(c) Copyright 1985 by Checkmate Technology, Inc. All rights reserved Port #MR8005—1 AceCalc, MagiCalc and Magic Office are the trademarks of Artsci. Inc. Apple is the registered trademark of Apple Computer, lnc. Apple Pascal, AppleWorks, FID, DOS 3.3, aixl ProDOS are trademrks of Apple Computer, Inc. David DOS is the tradmark of David Data, Inc. Diversa-DOS is the trademark of DSR. Inc.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface — How To Use This Manual ................................................ v GETTING STARTED ............................................................... Features ......................................................................... Standard Features ........................................................ Optional Features ........................................................ Hardware Requirements .......................................................
ii USING THE MULTIRAM C CARD ................................... 4.1 AppleWorks Configuration ...................................................... 4.1 AppleWorks Restrictions ........................................................ 4.3 Desktop Space and File Limits ............................................ 4.4 Clipboard Line/Row Limit ................................................. 4.4 Disk Capacity .............................................................. 4.4 Program Segment Overlays ........
iii Programming Tips ............................. ProDOS Updates .............................. Other Ram Disk Software ............................ 5.9 5.9 5.9 ..... 6.1 Hardware ..................................... Disk Disks ............................... Hon—Interruptable Power Supplies ......... Software ..................................... 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.2 Chapter 6 Hardware & Software Compatibility — PROGRAMING THE MULTIRAM C CARD .......... 7.1 General Information .....................
V Preface HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL This manual is divided into four parts. Part 1 GETTING STARTED, should be read first by everyone. Chapter 1 summarizes MultiRam C’s features and minimum hardware requirements. Chapter 2 gives step—by—step instructions for installing MultiRam C and adding memory to the card. Chapter 2 is required reading for those who intend to install their own RAM. Chapter 3 covers testing and troubleshooting procedures.
Part 1 GETTING STARTED Getting Started describes the MultiRam C C a r d ’ s features a n d instructs you i n installing and testing the card.
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The MultiRam (tm) C Card is an expandable memory card for the Apple //c that brings great power and versatility to your Apple. MultiRam C’s memory is expandable from 256K to 512K. When MultiRam C is installed inside an Apple //c, the card’s memory is added to the Apple //c’s 128K built-in memory to give the //c up to 640K of total memory. MultiRam C fits inside the Apple //c, underneath the keyboard.
INTRODUCTION 1.2 FEATURES MultiRam C offers many standard and optional features. MultiRam C’s flexibility insures your Apple //c of a long, productive life. Standard Features The MultiRam C package comes with these standard features: — — — — Two banks of sockets to add up to 512K to the Apple //c. A minimum of 256K installed. Uses standard 150 nanosecond 256K or 64K RAM chips.
INTRODUCTION HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS The minimum equipment requirements to use MultiRam C are: — An Apple //c computer. MultiRam C will not work iN an Apple //e or in the Apple II, II+ or Apple II+ compatible computers. — A monitor suitable for 80 column display. 1.
2.1 Chapter 2 INSTALLATION This chapter contains all the information you will need to install your MultiRam C Card. Package Contents, card care instructions, a physical description, and instructions for RAM additions and card installation are covered.
2.2 INSTALLATION Never insert your card into or remove it tram the computer while the Apple’s power is on. You may damage the card, the Apple, and other devices attached to the Apple. You will void your MultiRam C warranty. When installing added RAM, as discussed later, try to minimize the number of times RAM is inserted into and removed from the MultiRam C’s sockets. Even our quality sockets will be degraded by excessive insertion and removal of RAM chips.
MMU INSTALLATION RAM BANK A RAM BANK B 65C02 CPU SPEAKER CONNECTOR PORT 2.3 FIGURE 2.
2.4 INSTALLATION The posts on the bottom of the card are installed at the factory. These posts help level and support the card. The holes at the top of the card are to add keyboard support posts. These posts need to be installed by you before inserting the card into the computer. These posts directly support the keyboard. Speaker Connector Port On the bottom left aide of the card is a round hole.
INSTALLATION Original 2.5 Ram Each MultiRam C Card is shipped with a minimum of 256K in Bank A, which means Bank A should have a full set of eight 256K RAM chips. Your MultiRam C Card may contain RAM in other banks as your dealer may have ordered the card with more memory or say have installed his own RAM chips. Look on the lower right hand area of the rear of your card to see what RAM was shipped with the card.
2.6 INSTALLATION Installation Procedure To install a set of RAM chips lay MultiRam C down on a table with the socket side up. The eight sockets of Bank A will be at the top left end (see Figure 2.1); there should already be a set of 256K RAM installed in that bank. Install the next set of RAM into Bank B on the bottom left of the card. Most RAM chips have a notch or dot at one end to designate pin one. The chip's notch should match the notch on the chip drawing under the socket.
INSTALLATION 2.7 INSTALLING THE MULTIRAM C CARD The following step—by—step instructions will allow you to easily install and test the MultiRam C Card in your Apple //c. You should carefully read over all of the instructions before proceeding with installation. Although no technical skills are required to install the card, you must open the case of your Apple to do the installation.
2.8 INSTALLATION Make a backup copy of the reverse side of the MultiRam disk, the Utility side of the disk containing a RAM test program. Use COPYA or the ProDOS Filer contained on the Utility side of the MultiRam disk to make the copy. Refer to your Apple manual for information on the copy process if you are unfamiliar with disk copying. When you have finished making the backup copy, all connectors from the back panel of the //c means you should remove the external power cable video cable.
INSTALLATION 2.9 CASE SCREWS CASE SCREWS FIGURE 2.2 FIGURE 2.
INSTALLATION 2.10 Insert knife) Figure the Hr tab on the tip of a small screwdriver (or thin flat blade like a butter between the outside case and the back panel at point A identified in 2.3. Pry out the back panel until the tab pops free of the notch in case. Continue the same procedure working up and across until the the side and the one tab on the top right side are free. You may be able to pull the right side of the panel away from the case at this point as Figure 2.4 shows.
INSTALLATTON FIGURE 2.6 FIGURE 2.5 2.
2.12 INSTALLATION 5. Turn the //c around so that the keyboard end now faces you. The //c should now resemble Figure 2.7. 6. Lift up the front end of the keyboard and pull the keyboard slightly towards you. This will remove the keyboard from the slots in the disk drive case (identified in Figure 2.7) that help to hold the keyboard in place. When the keyboard is free of the slots, turn the keyboard upside down and lay it over the disk drive as shown in Figure 2.8.
INSTALLATTON 2.13 KEYBOARD BRACE MMU CPU SPEAKER CONNECTOR FIGURE 2.
2.14 INSTALLATION 8. Pull off the speaker ConnecTOR from the speaker pins underneath the connector. The speaker connector is identified in Figure 2.8. 9. Remove the CPU and MMU from the motherboard. These components are identified in Figure 2.8. Using a small metal spoon, as Figure 2.10 shows, insert the bowl and of the spoon between the CPU and MMU and their respective sockets. Rock the spoon back and forth to loosen the component from the socket at one end.
INSTALLATION FIGURE 2.10 FIGURE 2.11 2.
2.16 INSTALLATION 3. Remove the protective foam from the connecting pins on the bottom of the card. The card should now look like Figure 2.12 and is reedy for insertion into the //c motherboard. Inserting The Card 1. Pick up the card with both hands and insert the card into the CPU and motherboard sockets. MMU As Figure 2.13 shows, first position the card directly over the sockets so that you can see the pins that wilt enter the CPU socket. Carefully align the pins with the CPU socket’s holes.
INSTALLATION FIGURE 2.13 FIGURE 2.14 2.
2.18 INSTALLATION 3. Return the keyboard to its normal position on top of the keyboard support posts. The card is now ready to be tested. Testing The Card 1. Attach the video cable from your monitor to the //c. Attach the external power supply cable to the //c. Turn on the monitor. If you did not insert the backup copy of the Utility side of the MultiRam disk into the internal disk drive, do so now. 2. Turn on the //c.
INSTALLATION 2.19 Reassembly 1. With the front of the //c facing you, insert the back of the keyboard into the restraining slits on the disk drive case. The right end of the back of the keyboard fits into the slit on the disk drive near the power supply and the protrusion to the right of the keyboard connector cable fits into the slit in the middle of the disk drive. 2. Replace the top cover. Insert the hook at the front end of the top cover into the cutout for it on the keyboard.
Chapter 3 TESTING & TROUBLESHOOTING This chapter covers testing procedures you may use to check the RAM on your MultiRam C Card. This chapter should be read by everyone who has just bought and installed the MultiRam, C Card. You should always refer back to this chapter when you add or replace RAM on the card or if a problem develops while using the card.
3.2 TESTING & TROUBLESHOOTING The bottom two lines of the screen show the keys that say be used to run testing — Pressing the Arrow keys position a flashing. solid cursor in a hot to the left of the sit applications shown. — Pressing the Return key tons the application marked by the flashing cursor. — Pressing the Esc key shorts “full” or “continuous” tests. — Pressing the Space Bar once pauses “full” or “continuous” tests; pressing it again resumes the tests.
TESTING & TROUBLESHOOTING 3.3 MultiRam C Diagnostics Version 1.0 Copyright (c) 1985 by CHECKMATE TECHNOLOGY. INC. Status Bank 1 ???k Bank 2 ???k Bank A Bank 3 ???k Group: ???k Bank 4 ???k ————————————————————— Bank 5 ???k Bank 6 ???k Bank B Bank 7 ???k Group: ???K Bank 8 ???k ========================== TOTAL ???k [ ] View Status page [ ] Quite to Basic Test: [ ] Quick [ ] Full [ ] Continuous RETURN ARROWS SPACE BAR ESCAPE Starts select pause/resume cancel FIGURE 3.1 MultiRam C Diagnostics Version 1.
3.4 TESTING & TROUBLESHOOTING Each socket is divided into four squares. Each socket is shown as four squares because MultiRam C can contain eight 64K auxilIary banks in its two RAM banks (Figure 3.3). The Apple. through MultiRam C circuitry, addresses these eight 64K banks as follows: BANK A RAM BANK B RAM 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 Running any of these tests, you will see a spinning cursor appear in place of the flashing cursor in the bottom four lines of the screen.
TESTING & TROUBLESHOOTING 3.
3.6 TESTING & TROUBLESHOOTING Test Results Several reasons may lie behind an appearance of a blank square or a “X” square. If these results are shown as the result of your testing, write the socket number of those chips that test “bad.” Turn off the Apple //c, its case following the instructions in Chapter 2 remove its cover, lift the keyboard and visually inspect the MultiRam C Card. in a down open back If an entire bank shows “bad”, there is probably no RAM in that bank. This is easily verified.
TESTING & TROUBLESHOOTING 3.7 If all components are correctly seated, next check to be certain the card is firmly inserted into the CPU and MMU sockets. If the card is not making full contact in these sockets, the card will not work. Apply gentle rocking downward pressure on the card near the area of the CPU and MMU on the card. You should feel further downward movement of the card if it was not fully seated. If the proceeding steps do not solve the problem, remove the card from the //c.
Part 2 USING THE MULTIRAM C CARD Using MultiRam C shows you how to use MultiRam C for massive Desktop space with AppleWorks, how to use the card as a RAM fast disk drive, and describes hardware and software that you can use to enhance the usefulness of MultiRam C.
Chapter 4 APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM The MultiRam C Card releases the power locked up within AppleWorks! AppleWorks has become the best selling program for the Apple //c and //e. AppleWorks real potential, however, has not been realized as AppleWorks usefulness is constrained by the small 55K Desktop apace an ordinary 128K Apple //c provides the program. With MultiRam C enhancements made to AppleWorks, AppleWorks can now live up to its real potential.
4.2 APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM 1. Make backup copies of the Startup disk, Program disk, and AppleWorks memory expansion disk (the front of the MultiRam disk). For your convenience, the Filer, Apple’s ProDOS disk copy program, is included on the Utility side of the MultiRam disk (beck side) to make your backup copies. You may use COPYA on a DOS 3.3 System. Master disk or any other disk copy program for this purpose, however.
APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM 4.3 lower right corner does not show this loss because the overlay manager does not reserve apace for all AppleWorks program segments. AppleWorks will allow data files to overwrite all but a few key program segments option two loads in during the boot. Program segments can be overwritten because AppleWorks will search for the Program disk and load the required program segments if it does not find what it needs in memory.
4.4 APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM Desktop Space and File Limits AppleWorks supports a total of 12 files and 55K of memory for the Desktop. The MultiRam C modification permits the Desktop to expand to 413K. The number of files allowed remains at 12. Clipboard Line/Row Limit The Clipboard Is a temporary storage area in AppleWorks that allows the transfer of data between files. Currently, the Clipboard is limited to accepting a maximum of 295 lines or rows at one time.
APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM While this increase makes AppleWorks much more useful for small to medium size records, files with large record sizes (AppleWorks allows records to be as large as 1K) can exceed even MultiRam’s memory before reaching the 5,100 record limit. Please read the section “Working With Large Files” in this chapter for more information. Spreadsheet Worksheets Worksheets are limited to 127,873 cells in the AppleWorks spreadsheet.
4.6 APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM The actual time an action on a large file takes say be as little as half the time AppleWorks shows or as much as twice the stated time. The differences in actual versus approximate stated times will vary depending on the type of file in use and the operation called for. For example, a sort on a large database file could be double the time Indicated if the sort is being performed on several fields with each record having information in the fields selected.
APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM 4.7 The sizes AppleWorks will report for files greater then 255K will be incorrect. Figure 4.1 shows a catalog of a ProDOS hard disk subdirectory with one AppleWorks file “SAMPLE” in the directory. ProDOS reports the size of a file in blocks. A block is 512 bytes or 1/2 of 1K. Therefore the size of the file is 621 blocks divided by 2 or 310K. The sase file when cataloged by AppleWorks shows 53K on disk end 67K when loaded onto the Desktop as Figures 4.2 and 4.3 show.
4.
4.9 APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM cat/hard1/test TEST NAME TYPE SAMPLE ADB BLOCKS FREE: 1047 BLOCKS 621 MODIFIED 10—JUL—85 BLOCKS USED: 2089 FIGURE 4.1 Main Menu Add Files AppleWorks files Subdirectory: /hard1/test has 523K available Name Type of file Size Date Time SAMPLE Data Base 53K 7/10/85 FIGURE 4.2 Main Menu Save Files Name Status SAMPLE Unchanged Document type FIGURE 4.
4.10 APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM Word Processor Flies AppleWorks limits word processing files to 2,250 lines. This is the equivalent to 45 single—spaced, typewritten pages with standard margins. While AppleWorks supports print lines up to about 140 characters, it only displays about 74 characters on a screen line. Given these restrictions, you can create a word processor file that uses 130K of memory. 122K on disk, and takes 1:08 minutes to load or save from floppy disk.
APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM 4.11 When working with a very large worksheet in memory, it is a good idea to leave an empty border of 2 or 3 rows or columns at the top, sides and bottom. As with the word processor, the date moving commands (Hove and Copy) won’t always operate as expected at the edges of the worksheet.
4.12 APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM To merge files 1. Load all files (in this example, files ONE, TWO, and THREE) into memory. Press [Open—Apple]+Q (Desktop index). A window will appear in the center of the screen showing the names of all the files in memory. 2. Decide which of the files you went to merge all of the records into. We will use ONE am the main file in this example, moving first TWO, then THREE into it. Move the cursor to file TWO and press RETURN to select it. 3.
APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM 4.13 In our example, the destination file (ONE) is modified by the addition of another category. so that none of the data in the merged file (THREE) is lost. Further, the categories in ONE will be rearranged so that it is in the same order as THREE. Note that they don’t have to be the same names nor match upper or lower case, but they must be in the sequence. The category names in the destination file (ONE) will prevail and the other category names will be lost. 7.
APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM 4.14 Preparing for Segmentation Saving very large files does involve some planning and time when you are using standard Apple 5 1/4 inch disk drives. The first requirement for using large files and floppy disk drives is disks and lots of them. Don’t consider starting a session with one or more large files without having at least three to five blank or recycled disks per large file you will be working with. Any file over 260K will require three blank disks to save the file.
APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM 4.15 2. Format the required number of data disks with the same volume name. From the main menu choose “5” to go to other activities and then select “5” to format a blank disk. Enter a disk name no more than 15 characters long. After the first disk is formatted, press the space bar to return to the disk formatter. Remove the first disk and place the next blank disk in the drive. Label the first disk with a “1” to indicate that you will use it to save the first file segment.
4.16 APPLEWORKS & MUlTIRAM Disk: Drive 2 "SAMPLE" Escape: Save Files Main Menu Save Files "SAMPLE.2" This file is larger than this disk Insert the next disk with the prefix: /TEST To continue with the file: "SAMPLE.2" Press Space bar to continue 38K Avail. FIGURE 4.4 Disk: Drive 2 "SAMPLE" Escape: Save Files Main Menu Save Files "SAMPLE.3" This file is larger than this disk Insert the next disk with the prefix: /TEST To continue with the file: "SAMPLE.
4.17 APPLEWORKS & MIJLTIRAM A. Normal AppleWorks File Save 2. File while saving 1. File before resaving 3. File after resaving B. Segemented File Save Small File -— 1. File before resaving 2. FIle after resaving spans two disks due to size. C. Segmented File Save Large File -—. I.First part of save. 2. Second part of save. FIGURE 4.6 Free disk space 3.
4.18 APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM The MultiRam file segmenting procedure does not affect AppleWorks internal backup safeguard as long as there is room on the disk for the temporary file being saved and the old, existing file. But if there is no inns on the disk to save the temporary file, even though the file could easily be saved to a blank disk, the segmenting routine will save the first part of the file to the disk, delete the old file, and then request a new disk to continue the file. Part B of Figure 4.
APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM 4.19 If the first disk you load is not the first disk in the sequence, unpredictable results can happen as only the first file contains critical information relating to the segmentation. At best, error messages that make no sense will appear. At worst, AppleWorks will hang or crash. Be very careful to always correctly and boldly label the first disk of a segmented file to avoid potentially disastrous results.
4.20 APPLEWORKS & MULTIRAM Switching Between Files On The Desktop The multi--file Desktop is one of the beat features of AppleWorks. With only 55K of standard Desktop apace, however, it can be a nuisance to have to remove a 45K database tile from the Desktop in order to sake room for a 12k word processor document or spreadsheet. And with 55K. transferring data between applications can became a laborious chore that spoils the “integrated” aspect of AppleWorks.
RAM DISK EMULATION 5.1 Chapter 5 RAM DISK EMULATION The MultiRam C Card can be made to look like a high capacity disk drive to DOS 3.3, ProDOS, and Apple Pascal operating systems. After MultiRam C is setup as a RAM disk, it can be used like any disk drive except it will work many times faster since it is RAM based and has no mechanical parts. Depending upon the type of operating system and commands used, disk access times can be forty times faster than normal.
5.2 RAM DISK EMULATION Preparing The Program The RAM disk program is on the Utilities side of your MultiRam disk. need to save this program to another disk as it cannot be used directly Utilities disk. The Utilities disk uses the ProDOS operating system. stored on a ProDOS disk cannot be directly transferred to a DOS disk. need to use the Convert program, also found on the Utilities disk, to the RAM disk program for you.
RAM DISK EMULATION 5.3 Always end a session with the RAM disk by copying any files on the RAM disk that you wish to permanently save to a floppy disk. Programs can also be directly saved to the RAM disk from memory. Similarly, programs can be loaded into the Apple’s memory from the RAM disk. CAUTION: When using a RAM disk, DO NOT create a file greeter in size than the disk you can save it too. A standard 5 1/4 inch Apple disk drive can save 128K of data with DOS on the diskette, or 140K without DOS.
5.4 RAM DISK EMULATION Running the preceding program will create and save a text file to disk that when EXEC’d first runs the RAM disk installation program, runs FID, and then passes values to FID so that all the files on the disk. including P10 and the RAM disk drive program, are copied to the RAM disk. The only thing to add to the disk are the files you would like to see moved onto the RAM disk.
RAM DISK EMULATION Programming 5.5 Tips DOS 3.3’s Read/Write/Track/Sector routine, RWTS, can be used to directly read or write to the RAM disk. If you wish to use RWTS with the RAM disk, follow all standard protocols and do not call into RWTS; enter RWTS from the top of the routine. The standard or custom RWTS Input/Output Block (IOB) and its sector buffer must lie in the $200 to $BFFF area of main motherboard memory.
RAM DISK EMULATION 5.6 PRODOS RAM DISK The MULTIDRIVE.PRO program converts your MultiRam Cs memory into a fast electronic disk drive for the ProDOS operating system. The ProDOS RAM disk is recognized by ProDOS as one large ProWS volume. Specifications The MULTIDRIVE.PR0 RAM disk program creates one ProWS volume named “/RAM,” located in slot 3, drive 2. The size of the “/RAM” disk depends upon the amount of memory on the MultiRam C Card.
RAM DISK EMULATION 5.7 Using the ProDOS Filer, which is included on the Utility side of the MultiRam disk, you may transfer the MULTIDRIVE.PRO program to any ProDOS formatted disk. To run the program, simply type “MULTIDRIVE.PRO” after the disk the program is on has booted and has displayed the Applesoft “]” prompt. If the program is on a disk other than the one you originally booted, first type the disk s prefix and then the program name. For example, “—/USERS.DISK/MULTIDRIVE.
5.8 RAM DISK EMULATION Transferring Files Files must be copied to end from the RAM disk using a file copier. The Filer’s “Copy Files” commend is easily used for this purpose. The “Copy a Volume” command, found under the volume commands, will not work. The Filer program is included on the Utilities side of the MultiRam disk. Always end a session with the RAM disk by copying any files on the RAM disk that have been modified and will be used again to a floppy or hard disk.
RAM DISK EMULATION 5.9 First, boot the other disk you would like to run using the Control+[Open—Apple]+Reset key combination. DO NOT turn off the Apple and then turn it on again to boot the desired disk aa all files on the RAM disk will be lost. Run the desired programs from the disk you booted. Second, when you are ready to return to use the ProDOS RAM disk, remove the disk you have been working with from your disk drive. Insert a ProDOS disk, preferably one with the file MULTIDRIVE.RAM on it.
CHAPTER 6 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITY MuItiRAM C’s operation can be enhanced by using other manufacturer’s hardware and software products along with it. Some of the more useful products are described in this chapter. HARD WARE All hardware products tested with the MultiRam C card have been compatible : modems, mouses, printer cards and printers. etc.
6.2 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE COMPATIBILITY Before buying a large floppy drive or hard disk drive, check to ace that all the operating systems you would like to use on your Apple (ProDOS, DOS 3.3, and Pascal) work on the drive. Further, if you use copy protected commercial software. be certain that the drive will run the software you now use or check with the software publishers to see if they have a version that will run on the drive in question.
Part 3 PROGRAMMING THE MULTIRAM C CARD Programming the MultiRam C card explains how to use the //c’s standard auxiliary memory and how to manage multiple auxiliary bank addressing for the MultiRam C Card.
chapter 7 PROGRAMMING AUXILIARY MEMORY MultiRam C’s memory is addressed by The Apple as standard auxiliary memory. Therefore, when any 64K bank of the MultiRam cards memory has been switched into place as active auxiliary memory, standard auxiliary memory addressing techniques can be used to access MultiRam C memory. This section briefly reviews standard auxiliary memory programing techniques for the Apple //c.
7.2 PROGRAMMING AUXILIARY MEMORY BANK SWITCHING Because the 65C02 can address only 64K of memory at one time, in order to utilize the I/c’s auxiliary memory, the computer must switch between the 64K RAM of the main memory and the 64K of auxiliary memory. This is called “bank switching. Soft switches are locations which control which of the banks of memory is being addressed at a given time. Each soft switch has two control locations assigned to it as Table 8.1 shows.
PROGRAMMING AUXILIARY MEMORY Table 8.1 Soft switches Switch Name ------ Location Hex Decimal ----------- RAMRD $C013 $C002 $COO3 49171 49154 49155 Read RAMRD switch OFF: Read Main 48K ($0200—$BFFF) ON: Read Aux. 48K RAMWRT $C014 $CD04 $C005 49172 49156 49157 Read RAMWRT switch OFF: Write to Main 48K ON: Write to Aux. 48K ALTZP $C016 $C008 49174 49160 $C009 49161 Read ALTZP switch OFF: Use Main memory, Page 0. stack bank—switched (16K) memory ON: Use Aux. memory.
7.4 PROGRAMING AUXILIARY MEMORY AUXMOVE AND XFER No built—in assembly language subroutines may be used to transfer data and program control between main memory and auxiliary memory. These are AUXMOVE (starting location $C311) and XFER ($C314). AUXMOVE is used to move blocks of data between main and auxiliary memory. Three pairs of bytes are used to pass addresses to AUXMOVE.
Chapter 8 AUXILIARY MEMORY MANAGEMENT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The MultiRam C Card can contain up to 512K of memory. The Apple //c’s 65C02 processor can use this memory as eight banks of ordinary 64K auxiliary memory. How to use these different memory banks from within control by machine language routines is the subject of this chapter.
8.2 AUXILIARY MEMORY MANAGEMENT A $0 written to $C07X selects the //c’s own auxiliary 64K memory. Values $9 to sET written to $C07X also select auxiliary hank $0. Under program control, the last 64K bank selected will remain enabled as auxiliary memory until another bank is selected. PROGRAMMING GUIDELINES The following programming guides will will help you in writing your own software to effectively use the card’s memory.
AUXILIARY MEMORY MANAGEMENT Figure 8.1 MultiRam C Auxiliary Memory bank Selection Bank 8 Bank 7 Bank 6 Store Bank Number e.g. $0 Bank 5 Bank 4 Bank 3 Bank 2 Bank 1 $C07X Bank 0 Bank Select Switch (X = $0 to $F) Figure 82 MultiRam C Auxiliary Memory Bank Selection Bank 8 Bank 7 Bank 6 Store Bank Number e.g. $4 Bank 5 Bank 4 Bank 3 Bank 2 Bank 1 $C07X Bank Select Switch (X = $0 to $F) Bank 0 8.
8.4 AUXILIARY MEMORY MANAGEMENT Initializing The Card When the Apple is first booted from a cold start, auxiliary bank 0 (zero) is selected. This is the //c’s own built-in auxiliary 64K memory. A program, however, should not assume bank 0 (zero) will he immediately available to it. A program may have been run previously that left another bank selected. Make it a practice to select bank 0 (zero) when first addressing the card and when exiting your program.
AUXILIARY MEMORY MANAGEMENT 8.5 An example of a routine to identify useable memory is as follows: LDX MARKALL STX STX STX BANK# BNKSELCT ALTZP TEST1 TXA E0R #FF STA TEST2 DEX BPL MARKALL LDX READALL STX CPX BNE TXA EOR CMP BNE BEQ READNEXT DEX BPL STX RTS BANK1 BNXSELCT TEST1 MAPFAIL #FF TEST2 MAPFAIL MAPPASS READALL MAINZP Bank number to start. $1B for //e compatibility Select bank with the $C07X bank switch Write to $C009 for aux.
8.6 AUXILIARY MEMORY MANAGEMENT Data can also be transfered from one MultiRam C 64K auxiliary bank to another 64K auxiliary bank. This could be done by selecting the source bank, copying the source bank’s data into main memory using AUXMOVE or your own memory move routine, selecting the 64K destination bank, and then writing the data to the destination bank from main memory. Another method is to transfer data directly from one bank to another, one byte at a time, through the accumulator.
AUXILIARY MEMORY MANAGEMENT 8.7 An alternative method to handling interrupts is to disable interrupts with a SEI instruction whenever auxiliary bank—switched memory is in use. When switching out of auxiliary bank—switched memory, interrupt requests could then be enabled with a CLI command.
Part 4 MULTIRAM C SERVICE GUIDE The MultiRam Service Guide describes the MultiRam C warranty and explains Checkmate Technology’s service policies.
Chapter 9 THE WARRANTY The MultiRam C Card, like all of Checkmate Technology’s peripheral cards, carries a 5 YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY. CHECKMATE TECHNOLOGY, INC. warrants products against defects in material and workmanship for a period of 5 years (90 days for software) after purchase. During the warranty period, CHECKMATE TECHNOLOGY, INC.
9.2 THE WARRANTY In order to transfer registration you must provide Checkmate Technology with: 1. Product name 2. Serial number on the card 3. Name of previouS owner (sellers name) 4. Your name, address, and telephone number 5. Date of sale 6. Your check for $10 ($30 if the card was not registered) EXTENDING THE WARRANTY If you would like to extend the warranty on your newly purchased or used card, Checkmate Technology offers an EXTENDED WARRANTY PROGRAM.
chapter 10 SERVICE POLICIES This chapter explains Checkmate Technology’s repair and product update policies and other pertinent customer information. HOW TO GET HELP If you are unable to get your MultiRam C Card to work properly after following the procedures in Chapter 3, please contact the Customer Service Department. We will try to solve your problem as quickly as possible. Telephone Help Before sending in your MultiRam C Card, you may want to call a Customer Service representative.
10.2 SERVICE POLICIES HOW TO RETURN A CARD If it is necessary to return your MultiRam C Card, follow these steps: I. Please wrap your card in anti—static material. If none is available, wrap the card in aluminum foil. Returning a card without wrapping it in protective anti—static material or aluminum roil say cause further damage to the card and will VOID YOUR WARRANTY. Insert the pins on the bottom of the card into the anti—static foam shipped with the card to protect the pins from damage. 2.
SERVICE POLICIES 10.3 RAM INSTALLATION & REPLACEMENT POLICY You may return your card to Checkmate Technology if you would prefer to have the factory install added RAM on your card. Installed RAM will be teated at the factory on your card before return to you. The cost of factory installed RAM is $65.00 for a set of eight 64K DRAM and $120.00 for a set of eight 256K DRAM. Checkmate Technology will return your card postage prepaid. These prices are subject to change.
10.4 SERVICE POLICIES NEWSLETTERS Checkmate Technology will publish informative newsletters for registered owners of its products. "Check—It—Out” Newsletters will contain Information on updates to products, information on modifications to software, general information on product usage, and news of product developments at Checkmate Technology, Inc.