Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Operation Manual ©Copyright 2016 by Bird Technologies, Inc. Instruction Book Part Number 920-Fiber-DAS Rev. P1 Delta Node® is a registered trademark of Delta Node Solutions Ltd. and Bird Technologies, Inc.
Safety Precautions The following are general safety precautions that are not necessarily related to any specific part or procedure, and do not necessarily appear elsewhere in this publication. These precautions must be thoroughly understood and apply to all phases of operation and maintenance. WARNING Keep Away From Live Circuits Operating Personnel must at all times observe general safety precautions.
Safety Precautions Safety Symbols WARNING Warning notes call attention to a procedure, which if not correctly performed, could result in personal injury. CAUTION Caution notes call attention to a procedure, which if not correctly performed, could result in damage to the instrument. Note: Calls attention to supplemental information. The laser used in this system is a Class 3b laser that produces invisible infra‐red coherent light. Avoid looking into connected fibers and receptacles.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Warning Statements The following safety warnings appear in the text where there is danger to operating and maintenance personnel and are repeated here for emphasis. WARNING This is NOT a consumer device. It is design for installation by FCC LICENSEES and QUALIFIED INSTALLERS. You MUST have an FCC LICENSE or express consent of an FCC licensee to operate this device. You MUST register Class B signal boosters (as defined in 47 CFR 90.219) online at www.fcc.
Safety Precautions Safety Statements USAGE ANY USE OF THIS INSTRUMENT IN A MANNER NOT SPECIFIED BY THE MANUFACTURER MAY IMPAIR THE INSTRUMENT’S SAFETY PROTECTION. USO EL USO DE ESTE INSTRUMENTO DE MANERA NO ESPECIFICADA POR EL FABRICANTE, PUEDE ANULAR LA PROTECCIÓN DE SEGURIDAD DEL INSTRUMENTO. BENUTZUNG WIRD DAS GERÄT AUF ANDERE WEISE VERWENDET ALS VOM HERSTELLER BESCHRIEBEN, KANN DIE GERÄTESICHERHEIT BEEINTRÄCHTIGT WERDEN.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) SERVICE SERVICING INSTRUCTIONS ARE FOR USE BY SERVICE - TRAINED PERSONNEL ONLY. TO AVOID DANGEROUS ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT PERFORM ANY SERVICING UNLESS QUALIFIED TO DO SO. SERVICIO LAS INSTRUCCIONES DE SERVICIO SON PARA USO EXCLUSIVO DEL PERSONAL DE SERVICIO CAPACITADO. PARA EVITAR EL PELIGRO DE DESCARGAS ELÉCTRICAS, NO REALICE NINGÚN SERVICIO A MENOS QUE ESTÉ CAPACITADO PARA HACERIO.
About This Manual About This Manual This manual covers the operating & maintenance instructions for the following models: DeltaNode Fiber‐DAS Changes to this Manual We have made every effort to ensure this manual is accurate. If you discover any errors, or if you have suggestions for improving this manual, please send your comments to our Solon, Ohio factory. This manual may be periodically updated. When inquiring about updates to this manual refer to the part number: 920‐Fiber‐DAS; and revision: P1.
Table of Contents Safety Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii Warning Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii Caution Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 7 Model Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 System Model Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Remote End Unit Part Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Public Safety DDR Module Numbers . . .
Chapter 1 Introduction This manual contains both guidelines on how to design a system using the DeltaNode fiber distributed antenna system (Fiber‐DAS) concept and how to install, commission and maintain such a system for the life span of the entire installation. It will also contain many bits of information regarding general practices in the industry as well as other information.
Introduction Definitions The following abbreviations, industry standard lingo and acronyms are used in this document. BGW BIU BTS DAS DL Downlink Fiber Fiber‐DAS FOI FOR GSM iDEN LTE MU POI QMA RBS RGW RU SC‐APC Single mode fiber SMA Base station Gateway Base station interface. Also known as the DIU. It is the electrical interface between the Master Unit (MU) and the operator radio base station or another source for the radio signals, such as a off‐air repeater. See RBS. A distributed antenna system.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Switch TETRA UL UMTS Uplink SC‐PC SC‐UPC RF WCDMA W‐CDMA 3 A network switch is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network. Terrestrial Trunked Radio. TETRA uses Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) with four user channels on one radio carrier and 25 kHz spacing between carriers. See “Uplink” Universal Mobile Telecommunications System is a system where broadband signaling and packeted data are used.
Chapter 2 System Description The Fiber‐DAS system consists of two major parts. This is the Master Unit (MU) and one or more Remote Units (RU) connected to the Master Unit via optical fibers. Each Remote Unit needs to be connected to a fiber, but up to four RU’s can share a single fiber link using optical splitters. Master Unit The Master Unit consists of a 19‐inch rack with modules that are selected depending on the system design.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Functional description One MFU supports several modules which can be placed anywhere in the frame or as a combination of several different types of units in a frame. There are 16U positions in the MFU that can be utilized, each module type has a different width (see each module’s specifications) so the number of module that will fit in an MFU varies. One MFU can house up to 4 power supplies or 8 base station interface cards or 16 fiber‐optic interface cards.
System Description Base Station Interface Unit (BIU) The Base Station Interface Unit (BIU) is the interface between the operator’s base station and the Fiber‐DAS system. This module has several RF connectors on the front panel and it contains duplex filters (optional) or separate uplink/ downlink paths which can be chosen depending on the needs for the connection to the base station. In most cases the duplexed version with a combined DL/UL port is used.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) The schematic in Figure 3 shows the blocks in the BIU for one of the channels and how the signal detector for the downlink level alarms are connected. Figure 3 Schematic of One BIU RF path Table 2 lists standard cellular BIU’s. Other configurations are available upon request as well as units without internal duplex filtering.
System Description Table 3 RF and electrical performance of the BIU Parameter Value Downlink attenuation Uplink Gain for modules < 1000 MHz Uplink Gain for modules > 1000 MHz IM3 performance Max input non‐destructive High input alarm threshold level Low input alarm threshold level Input return loss Impedance for all RF ports Isolation between ports Power consumption Temperature range Table 4 Settable Settable Settable Unit 10‐30 ± 3 10 to 20 ± 3 ‐10 to 10 ± 3 > 55 > 36 33 10 > 20 50 > 60 < 15 0‐45
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Figure 4 BIU Interfaces ! " " # # # # Item Description DL/UL BTS 1 / 2 This is RF path where the radio base station (RBS) is connected (SMA) to the BIU. Do not exceed the power rating in the downlink for the port. TP UL 1/2 This is a test port (SMA) for the uplink. It shows the uplink signal in the DL/UL BTS port ‐ 6 dB.
System Description Point of Interconnect (POI) The Point of Interconnect (POI) contains 4 1:8 splitters and some attenuators. This is a coupling field used to tie together the signals between the BIUs and the FOIs in a multiple band or multiple operator system. Figure 5 Point of Interconnect (POI) Each of the 4 fields has a COMMON port and ports 1‐8.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Fiber Optic Interface (FOI) unit The FOI converts the RF signals in the downlink to fiber‐optical laser output that is transmitted on the fiber to the remote unit. It also receives the laser light transmitted by the Remote Unit and converts it back to RF signals that are then routed to the POI and then to the BIU.
System Description Figure 7 is a block diagram showing the downlink path in the FOI and how the test port is connected. As you can see there are two attenuators that can be set in the DL path, this allows for balancing the input signals from two different signal sources so that they can share the dynamics of the laser properly.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Figure 8 FOI Interfaces ! " " Item Description OPTO IN/OUT This is the receptacle for the optical fiber. The illustration shows the module with built in WDM (combined RX/TX). The version without WDM has two connectors one for TX and one for RX.
System Description There are also two LEDs on the unit which can be used to check the status according to the following table: Table 7 FOI LED indicators State ON LED Booting Booting standalone mode Booting read of MAC address failed Starting Operation Operation Operation Operation Table 8 2 Hz 2 Hz 2 Hz 0,1 Hz 90% 0,5 Hz 10% 0,5 Hz 10% 0,5 Hz 10% 0,5 Hz 10% ALARM LED Off 2 Hz On 0,1 Hz 90% Off 1 Hz 10% 2 Hz 25% On Note Normal boot Not attached to rack Error Kernel startup Normal operation Minor al
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) PSU – the rack power supply The power supply unit can handle up to one full shelf of active units, such as BIU or FOI. If your system consists of more than one shelf, a PSU is added for each shelf. Figure 9 PSU Functional description The Power Supply Unit is normally delivered as a 240 VAC version for Europe and 115 VAC version for US or other countries using this voltage. A ‐48 VDC telecom version is available.
System Description Base Station Master unit Gateway (BGW) Base Station Master unit Gateway (BGW) is a self‐powered Linux based server. It assigns IP addresses to all the modules in the system, including the Remote Units as well as their components.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Table 11 BGW specifications Parameter Input power voltage, Mains Input power frequency, Mains Operating temperature Power rating, Typical Height Width Depth Weight Value 100‐240 VAC 50 / 60 Hz 10‐30 °C < 100 W 1U 19 In. 360 mm < 5 kg A BGW can also be set up in factory for a special need, it will then be delivered together with a restore image that allows the customer to restore it quickly in case of a hardware failure.
System Description Remote Unit (RU) There are many different kinds of remote units with a wide range of gain and output power to cater to many different needs. A low and medium power unit can house up to 4 different frequency bands in one unit, the high power versions can handle up to 2 different bands in one single unit. Chassis types Remote units (RUs) are available in mainly two different chassis, a single compact chassis for 1‐2 bands and a dual chassis for up to 4 bands (Figure 11).
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Common for all Remote Units is their excellent noise figure, contributing to an overall noise figure for the whole system from remote to head‐end into the base station of < 3 dB for the RF link. Both chassis comply with IP65 protection for use in any environment. The coating is a durable coating which aids the convection cooling. No fans are used for the Remote Units. Both chassis are available with either wall or pole mounting kits, as requested.
System Description Table 16 Specifications DDR100 (Single Band) & DDR200 (Dual band) Power Consumption, max Dimensions Weight Table 17 DDR 100 (200) WxDxH W mm Kg Specifications DDR300(Triple Band) & DDR400(Quad Band) Power Consumption, max Dimensions Weight Table 18 90 (180) 300 x 130 x 700 < 12 DDR 300 (400) WxDxH 270 (360) 300 x 220 x 700 < 24 W mm Kg Available Products, European Cellular System UL Frequency MHz DL Frequency MHz TETRA, Public Safety TETRA, Commercial TETRA, Commercial C
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Table 21 Specifications DDR100 (Single Band) & DDR200 (Dual band) Power Consumption, max Dimensions Weight Table 22 DDR 100 (200) WxDxH W mm Kg Specifications DDR300 (Triple Band) & DDR400 (Quad Band) Power Consumption, max Dimensions Weight Table 23 90 (180) 300 x 130 x 700 < 12 DDR 300 (400) WxDxH 270 (360) 300 x 220 x 700 < 24 W mm Kg Available Products, American Cellular System UL Frequency MHz DL Frequency MHz LTE LB 698 ‐ 716 728 ‐ 746
System Description DDS DeltaNode's DDS series distributed high power radio head is a high performing wideband radio head equipped with a Pre Distortion power amplifier that supports all modulations. The light weight, convection cooled IP65 chassis secures the performance in almost any environment.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) DDH DeltaNode's Distributed High power radio head is a high performing wideband radio head equipped with a feed forward multi carrier power amplifier that supports all modulations. The light weight, convection cooled IP65 chassis secures the performance in almost any environment.
System Description FCC standards Table 35 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS Noise Figure Delay excluding optical fiber Power Supply Operating Temperature Casing Table 36 Typical Mains Nominal Min Min non destructive Typical WxDxH MHz dB mW nm dB dB dB mW 210 300 x 130 x 700 < 14 W mm Kg SPECIFICATIONS DDH200(Dual Band) Power Consumption Dimensions Weight Table 39 88 – 2200 +‐ 3 3 1270 ‐ 1610 < ‐40 30 30 10 SPECIFICATIONS DDH100(Single Band) Power Consumption Dimensions Weight Table 38 dB µs VAC or
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) DMU – Remote head end DeltaNode DMU100 series is a pickup repeater that can provide the signals over fiber to a Master Unit or directly to up to 4 Remote Units.
System Description In the example in Figure 13, the DMU is used to pick up the signal at a remote location and then it is transmitted on the fiber to four different locations that need coverage. The RU can be connected to coaxial spreading networks if needed. Figure 13 DMU Feeding Remote Units In Figure 14, the DMU is feeding a Master Unit (BMU) which in turn feeds the Remote Units (RU).
Chapter 3 System design Fiber‐DAS is a way of distributing radio signals from a base station to a remotely located antenna where the coaxial cable losses would be too high or it is impractical to install coaxial cables. Fiber‐DAS can be used indoors to cover large buildings where outside penetration of radio signals is not sufficient, it can be used to cover structures such as tunnels for rail, or roads, airports, metro lines and many other places.
System design Downlink For the downlink you can usually just use the output power of the remote unit and then calculate your link budget. Remember that if you have several carriers, you need to calculate your link budget with this in account. For each new carrier you add, the power per carrier goes down as the power on the Remote Unit is divided onto all the (active) downlink carriers.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) In the illustration in Figure 15 on page 28 there is an input signal to the remote of ‐80 dBm. Then each step of the chain has gain or attenuation as shown, the fiber loss is in total 40 dB, the FOI is set to 20 dB gain, the loss through the POI is 35 dB, the BIU is set to 7 dB gain and the loss on the jumper between the Master Unit and the Radio Base Station is 2 dB. This means that the signal level entered into the Remote Unit is seen by the base station.
System design Adding noise from each parallel chain is then done through the formula: NF1 + G1 NL Total NF2 + G2 NF n + G n ----------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------10 = 10 log 10 10 10 + 10 10 + + 10 Where: Note: This is different from Friis formula where the noise sources are cascaded, here each noise contribution are just added in linear and then converted back to decibels.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Table 43 Example of GSM link budget Linkbudget GSM with Fiber DAS DOWNLINK Output power DAS remote unit 30.0 dBm Number of carriers 2.0 pcs Power per carrier 27.0 dBm Split loss from RU port to last antenna 6.0 dB Cable losses 4.0 dB DAS antenna gain 3.0 dB EIRP 20.0 dBm MS Noise floor ‐121.0 dB dB This gives the per carrier power MS NF 3.0 MS C/I 12.0 dB MS Fading margin 6.0 dB 10 dB for vehicle movements Penetration loss 0.
System design Table 44 Example WCDMA link budget WCDMA LINK BUDGET RECEIVER SENSITIVITY AND NOISE Noise floor ‐108.2 dBm Receiver NF 6.0 dB RX noise power ‐102.2 dBm Interference margin 3.0 dB RX interference power ‐102.2 Noise plus interference power ‐99.2 dBm dBm Requested bit rate 64.0 kbit Gross bit rate 3840.0 kbit Process gain 17.8 dB Required Eb/No 5.0 dB Fast fading margin 4.0 dB Receiver sensitivity ‐107.9 Video call = 64. voice = 12.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Multiple bands The flexibility of the system allows for up to 4 bands in one remote for the low and medium power remote units. The high‐power version allows 2 bands in the same chassis, mainly because the power amplifiers are more bulky. This means that it is very easy to deploy a system for different bands. The fiber link is ultra wide band and can be used between 88 MHz up to 2 700 MHz thus covering from the VHF end of the spectrum up to the latest LTE bands.
System design Each BIU has a combined UL/DL port towards the base station and on the other side there are separate UL/DL ports. The BIU has an uplink amplifier and a downlink attenuator that can be set. The signals are then connected to the POI’s 4 coupling fields to it’s common ports. The signal is then split onto 8 ports in the downlink and combined from 8 ports in the uplink.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Full system example Here is an example of a full system showing the Master Unit and the fibers that goes off to the Remote Units (not shown in this example) with multiple operators and a large number of frequency bands. Full System Connection Diagram * ( + %, - + .
System design Figure 18 Full System Rack View $ $ $ & ' ( ) * + & ' ( ) * + & ' ( ) * + & ' ( ) * + & ' ( ) * + & ' ( ) * + & ' ( ) * + & ' ( ) * " $ $" , " !" " $ $ $ $ " " !" " "# " $ " " !" " "
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) The Block numbers and the numbers in the circles refer to the numbers on the previous connection drawing. The first frame (BLOCK 1) holds all the BIU interfaces. For clarity the interconnecting cables are not shown here. The second shelf (BLOCK 2) is the 2 POI units and the hybrid combiner (2:3 and 2:4) is hidden inside the cabinet. The third frame (BLOCK 3) holds the FOI cards, up to 16 cards can be held in one such frame.
Chapter 4 Installation guidelines WARNING This is NOT a consumer device. It is design for installation by FCC LICENSEES and QUALIFIED INSTALLERS. You MUST have an FCC LICENSE or express consent of an FCC licensee to operate this device. You MUST register Class B signal boosters (as defined in 47 CFR 90.219) online at www.fcc.gov/signal‐boosters/registration. Unauthorized use may result in significant forfeiture penalties, including penalties in excess of $100,000 for each continuing violation.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Safety and Care for fibers WARNING Avoid looking into connected fibers and receptacles. The laser used in this system is a Class 3b laser that produces invisible infra‐red coherent light. Not safe to view with optical instruments. Always put the protection caps on unused fibers and receptacles. Every time a fiber is disconnected and re‐connected care should be taken to avoid getting dust on the connector or in the receptacle.
Chapter 5 Commissioning Preparations The minimum of preparations necessary are to have the system documentation which should include the following items at least: The system layout and block schematic A connection diagram for the head‐end Master Unit The type of connectors and tappers used to interface to the base station ports The number of carriers for each of the BIU that the base stations connects via Maximum output power for each service from the base stations Fiber losses should
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Chapter 6 RF Commissioning In order to make the process more clear for this part of the manual we will consider setting up a fictitious system, but based on a standard approach at doing Fiber‐DAS. The system that we are considering will have two frequency bands, let’s assume GSM 900 MHz and UMTS 2100 MHz. The example will have 2 sectors with two remotes in each sector.
RF Commissioning Noise load on Radio Base Station The system will inevitable add some noise to the receiver. Properly set up the noise figure in a system like this will be better than 3 dB. However, if the gain is set up poorly (not enough gain in the remote, too much gain in the head‐ end) it is possible to create a very bad noise figure. In order to avoid this the Fiber‐DAS Calculator should be used to calculate the noise figure of the system in the uplink.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) What we see here is that if we set the system up in this fashion we will desensitize the base station with about 5,5 dB. This can be okay if the base station coverage is only through the Fiber‐DAS system but if the base station is also being used for outdoor coverage it is not good. We need to change the net gain to reflect this. In general we should lower our so that we desensitize the BTS only about 3 dB.
RF Commissioning Practical approach Now that we know what we should have we can easily set the system up. You need a spectrum analyzer to do this and it is easiest to connect it into the BIU port. Remember that when you measure here, the signal should also go through the BTS coupler before it reaches the base station receiver port.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) Next step is to connect to the remote unit and set it up for test measurement in the uplink. In this screen you should also turn RF on, set the gain to about 35 dB as a starting point and then turn on the uplink test tone. Note the frequency of the test tone, this is the frequency you should be measuring on your spectrum analyzer.
RF Commissioning Turn on the spectrum analyzer, make sure it is connected to the right port on the right BIU and then find the frequency. A reasonable span is 1 MHz and the receiver band width can be set to 30 kHz or similar. Use the marker to measure the peak of the signal. Then go to the next screen on the remote unit, the RF Status screen. What we are looking for here is the Test tone Level. Note this down as well, next to the frequency of the test tone you noted earlier.
Chapter 7 Model Identification System Model Numbers - - - . - , % */ ' % 0 % *1 ' % . 5 -/% 1*6 . % *- ' 7 % 7 5-8#%*##6 % * ' % ! 5*#/%*+#6 % -- ' % 7 5* #%*-#6 % 2 % " ( 3 4 , % ,. 5*9#%*1#6 ) % )% % --# % 1> / =) ? % -9# % =) % -1# : % 9## .
Model Identification Remote End Unit Part Numbers Note: The remote end units are completely integrated at the factory, there is no field assembly other than mounting and cable connection. Modules should not be altered once deployed.
Fiber Distributed Antenna System (Fiber DAS) 49
