold it with the label faceup and the notch to the left. Be careful not to touch the diskette surface.
2. When you can feel that the diskette is all the way in, turn the latch down until it locks in the vertical position. For a complete description of inserting diskettes, see Chapter 3, Using Diskettes and Disk Drives. Next, your computer begins loading MS-DOS into memory A message on the screen notifies you that MS-DOS is loading. 3.
5. The next item to appear on your screen is the date prompt, which appears every time you boot the system: Current date is m m / d d / y y Enter new date: At this point, you can either enter the correct date or leave it unchanged by pressing Enter. For now, press Enter to leave the date unchanged. 6. After accepting the date, MS-DOS displays the time prompt: Current time is hh: mm: ss Enter new time: The time you see is the amount of time that has lapsed since you turned on the computer.
Now that you’ve made it to the MS-DOS command prompt, you should immediately make a working copy of the MS-DOS system diskette, and then store the original safely away. In fact, make two copies—one that you’ll work with, and one to store in a different location (away from your original MS-DOS diskette). (You’ll find out how to make copies of your diskettes in Chapter 4.
1-28 Setting Up Your System
Chapter 2 Using Your Apex Once you have set up your Apex, you’re ready to take advantage of its versatility. In this chapter you’ll learn about the special keys on the keyboard, how to change your computer’s operating speed, and how to reset and turn off your computer. Special Keys on the Apex Keyboard Some of the keys on your keyboard serve special functions when your computer is running software programs.
Take a look at the special keys and their functions: Key Name Purpose Function keys 1-10 Perform special functions within application programs. Tab Moves the cursor to the right in normal mode (and to the left in shift mode in some application programs). Control Works with other keys to perform special (control) functions, such as editing operations in MS-DOS and GW-BASIC. Shift 2-2 Produces uppercase characters or symbols when used with the main character keys.
Key Name Purpose Numeric Lock Changes the function of the numeric/ cursor keys from numeric to cursor positioning; changes when pressed again. Scroll Lock Controls scrolling in some applications. Print Screen Prints the screen display on a line printer. Home, End, Within application programs, control cursor location. Page Down, Insert Turns insert function on and off. Delete Deletes characters to the right.
Selecting Execution Speed With the Apex you have the flexibility of operating at two execution speeds: 4.77MHz or 8 MHz. At 8MHz, the Apex simply performs all tasks faster. You will normally want to run at the faster speed and take advantage of this feature, but you can select the slower speed to run application programs that have specific timing requirements. Refer to your application program manual to determine the best operating speed for your program.
Resetting the Computer There are a number of ways that you can reset your Apex. You may want to do this if an error occurs and the computer does not respond to your keyboard commands. In this case, you can reset the computer and try the same operation again. However, it’s important to remember that resetting erases all data in the computer’s internal memory (RAM); so if you have a problem, reset your computer only as a last resort.
Should you need to reset your computer, there are three different ways to reset the Apex. Because each one is more powerful than the last, try them in the order listed here: 1. If you are using MS-DOS, hold down the Ctrl and Alt keys and press the Del key, which you can find on the numeric keypad at the right of the keyboard. You see the screen go blank for a moment and then MS-DOS is loaded. (MS-DOS must be on the system diskette in the top drive.
Turning Off the Computer Normally when you are through working with an application program, you will save your data and exit the program. Then, before you turn off your computer, remove all diskettes from the disk drives. Turn off the monitor and peripherals first; then turn off the main unit using the switch on the back panel.
Chapter 3 Using Diskettes and Disk Drives The disk drives in your computer serve a very important function; they let you store your work and programs on removable diskettes for use at any time in the future. All Apex systems have two 360KB floppy disk drives installed. In this chapter, you’ll learn how diskettes work and how to: Choose diskettes Care for your diskettes and disk drives Insert and remove diskettes Protect your data Make backup copies of your diskettes.
How Diskettes Work The diskettes you insert in your computer’s floppy disk drives are round pieces of flexible plastic coated with magnetic material and enclosed in protective jackets. Like a record, a diskette has circular tracks on both sides. Your computer stores the data you enter as magnetic patterns on these circular tracks. A small read/write head in the computer’s disk drive interprets the magnetic patterns.
Choosing Diskettes for the Apex With the floppy disk drives on the Apex, you must use 514-inch, double-sided, double-density 48 TPI (tracks per inch) diskettes. These diskettes are compatible with those used for the IBM PC. This means you can use diskettes on the Apex that were prepared and used on another IBM-compatible computer. For the best results, use only high-quality diskettes with reinforced hub rings—the added reliability is well worth the extra cost.
Caring for Your Diskettes and Disk Drives To avoid damaging diskettes, you need to care for them properly. Following these basic precautions will help you avoid losing data: Keep your diskettes away from dust and dirt. Small particles of dust or dirt scratch the magnetic surface (destroying data). Dust can also ruin the read/write head in the disk drive. Keep your diskettes away from magnetic fields. (Remember that diskettes store their information magnetically.
Store your diskettes properly. When you are not using them, keep your diskettes in their protective envelopes and store them in a diskette container. Do not place anything on top of your diskettes, and do not bend them. A diskette will not rotate properly in the drive if it has been damaged. Never wipe, brush, or try to clean diskettes in any way. Be careful when you label your diskettes. Attach your labels firmly but gently, and only along the top of the diskette (next to the manufacturer’s label).
Inserting and Removing Diskettes When you insert a diskette into a disk drive, hold it with the label face up and the write-protect notch to the left (so that the read/write slot is away from you). Then gently slide the diskette into the disk drive, being careful not to force it into the slot.
When you feel that the diskette is all the way in, turn the latch down until it locks into the vertical position. This keeps the diskette in place and enables the read/ write heads in the disk drive to access the diskette. When you want to remove the diskette, turn the latch up until it is horizontal. Carefully pull out the diskette, place it in its protective envelope, and store it properly. For protection, it’s a good idea to keep your diskettes in a special diskette container.
Write-protecting diskettes It's easy to write-protect a diskette to prevent its data from being altered. When a diskette is write-protected, you can read data from it, but you cannot store new data on the diskette or delete any files it contains. If you try to change data stored on a write-protected diskette, you get an error message. To write-protect a diskette, just cover the small, rectangular notch with an adhesive write-protect tab.
Making backup copies Many disasters can be avoided by making backup copies of all your data and system diskettes. Copy all diskettes that contain programs, such as the master system diskettes that come with your Apex, and use only the copies. Store your original system diskettes in a safe place away from your working diskettes.
Chapter 4 Using MS-DOS with Your Apex In this chapter, you’ll learn how to use the MS-DOS operating system with your Apex by Epson. The MS-DOS operating system’s job is to manage the routine work of your system, such as keeping the computer’s memory organized, controlling monitor displays, accepting keyboard input, and directing external communication. Introducing MS-DOS Your Apex personal computer comes with version 3.2 of MS-DOS, Microsoft’s disk operating system.
so that the operating system can accept your instructions and make the right connections. You already learned how to load MS-DOS in Chapter 1. To communicate with the operating system, you need to enter MS-DOS commands. How much you need to know about the MS-DOS commands depends on how you plan to use your Apex. If you plan to use it only for running application programs, you’ll use very few MS-DOS commands.
■ How to change the default drive ■ How to start an application program. Starting and Exiting MS-DOS Remember, before you can run an MS-DOS application program, MS-DOS itself must be running in memory. Follow these steps to load MS-DOS: 1. Turn on your monitor and any peripherals, such as the printer. 2. Turn on your Apex. Refer to Chapter 1 for complete instructions on turning on your system. 3. Insert your MS-DOS system diskette into the top drive.
Before you end a session with MS-DOS, make sure you are at the A) prompt. Then it is safe to remove your diskettes, turn off all peripherals, and finally turn off the computer. When you’re in the middle of a program, you can stop a program’s operation and return to the MS-DOS command prompt by pressing Ctrl and C. However, any data not stored on diskette at the time is lost. Many application programs establish their own abort keys (instead of Ctrl C), which you must know when using those programs.
Entering MS-DOS Commands You can enter an MS-DOS command whenever you see the A) prompt. This means that you type the command name and any necessary parameters, and then press Enter to execute the command. Parameters include items that identify the data to be processed and switches that alter the effects of a command. You can enter command names and parameters in either uppercase or lowercase letters.
Storing Data All your work and programs are stored in files on your diskettes. Each file must have a unique filename, so that you can retrieve it whenever you need to. The filename consists of two parts: the file name and the file extension. You can choose a filename up to eight characters long indicating what the file contains. The file extension, which can be up to three characters long, describes what type of file it is, such as a text file or program file.
Your files are stored in directories. You can create several directories, and even subdirectories within a directory. This is especially useful when working with hard disks, which have a very large storage capacity. With floppy disks, you will normally have only one directory on each diskette. The directory of your diskette contains specific information about each file, such as its name, size, location, and the date and time you last updated the file.
Preparing Diskettes for Data You may have just purchased a brand new box of diskettes, but before you can store data on a diskette, the diskette must be formatted. Formatting prepares the diskette to accept data written by MS-DOS. You can also reformat previously-used diskettes. However, once you reformat a diskette, all data on that diskette is erased. Always make sure that you do not want to save any of the data on a diskette before you format it.
3. After you insert the diskette you want formatted into drive B, press Enter to start formatting. As MS-DOS formats the diskette, it displays the head and cylinder numbers as it formats each cylinder of the diskette: Head: n Cylinder: n n 4.
Copying Data You’ll want to copy your data and program files for many reasons. For one, it’s very important to have backup copies of all your diskettes. You have several choices: you can back up an entire diskette using the DISKCOPY command, or you can back up selective files using the COPY command. Epson also provides a disk utility called DU that you can use to copy diskettes; this utility is described in your MS-DOS manual.
5. Insert your diskettes and press any key. 6. DISKCOPY checks to see if the destination diskette is formatted. If it is not, DISKCOPY formats the diskette. You see the message: Formatting while copying 7. The copy operation begins when the format is complete. You see this message: Copying 40 tracks 9 sectors/track, 2 side(s) 8.
Using the COPY command You can use the COPY command to copy files in several ways. You can: Copy individual files from one diskette to another or to the same diskette Copy a group of files using wildcard characters Copy one or more files and give them new names Combine or merge files into one file. A few simple rules apply when copying files: You must tell MS-DOS where to find the source file and where to write the target file. You cannot create a new file with the same name as an existing file.
Let’s say you want to copy a particular file from the diskette in drive A to the diskette in drive B using the same name. Type: COPY A: file1. ext B : If you want to copy a file from the diskette in drive A to the diskette in drive B using a new name, type: COPY A: file1.ext B: file2.ext To copy a file onto the same diskette with a new name, type: C O P Y file1 file2 In this case, you can omit the drive identifier as long as the file exists on the current drive.
Listing the Contents of a Diskette You will often want to see what files are stored on your diskettes. For example, before you format a used diskette and erase its contents, always list the contents of the diskette to be sure you will not erase any valuable files. You can use the DIR command to list the names of all files on a diskette. At the A) prompt, type: DIR and press Enter. MS-DOS lists the directory of files on the diskette in drive A.
Changing the Default Drive When you see the A) prompt, you know that MS-DOS is operating from drive A and you can now enter a command. However, if you want to run a program or find a file on a different drive, you must specify that drive. YOU can do this by including the drive descriptor with the filename or by logging onto that drive. To log onto drive B, follow these steps: 1. At the A) prompt, type: B: Be sure to type the colon. 2. Press Enter. Your screen now displays the B) prompt.
Starting Your Application Program Now that you have MS-DOS loaded, you can start using your application program. Remove your MS-DOS diskette from drive A and insert your application program diskette. From this point on, the documentation that comes with your application program will give you instructions on how to use it. Once you start using your application program, the MS-DOS command prompt disappears. Instead, you see the prompts and screens that are unique to the application program.
Chapter 5 Installing Option Cards You can use your Apex in many additional ways by adding to its present configuration with option cards. Option cards are accessories that provide extra capabilities to your Apex. For example, you may want to install a serial port or an auto-dial modem. You can install up to three option cards in the Apex at one time, but keep in mind that one position is always occupied by the video card that operates your monitor.
Removing the Cover To remove the cover, you’ll need a phillips-head screw driver. Follow these steps: 1. If your monitor is on top of the computer, disconnect it and move it to one side. Disconnect the keyboard and your printer and set them out of the way too. Turn the main unit around so that the back panel faces you. 2. You’ll see that the cover is secured with five screws. Remove the screws and put them safely to one side.
3. Now tilt the cover up slightly from the back and push it away from you and the main unit. 4. Set the cover aside for now.
Inserting the Option Card Now that the cover is off, you can place the option card in either of the two remaining option slots. Even though option cards are designed to fit only one way, it is a good idea to examine the card first and follow the instructions closely. 1. Decide which option slot you want to use, then remove the retaining screw from the metal cover plate at the back of the slot. Lift out the metal cover and keep it in a safe place to use later if you remove the option card.
When you handle the card, be careful not to touch any of the contacts on the circuit board, especially along the gold edge connections. If you need to put it down before installing it, place it with the component side facing down on top of the original packing. 3. Grip the card firmly by the top corners. Keep the contact pins pointing down and the components facing toward the inside of the main unit. 4. Now, insert the card straight down into the slot.
5. Once you have the connector pins sitting in the connector slot, push down firmly (but carefully) to fully insert the card. If you feel that the connector isn’t going in smoothly do not force it; pull it all the way out and try again. Be sure to keep it straight. 6. With the card properly inserted, secure the retaining bracket to the frame of the computer with the small screw.
Replacing the Cover With the installation of your option card completed, you have only to replace the cover of the main unit: 1. With the back of the main unit still facing you, position the cover over the computer with the front edge pointing slightly downward. 2. Lower the cover onto the main unit making sure that the edges fit around the back panel. 3. Secure the cover by replacing the screws on the back of the main unit. 4.
Post-installation Setup With the option card in place, your Apex may need a few adjustments to accommodate it’s new configuration. If you have already replaced the main unit’s cover and reconnected the power cord, you may now need to change your DIP switches settings to reflect the new configuration. For example, if you add an external floppy disk drive, you need to change switches 7 and 8 so the computer recognizes the additional drive.
Removing Option Cards If you find that you need to remove an option card, first turn off the computer and unplug the power cord, then detach any cable connected to the card. Disconnect the monitor and keyboard, and remove the main unit cover. Then refer to the option card installation instructions and follow them in reverse. Be sure to follow all the same safety instructions you did while installing the card, and make sure you pull the card straight up and out of the connector to avoid damaging it.
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Chapter 6 Troubleshooting You should not encounter any serious difficulties as you set up and use your Apex. But if anything out of the ordinary happens, refer to this chapter. Usually correcting a problem situation requires nothing more than adjusting a cable connection, repeating a software procedure, or resetting the computer. You can use the suggestions in this chapter to help you solve most of the problems that you may encounter.
The Computer Fails to Start Up If your computer does not start up when you turn on the power switch, follow these steps to find a solution: 1. First, check to see if the POWER light on the front panel of the main unit is lit. If it is not, remove any diskettes you have in the drives and turn off the power. Wait five seconds, then turn the power back on. 2. If the light still does not come on, turn off the power switch again.
The Video Display Does Not Appear If your computer starts up (the power indiator on the main unit is on) but you don’t see any images on the screen, follow these steps to try to find a solution: 1. First, check to see that the monitor’s power switch is on and the power indicator on the monitor is lit. If the power is on but you don’t see the indicator light, turn off the monitor’s power switch, wait five seconds, then turn the power back on. Wait a few seconds to see if the display screen appears. 2.
The Computer Locks Up If you’re working on your computer and it locks up and does not respond to the keyboard, try the following: 1. Wait a few seconds. Remember that some operations take longer to perform than others, and your computer may still be performing some internal fuction. For example, a spreadsheet program takes quite a bit longer to recalculate an entire spreadsheet than to record one figure.
Floppy Disk Problems If you have trouble with one of your diskettes, answer the following questions to see if they apply to the problem: 1. Is the diskette damaged? To find out, copy the diskette and repeat the operation that caused the problem using the copy you just made. (If you have trouble copying the entire diskette, some of the sectors may be bad. Try to copy one file at a time with the Copy command.) If the operation works using the copy diskette, the original diskette is probably damaged.
Software Problems If you are having trouble with a software program, check the following possible problems and solutions: 1. The software program does not start. Check to be sure that you are following the correct procedure for an MS-DOS application. Make sure you inserted the application diskette in the top drive. 2. An application routine does not work. Refer to the software manual and try the routine again according to the instructions.
Printer Problems Your printer manual describes methods to solve most of your printer problems. However, if your printer does not work correctly right after you install it, you can quickly make sure the printer has power and is properly connected to the computer. If you need aciditional help, the printer manual gives detailed instructions on how to connect your printer. If you have printing problems, check the printer manual for the printer’s correct DIP switch settings.
Option Card Problems If you install an option card and get unexpected results, check the following: 1. Is the option card installed correctly? Recheck the setup and operation procedures in the option card instructions. 2. Did you set the necessary DIP switches or jumpers on the option card? See your option card instructions for these settings. 3. Did you set the necessary DIP switches on the main unit (as required by your option card)? See “Setting the DIP Switches” in Appendix A. 4.
Appendix A Setting the DIP Switches The DIP switches on the Apex are set to provide your computer with information about its configuration. Each time you turn on your Apex, it checks these switch settings to determine the type of keyboard, coprocessor status, memory size, type of monitor, number of floppy disk drives, and the type of interfaces being used.
These switches have been preset for you by the manufacturer. However, read this appendix so you will be familiar with the DIP switch settings and able to check that the settings match your system’s setup. If you add optional devices to your system, you may need to alter the DIP switch settings. The Apex has ten DIP switches. When a switch is left, it is on. When a switch is right, it is off. To change a setting, use a hard, thin object, such as a small screwdriver.
Table A-1.
Switches 3 and 4 (Memory size)–indicate how much built-in memory is available. You only change these switches if you install a memory card and you want to use part of the optional memory instead of the built-in main memory. The factory setting is switch 3 OFF; switch 4 ON. Because the system checks the amount of available memory each time it is reset, problems may occur if the switch settings do not agree with the amount of main memory in use.
Switches 7 and 8 (FloPpy disk drives)-indicate how many floppy disk drives are installed in your Apex. These switches are very important and should be set as follows: ■ For the standard Apex system, which has two floppy disk drives, set switch 7 OFF and switch 8 ON. (This is the factory setting.) If you add external floppy disk drives, for a total of four drives, you need to set switches 7 and 8 as indicated in Table A-1.
■ If you install two option cards with parallel ports, you must designate one as the primary port and the other as the secondary port. In this case, you need to set switches 9 and 10 ON in order to disable the built-in port. The number of parallel ports you have is information that MS-DOS uses also. If MS-DOS searches the system for a parallel port and finds only one, it names it LPT1:. If it finds two parallel ports, it names the primary port LPT1: and the secondary port LPT2:.
Appendix B Specifications Main Unit 16-bit CPU 8088 microprocessor; 4.77MHz or 8MHz clockrate; push-button selectable Main memory 512KB; expandable to 640KB Coprocessor 8087 microprocessor (optional)–for use only at 4.
Speaker interface Internal, controlled by timer/ counter Option slots Three IBM PC-compatible, 8-bit, input-output expansion slots (one used by video card) Keyboard Detachable, two positions, 83 sculpted keys Layout 56-key QWERTY main keyboard, 17-key numeric pad, 10 function keys (userdefinable); LEDs for lock keys Function keys Three levels (normal/shift/ alternate); userdefinable Mass Storage Four drives maximum—two internal Standard B-2 Two 5¼-inch, half-height floppy disk drives; doublesided,
Power Supply Switching type, fan-cooled Output voltage: -5 VDC, +5 VDC, -12 VDC, + 12VDC Auxiliary AC (80 watt) Power Requirements: 115/230 VAC Power Rating: 80W average, 100W peak Environmental Requirements Temperature Operating range: 60° to 90°F (15° to 35°C) Non-operating range: 0° to 149°F (-40° to 60”C) Humidity Operating range: 20% to 80%, non-condensing Non-operating range: 10% to 90%, non-condensing Physical Characteristics (CPU Only) Width, 14.4” (367mm) Depth, 15.2” (385mm) Height, 5.
Video and Display Options B-4 Color/graphics video card Standard—Supports Epsonor IBM-compatible RGB color or composite video monitor; 40-character x 25line display (low-resolution text); 80-character x 25-line display (high-resolution text); 640 x 200 (high-resolution graphics), 320 x 200 four colors, 160 x 200 eight colors; installed in option slot Multiple graphics video card Supports Epson- and IBMcompatible monochrome or color monitor; monochrome text, color graphics, and Hercules TM (monochrome)
Glossary ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange. A standardized coding system for representing characters, such as numbers, letters, and graphic symbols. An ASCII character occupies one byte of storage. Files transmitted in ASCII code can be used by many different computers, printers, and programs. Asynchronous A method of data transmission in which one machine sends data one character at a time to another, without either machine preparing for the transmission.
Character Anything that can print in a single space on the page or the screen. Includes numbers, letters, punctuation marks, and graphic symbols. CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. A method for making silicon chips. Code A system of symbols for representing data or instructions. Also any software program or part of a program. Command An instruction you enter on the keyboard to direct your computer to perform a specific function. Configuration The particular setup of a group of components.
Cursor The highlighted marker that shows your position on the screen and moves as you enter and delete data. Data Information stored or processed by a computer. Data diskette A formatted diskette used to store files. Diagnostics The tests and procedures the computer performs to check its internal circuitry and set up its configuration. DIP switches Small switches on a piece of hardware such as a CPU, a printer, or an option card.
Diskette A flat piece of flexible plastic coated with magnetic material and used to store data permanently. Also called floppy disk. DOS The Disk Operating System that controls the computer’s input and output functions. See Operating system. Double-density A type of diskette format that allows you to store twice as much data as the standard-density format. A double-density diskette for the Apex has a storage capacity of 360KB.
GW-BASIC Microsoft’s extended version of the Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. A programming language designed to be easy to use and understand. Hard disk The enclosed unit used to store data permanently Unlike a floppy disk, it is fixed in place. It can process data more rapidly and store many more files than a floppy disk. You can install an optional hard disk to your Apex; this requires you to add a controller card to an option slot.
LED Light Emitting Diode. An electronic component that illuminates when electricity passes through it, like the indicator lights on the front panel of the Apex. Main unit The Apex computer. Megabyte (MB) A unit used to measure storage space (in a computer’s memory or on a disk). One megabyte equals 1,048,576 bytes. Memory The area where your computer stores data. Memory contents can be permanent and inalterable (ROM) or temporary (RAM).
MS-DOS An operating system from Microsoft. See DOS, Operating system. Operating system A collection of programs that allow a computer to control its operations. The operating system determines how programs run on the computer and supervises all input and output—for example, MS-DOS. Option card A card installed inside the Apex main unit to provide additional capabilities, such as a serial port. Parallel The type of interface which transmits data in groups of bits. See also Interface and Serial.
RAM Random Accesss Memory, The part of memory that a computer can both read and write to. The programs you use are temporarily stored in RAM. All data stored in RAM is erased when you turn off the power. Read To copy data from one area to another. For example, when you open a text file stored on disk, the computer reads the data from the disk and displays it on the screen. Read/write head The physical device inside a disk drive that reads and records data on the magnetic surface of a disk.
Sector A contiguous section of a disk track that provides a space where the computer can store data. Self test The initial diagnostics procedures a system performs to check its hardware. Serial The type of interface that transmits data one bit at a time. See also Interface, Parallel, and RS-232C. Software The programs that enable your computer to perform the tasks and functions you indicate. System diskette A diskette that contains the operating system.
G-10 Glossary
Index A AC power inlet, 1-9, 1-18, 1-22,6-2 AC power outlet, 1-9, 1-13,6-3 Air circulation, 1-3 AN key, 2-2 Application programs, 4,4-1,4-16, 6-6 Arranging components, 1-5 Auxiliary outlet, 1-9, 1-13 B Back panel, 1-8, 5-2 Backspace key 2-2 Backup copies, 1-25, 3-9 Booting, 1-24 C Cable, connections, 1-8 keyboard, 1-1, 1-14 parallel, 1-15 video monitor, 1-11 Caps Lock key 2-2 Circuit board, See Option cards Color/graphics, 1, B-4 adapter, 1, 1-11, 1-13 connectors, 1-11 video card, 1-11 – 13 Command promp
Composite monitor, 2, 1-11, A-4, B-4 Contrast control, monitor, 1-23 Cooling fan, main unit, 1-22 Coprocessor, 3, B-1 DIP switch, A-2, A-3 COPY command, 4-12 – 13 Copying files, 4-12-13 Cover, main unit, 1-8 removing, 5-2 replacing, 5-7 CPU, B-1, B-3 Ctrl Alt Del, 2-4,2-6 Ctrl C, 4-4 Ctrl key, 2-2, 2-6 Customer Care Center, 1-1, 1-19,6-1 D Data, 3-2 backing up, 3-9 copying, 4-10–13 files, 1 protecting, 3-7–9 storing, 4-6, 4-8 Date, 1-26 Default drive, 4-15 Del key 2-3 DIP switches, 5, 1-10, 1-13, 5-8, A-1
DIR command, 4-14 Directories, 4-7 current, 4-7 listing, 4-14 root, 4-7 Disk drives, current, 1-26, 4-4 DIP switches, A-3, A-5 floppy 1, 1-6 hard, See Hard disk inserting diskettes, 3-6 light, 1-6 lock/release latch, 1-6, 3-6 protector sheets, 1-20 read/write head, 3-2 Disk lock/release latch, 1-6, 1-21, 1-25,3-7 DISKCOPY command, 4-10 Diskettes, attaching labels, 3-5 backing up, 3-9 care and handling, 3-4 – 5 choosing, 3-3 compatibility with IBM PC, 3-3 floppy 3-2 formatting, 3-3,4-8 how they work, 3-2 i
Display, monitor, See Monitor options, B-4 E Electrical outlet, 1-4, 1-13, 1-17, 1-18, 1-22, 6-2 Electromagnetic interference, 1-4, 3-4 End key 2-3 Enter key 2-2 Environmental conditions, 1-3, 3-4 Environmental requirements, humidity B-3 temperature, B-3 ESC key 2-2 Execution speed, selecting, 2-4 Exiting MS-DOS, 4-4 External devices, See Option cards F Filename, 4-6 Files, 4-6 Floppy disk, DIP switches, A-3, A-5 drive, 1-6, B-2 problems, 6-5 See also Diskettes FORMAT command, 4-8-9 Formatting diskettes,
H Hard disk, 4-7 Home key 2-3 I IBM PC, diskette format, compatibility, 2-9 printer cable, 1-15 software, 1, 4 Input/output ports, 1-8 Ins key, 2-3 Interfaces, option slots, 1-10 parallel, 1, 1-10, 1-16 printer, 1-10, 1-16 Internal memory 1,3, 1-23, 2-5 Internal self-test, 1-22 K Keyboard, adjusting the legs, 1-14 arranging the, 1-5, 1-14 cable, 1-1, 1-14 connecting, 1-14 DIP swtich, A-2, A-3 function keys, 2-2, B-2 layout, 2-1, B-1 socket, 1-9 special keys, 2-1 – 3 specifications, B-2 Kilobyte, 1 Index
L Labels, diskette, 3-5 Light, power, 1-7, 1-22, 2-4,6-2 Location, 1-3 M Magnetic fields, 1-4 ,3-4 Magnetic surface of diskette, 3-2 Main memory B-1 Main unit, arrangement of, 1-5 back panel, 1-8 cover, removing the, 5-2 cover, replacing the, 5-7 front panel, 1-6 power switch, 1-9 specifications, B-1 Mass storage capacity B-2 Memory DIP switches, A-3, A-4 interhal, 1, 3, 2-5, B-1 Monitor, 1 arranging, 1-5 brightness and contrast, 1-23,6-3 cable, 1-11–13 color/graphics, 2, A-4, B-4 composite, 2, 1-11, A-4,
RGB, 2, A-4, B-4 TTL, 3 video card, 1-10 video display, 6-3 MS-DOS, 3, 1-2, 1-7, 1-23 command prompt, 1-26, 4-3, 4-4 commands, 4-5 exiting, 4-4 introducing, 4-1 loading, 1-24 resetting, 2-6 starting, 4-3 using, 4-1 – 16 version 3.
Outlet AC, 1-9, 1-13 auxiliary, 1-9, 1-13 grounded, 1-4, 1-22 P Parallel, cable, 1-15 DIP switches, A-3, A-5 interface, 1, 1-15, B-1 printer port, 1-10, 1-16 Peripherals, 1, 1-8 Pg Dn key 2-3 Pg Up key 2-3 Physical characteristics, B-2 Plotter, 2, 1-15 Port, 1-8 See also Parallel Power, cord, 1-8, 1-18 inlet, 1-9, 1-18 light, 1-7, 1-22, 2-4, 6-2 requirements, B-3 sources, 1-4, 1-9, 1-13, 1-22, 6-3 supply, B-3 switch, 1-8, 1-9, 1-16, 1-22, 2-6, 5-2 Printer, 1, 2, 1-8 cable, 1-16–17 connecting, 1-15–17 inter
R RAM, 1,3, 1-23,2-5 Read/write head, 3-2 Rear panel, See Back panel Registration card, 1-2 RESET button, 1-7,2-6 Resetting the computer, 1-14, 2-5-6 ROM, B-1 Rules, safety 1-19 S Safety, 1-19 Screw, back panel, 5-2 retaining, 5-4 Scroll Lock key 2-3 Self test, 1-22, 1-23 Service, See Customer Care Center Shift key, 2-2 Software, 1,4,4-16 Software problems, 6-6 Speaker interface, B-1 Special keys, 2-1-3 Specifications, B-1–4 Speed, button, 1-7,2-4,6-6 running, 1-7, 2-4 Squeeze locks, 1-17 Starting MS-DOS,
System, arrangement, 1-5 diskette, 1-2, 1-24,4-3 T Tab key, 2-2 Time, 1-26 Timer, B1 Troubleshooting, 6-1 – 8 Turning off the computer, 1-19, 2-7 Turning on the computer, 1-19 U Unpacking, 1-1 V Video, card, 1-10 monitor, See Monitor options, B-4 Voltage switch, 1-9 W Write-protect, diskettes, 3-8 notch, 3-8 tab, 3-8 tab, removing, 3-8 Writing on labels, 3-5 I-10 Index
Quick Guide To Setting Up 1 Unpacking Your Computer 2 Choosing a Location 3 Components 4 5 Keyboard Connecting the a Printer 6 Connecting the Power Cord 7 Connecting On the Computer 8 Turning Arranging the 9 Loading MS-DOS Connecting the Monitor
