BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Outdoor Bridge User’s Guide (for models using AMP2440-250/500) July, 1999 Cat. No.
Disclaimer: The diagrams in this manual are for illustrative purposes only. They should not be confused with the transceiver operating in a standalone mode. When these diagrams are in use, the transceiver will be installed in conjunction with amp model AMP-2440-250/500 and the antennas listed in Table 1. © 1999 by BreezeCOM Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form without the written permission of the copyright owner.
Statement of Conditions The information contained in this manual is subject to change without notice. BreezeCOM Ltd. shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this manual or equipment supplied with it. Warranty In the following warranty text, “the Company” shall mean: - BreezeCOM Inc., for products located in the USA. - BreezeCOM Ltd., for products located outside the USA.
Antenna Type Uni 24 Uni 21 Uni 18 Uni 16 Uni 16 Uni 13 Omni 12 Omni 8 Omni 6 Gain (dBi) Gain Numeric 24 21 18 16 16 13 12 8 6 251.2 125.9 63.1 39.8 39.8 20.0 15.8 6.3 4.0 Amp Peak output Power (mW) 250 250 250 250 500 500 250 500 500 Peak Power Exposure Distance (cm) 70.7 50.1 35.4 28.1 39.8 28.2 20.0 20.0 20.
CONTACTING BREEZECOM TECHNICAL SUPPORT Should you need assistance beyond the scope of this guide, please contact your local BreezeCOM reseller or distributor. If they cannot solve your problem, feel free to contact the BreezeCOM Technical Support Depatrment. The support representatives can assist you in solving any problems that cannot be solved by your reseller.
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series ......................................1-4 1.1. How to Use This Guide .........................................................................1-4 1.2. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Features ......................................................1-5 1.3.1. Access Point ..............................................................................1-6 1.3.4. Workgroup Bridge ..................................
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3.6.1. System Counters ..................................................................... 3-18 3.6.2. Survey Software...................................................................... 3-22 3.6.3. Event Log ............................................................................... 3-22 3.6.4. Display Neighboring AP’s....................................................... 3-22 3.6.5. Using the Site Survey Software .......................................
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 8.2. Technical Specifications........................................................................9-3 8.2.1. Specifications for BreezeNET PRO.11 Units..............................9-3 8.2.5. Specifications for AL 1 Lightning Arrestor ................................9-6 8.3. Wireless LAN Concepts ........................................................................9-7 8.4. Radio Signal Propagation .............................................................
Professional Installation for Model BreezeNET PRO.11/AMP1440 System Intended use All BreezeCOM devices are used to provide high speed data connections to remote networks. The BreezeNET PRO.11/AMP2440 System is not intended nor is it marketed for home use. It is designed for use by commercial businesses only. Installation The installation of the Model BreezeNET PRO.11/AMP2440 System will be controlled.
Marketing and sales channels BreezeCOM DOES NOT sell direct to end users. BreezeNET PRO.11/AMP2440 System will be sold only to BreezeCOM's Authorized Resellers. Those authorized resellers are technically trained by BreezeCOM's Engineers periodically and must follow the rules set by BreezeCOM. The BreezeNET/AMP2440 system is designed for Long Range (10-25 miles) applications and it involves a complicated mandatory site survey, roof top mast installation, high gain antennas, accurate antenna alignment, etc.
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE BREEZENET PRO.11 SERIES This chapter explains how to use this guide, presents the members of the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series, describes the benefits of BreezeNET PRO.11 Wireless LANs, and lists the product specifications. 1.1. How to Use This Guide This User’s Guide contains instructions for overall planning and setting up your wireless LAN, and provides details of how to install each unit, and how to install antennas and accessories.
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1.2. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Features Following is a partial list of the features in the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series: • IEEE 802.11 Compliant – All BreezeNET PRO.11 Series units are fully compliant with the final IEEE 802.11 specification for wireless LANs, and thus support interoperability with other 802.11 compliant vendors. • Fully integrated product family – One high-performance Access Point for all products in the series.
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1.2.1. Access Point The Access Point is fully compliant with the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard. The BreezeNET Access Point is a wireless hub that provides access for wireless workstations into wired Ethernet LANs.
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Balancing algorithm to divide the stations equally between the available colocated Access Points. The BreezeNET Access Point contains an embedded SNMP agent enabling effective management by BreezeVIEW or any standard SNMP management station. Software upgrades can be downloaded by TFTP protocol via the wired LAN or wireless LAN. 1.2.2.
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Workstations that can be connected to the wireless LAN include PCs, XTerminals, Digital, SUN, HP, IBM, and Apple computers, and any other device that supports Ethernet. The unit is transparent to the workgroup devices’ hardware, software, and network operating system. The BreezeNET Workgroup Bridge contains an embedded SNMP agent and software downloading capabilities enabling effective management.
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series The AMP2440 and the BreezeNET radio modem must be professionally installed. Table (1) shows the FCC approved configuration of the AMP2440, BreezeNET Radio and antenna configurations. WARNING: It is the responsibility of the installer to ensure that when used in the United States (or where FCC rules apply), only these configurations are used. The use of any antenna other than those listed below is expressly forbidden in accordance to FCC rules CFR47 part 15.204.
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1.5.1. Quick Review of Ethernet Standard Ethernet LAN stations are wired to a common bus. When one of the stations sends a message, it assigns a destination address to the message and sends the message on the bus. All stations on the bus “hear” the message, but only the station with the proper address processes the message. 1.5.2. Startup Procedure When wireless units (other than AP-10) start up, they scan the frequencies for an AP-10.
Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1.5.5. SA-40 Station Adapter The SA-40 station adapter has four connectors for up to four stations and works just like the SA-10. As each station connected to the SA-40 sends its first message, each address is registered in the AP-10. The AP-10 keeps only up to four addresses for each SA-40, so the SA-40 will not work properly if connected to more than four stations. 1.5.6.
Basic Installation 2. BASIC INSTALLATION The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series is a plug-and-play solution, and the units begin to function when the following basic installation is complete. However, you can adapt the system to your particular needs using the local terminal (see Chapter 3). For a description of various overall system configurations, refer to Chapter 4. 2.1. Basic Installation Checklist Standard installation involves the following steps: • Check the Package List.
Basic Installation The AP-10 PRO.11 Access Point comes with the following additional components: • The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series User’s Guide. • A monitor connector cable for connecting the units to a monitor in order to perform Local Terminal Management functions (see section 3.1). • Proprietary MIB disk for performing remote unit configuration and monitoring via SNMP (see section 8.1.1). Open the packaging carefully and make sure that none of the items listed above are missing.
Basic Installation Outdoor Installation Considerations. Heat Sources Keep the units well away from sources of heat, such as radiators, airconditioners, etc. 2.3.1. Additional Considerations When Positioning the Access Point When positioning the AP-10 PRO.11 and AP-10DE Access Points, take into account the following additional considerations. Height Install the Access Point at least 1.5m above the floor, clear of any high office partitions or tall pieces of furniture in the coverage area.
Basic Installation • Plug the output jack of the power transformer into the DC input socket on the unit. This socket may be located on the rear or side panel of the unit. • Connect the supplied power transformer to a power outlet 110/ 220VAC. 2.5. Connect the Unit to the Ethernet Port • Connect one end of a an Ethernet 10BaseT cable (not supplied) to the RJ-45 port on the rear panel of the unit (marked UTP).
Basic Installation 2.6. Check Unit Functionality using LED indicators Check the unit functionality by using the LEDs on the front panel. The following tables describe the front panel LEDs for Stations (SA-10, SA-40) and Bridges (WB-10), and for Access Points. 2.6.1.
Basic Installation 2.6.2.
Device Setup and Management 3. DEVICE SETUP AND MANAGEMENT This chapter explains how to access the local terminal program, and how to use the terminal program to setup, configure, and manage most BreezeNET PRO.11 Series units. The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series is a plug-and-play solution and operates immediately after physical installation without any user intervention. However, you can adapt the system to your particular needs using the local terminal.
Device Setup and Management ⇒ To use Local Terminal Management: 1. Press an option number to open/activate the option. You may need to press Enter in some cases. 2. Press Esc to exit a menu or option. 3. Reset the unit after making configuration changes. 3.2. Configuration Screens Listed below are the menus, sub-menus, and parameters/options in the terminal program. Default values are listed where applicable. Numbers in the table below indicate how to reach each option. For example, to reach the 1.2.
Device Setup and Management 2. Advanced Settings 3. Site Survey 1.5 Station Control 1.5.1 Reset Unit 1.5.2 Load Factory Defaults 1.6.Security (Not activated) 1.6.1 Authentication Algorithm 1.6.2 Default Key ID 1.6.3 Preauthentication A. WEP Default Key #1 B WEP Default Key #2 C. WEP Default Key #3 D. WEP Default Key #4 2.1 Translation Mode Open System Key #1 Disabled User defined User defined User defined User defined Enabled 2.2 Roaming 2.2.1 Max Number of Scanning 2.2.
Device Setup and Management Menu Sub-Menu Parameter/Option 3.3 Event Log 3.3.1 Display Event Log 3.3.2 Erase Event Log 3.3.3 Event Storage Policy Default Values From level warning up 3.4 Display Neighboring AP’s 4. Access Control 4.1 Change Access Rights 4.2 Change Installer Password 4.3 Show Current Access Right * Option 1.3.5 Transmit Antenna has the default value Use #2 for the SA-40 unit only. ** Option 1.3.7 Load Sharing has the default value Enabled for the AP-10 unit only. 3.3.
Device Setup and Management 3.4. System Configuration Menu BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Version : 4.3.10 Date: 15 Feb 1999 23:49:56 System Configuration menu ========================= 1 - Station Status 2 - IP and SNMP Parameters 3 - Wireless LAN Parameters 4 – Bridging 5 - Station Control 6 – Security Select option > Figure 3.2: System Configuration Menu 3.4.1.
Device Setup and Management its WLAN MAC address. The AP does not forward packets to the station when it is in this mode. • Associated - The station is associated with an AP and has adopted the attached PC MAC address (for SA-10) or uses the unit’s H/W address (SA-40 and WB-10), and is receiving packets from the LAN. • AP Address (Station Only) – MAC Address of the AP with which the unit is currently associated.
Device Setup and Management 8.1.2 for a list of traps). You can configure the host address to which the traps are sent through SNMP management. • 3.4.3. Display Current Values – Displays information concerning the current status of all IP-related items. Wireless LAN (WLAN) Parameters The WLAN Parameters Menu contains the following options: • Hopping Sequence (AP Only) – Hopping sequence of the unit.
Device Setup and Management • ESSID – ESSID of the unit (up to 32 printable ASCII characters). The ESSID is a string used to identify a WLAN. This ID prevents the unintentional merging of two co-located WLANs. A station can only associate with an AP that has the same ESSID. Use different ESSIDs to segment the WLAN network and add security. Note: The ESSID is case-sensitive. • Maximum Data Rate – Maximum data rate of the unit. BreezeNET PRO.11 units operate at 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps or 3 Mbps.
Device Setup and Management • Low – For stations that will not move at speeds of over 10 km per hour. Low is the default value. In most cases this is the best choice. • Load Sharing – When installing a Wireless LAN network in a hightraffic environment; you can increase the aggregate throughput by installing multiple APs to create co-located cells. When load sharing is enabled, the wireless stations distribute themselves evenly among the APs to best divide the traffic between the APs.
Device Setup and Management This procedure prevents packets destined for stations behind the bridge from getting lost. The value of this parameter is the length of time in seconds that the AP will remain in special mode. • IP Filtering – Whether IP filtering is enabled for the unit. Enable IP Filtering to filter out any other protocol (such as IPX) if you want that only IP traffic will pass through the WLAN. • Tunneling – Whether the unit performs Apletalk or IPX tunneling.
Device Setup and Management • Set Factory Defaults –When this option is implemented, system parameters revert back to the original factory default settings. There are two options: • Full – All parameters revert to defaults except for the Hopping Standard and Japan Call Sign (if applicable).
Device Setup and Management station must have the same keys (values). • • Preauthentication – During the authentication process the AP is notifying the other AP’s connected to the Ethernet backbone to preauthenticate the station that has been authenticated to this AP. It is recommended to use this feature when there is plenty of roaming between the AP’s. Preauthentication must be activated on both the AP’s and the Station. WEP Key#1-4 – These 4 Access Keys must be configured before they can be used.
Device Setup and Management 3.5.1. Translation Mode (read-only) The translation of Ethernet packets can be enabled (default) or disable. 3.5.2. Roaming (read-only) The Roaming menu contains parameters related to when and how the unit roams from one AP to another. The following windows can be accessed from the Roaming menu: • • • • • Max.
Device Setup and Management unit will try to re-transmit this packet is determined by two parameters in this menu, Max. Number of Re-Transmissions and Number of Dwells to Re-Transmit. This parameter can be presented as a counter. This counter is decreased each time a re-transmission occurs. It will be the minimum number of times a packet will be re-transmitted. • Number of Dwells to Re-Transmit (read-only) – A re-transmission will be performed after a set number of Dwells.
Device Setup and Management will be deleted along with all other frames buffered for that station. This process is done every 2 seconds. Notice that although power save mode is set in the AP it will not effect the APs’ power consumption, but only the handling and management. • DTIM Period (read-only) – This is the number of dwells between broadcast transmissions of messages for stations in power saving mode. Note: This option is not activated yet. • IP Stack – By default this parameter is enabled.
Device Setup and Management • Carrier Sense Level (read-only) – Before transmission a station will check if the media is free of other transmissions. This parameter is a threshold in RSSI units that determines the sensitivity of the Carrier Sense mechanism. Signals with a lower RSSI are considered “noise” and are disregarded by the unit. • Carrier Sense Difference Level (read-only) - Carrier Sense Difference Level refers to a sudden rise of the signal level.
Device Setup and Management Card) card that the station is connected to through the Ethernet UTP port (usually the Ethernet card of the PC). The station uses the Association Address as its identification in the Wireless Cell (WLAN address). When a station is first connected to an ethernet port, it waits for the Association Address update over the Ethernet. You can also have the device use its own MAC address (Use Mine) for testing purposes, in which case there will not be a proper network connection. 3.6.
Device Setup and Management 3.6.1. System Counters BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (AP-10) Version : 4.3.10 Date: 15 Feb 1999 23:49:56 System Counters menu ==================== 1 - Display Ethernet and WLAN Counters 2 - Display Rate Counters 3 - Display Rx packets per frequency 4 - Reset All Counters 5 - Power Saving Counters Select option > Figure 3.4b: Systems Counters Menu The System counters are a simple yet very efficient tool to monitor, interpret and analyze the Wireless LAN performance.
Device Setup and Management • Total Received frames – The total number of frames received from the UTP port. This counter includes both bad and good frames. • Received Bad Frames – The number of frames with errors received from the UTP port. High values (more than just a few) indicate a problem in the UTP connection such as a bad UTP cable or hub port. • Received good frames – The number of good frames (i.e. frames with no errors) received from the UTP port.
Device Setup and Management existence and keep its associated stations synchronized. Thus, the total transmitted frames counter will get high values even if the AP-10 is not connected to an active LAN. • Total Transmitted Frames (Bridge) - The total number of data frames transmitted to the wireless media (i.e. frames that were received form the UTP port and forwarded to the internal bridge which decided to transmit them to the wireless media).
Device Setup and Management • Power Saving Free Entries – Number of free buffers (one frame each) available for power save management. These buffers hold messages for stations that only periodically make contact with the AP due to power considerations. • Total Received Frames - The number of frames received from the wireless media. The count includes data and control frames (including beacons received from AP’s).
Device Setup and Management 3.6.2. Survey Software The Survey Software sub-menu enables you to align antennas and to assess the radio signal quality of a point-to-point link. The sub-menu includes the following options: • Operation Mode – When running a Site Survey, set the units on either side of the link to either receive (option 1) or transmit (option 2) packets (one unit should be set to transmit and the other to receive). Option 0 (Idle mode) is not active at present.
Device Setup and Management Threshold” parameter (see “Roaming” on section 3.5.2). • Total: The number of frames set as the “Roaming Decision Window” 10 in the example shown above (see “Roaming” on section 3.5.2). • avr RSSI: The average RSSI level of the total number of frames (only includes the frames received without errors). • bcn cnt: (Beacon Count) - How many dwells have passed since the last beacon has been received. • Load: The number of stations currently associated with the descried AP.
Device Setup and Management BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (AP-10) Version : 4.3.10 Date: 15 Feb 1999 23:49:56 # Tx Packets Channel 0 37 1 10 2 7 3 30 4 28 5 44 6 35 7 12 8 48 9 76 10 42 Figure 3.5: Transmit Statistics 6.
Device Setup and Management BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (AP-10) Version : 4.3.10 Date: 15 Feb 1999 23:49:56 #Pack Ant RSSI1 RSSI2 Bit_Err Freq Rate 58 1 108 91 0 19 3 59 2 110 112 0 42 3 60 2 86 88 0 14 3 61 2 109 112 0 46 3 62 1 109 107 0 24 3 63 1 108 106 0 22 3 64 1 112 108 0 33 3 65 1 111 107 0 25 3 66 1 111 111 0 41 3 67 2 111 110 0 79 3 68 1 115 111 0 64 3 69 1 115 111 0 65 3 70 2 111 111 0 56 3 71 2 110 111 0 55 3 Quality ########### ########### ########...
Device Setup and Management 9. Switch the functions of either side of the link (set the transmit unit to receive and the receive unit to transmit) and repeat the procedure to check the link from the opposite direction. 3.6.6. Using the Rx Packets per Frequency Histogram Use the Display Rx Packets per Frequency option to see a histogram of the number of frames received on each channel. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (AP-10) Version : 4.3.
Device Setup and Management interference. Frequencies with low numbers of packets received probably have more interference than other frequencies. 3.7. Access Control Menu Access Control functions enable the System Administrator or Installer to limit the access to the Local Terminal Maintenance setup and configuration menus. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (AP-10) Version : 4.3.
advanced settings. Access is password-protected. After configuration, the installer should change access rights to option (0), User. The installer can also change the installer password (see next parameter). • Technician – Only a Certified BreezeCOM Engineer possessing the correct password can select this option to configure all the parameters and settings. • Change Installer Password – Type in the new password according to the directions on screen.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 4. PLANNING AND INSTALLING WIRELESS LANS This chapter describes various possible system configurations, lists points to consider when performing indoor and outdoor installations, presents guidelines and restrictions regarding external antenna installation. It also describes some antennas that work well with BreezeNET PRO.11 units. 4.1.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 4.1.1. Single Cell Configuration A basic BreezeNET cell consists of an Access Point and the wireless workstations associated with it. You can convert most workstations (PCs, X-Terminals, Apple, Digital, SUN, HP, IBM and others) that are equipped with an Ethernet network interface card (NIC) to wireless workstations simply by connecting a BreezeNET SA-10 PRO.11 Station Adapter.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs The remote units should use directional antennas aimed in the direction of the AP’s antenna(s). 4.1.1.3 Mobile Applications In mobile applications, station orientation changes continuously. In order to maintain connectivity throughout the entire coverage area, most mobile applications require omni-directional antennas for both Access Points and wireless stations. In a motor vehicle, for example, you can install an SA-10 in the cabin, and mount the antennas on the roof.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs The WB-10 PRO.11 also enables connectivity between a wireless LAN and individual workstations or workgroups located outside the LAN. The WB-10 PRO.11 enables these wireless stations in its coverage area to communicate with the wireless LAN and gain access to all of the network resources such as file servers, printers and shared databases. Figure 5.2: Wireless Bridging Between Two or More Wireless LAN Segments 4.1.1.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs • Adjust the antennas • Adjust the location of the Station Adapter • Adjust the location of the Access Point 5. Proceed to setup the other workstations. Figure 5.3: Single Cell Configuration Disclaimer: This diagram is for illustrative purposes only. It should not be confused with the transceiver operating in a standalone mode.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 4.1.2. Overlapping Cell Configuration When two adjacent Access Points are positioned close enough to each other, a part of the coverage area of Access Point #1 overlaps that of Access Point #2. This overlapping area has two very important attributes: • Any workstation situated in the overlapping area can associate and communicate with either Access Point #1 or Access Point #2.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5. Install a Station Adapter or SA-PCR Card on a workstation. 6. Position the wireless workstation approximately the same distance from the two Access Points. 7. Temporarily disconnect the first Access Point from the power supply. Verify radio signal reception from the first Access Point. View the LED indicators of the front panel of the Station Adapter, or the Site Survey application of the SA-PCR Card, to check signal strength of the first Access Point. 8.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 4.1.3. Multicell Configuration Areas congested by many users and a heavy traffic load may require a multicell structure. In a multicell structure, several Access Points are installed in the same location. Each Access Point has the same coverage area, thereby creating a common coverage area that increases aggregate throughput. Any workstation in the overlapping area can associate and communicate with any Access Point covering that area.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Note: It is not necessary at this point to connect the Access Points to an Ethernet backbone, since Access Points continuously transmit signals (beacon frames) whether they are connected to an Ethernet backbone or not. Figure 5.5: Multicell Configuration BreezeNET PRO.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 4.1.4. Multi-hop Configuration (Relay) When you want to connect two sites between which a line-of-sight does not exist, an AP-WB pair can be positioned at a third location where line-ofsight exists with each of the original locations. This third location then acts as a relay point. In areas where a wired LAN backbone is not available, another AP can be added to the AP-WB relay to distribute a wireless backbone.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Figure 5.6: Multihop Configuration 6. If desired, an additional AP may be added at the main office and remote site, and between each AP-WB pair to provide wireless LANs at those points (see illustration). Figure 5.7: Advanced Multihop Configuration 7. Install Station Adapters or SA-PCR Cards on workstations (refer to section 2, Basic Installation). BreezeNET PRO.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 4.2. Outdoor Installation Considerations This chapter describes various considerations to take into account when planning an outdoor installation including site selection, antenna alignment, antenna diversity, antenna polarization, antenna seal, and cell size. 4.2.1.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Minimal Path Loss Path loss is determined mainly by several factors: • Distance between sites Path loss is lower and system performance better when distances between sites are shorter. • Clearance Path loss is minimized when there exists a clear line of sight. The number, location, size, and makeup of obstacles determine their contribution to path loss. • Antenna height Path loss is lower when antennas are positioned higher.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 4.2.3.1 Point-to-Point A point-to-point link is based on the use of one Access Point with external antennas and one adapter (SA-10/40D, WB-10D). The AP and the WB must be equipped with one or two directional antennas. The necessary antenna gain depends on the required range and performance. 4.2.3.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs If the received signal quality is lower than expected for this antenna/range combination, change antenna height and verify RF cables connections. 4.2.3.4 Antenna Diversity In applications where no multipath propagation is expected, a single antenna is sufficient to ensure good performance levels. However, in cases where multipath propagation exists, BreezeCOM recommends that two antennas be used. This takes advantage of space diversity capabilities.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs PRO.11 workstation, the suggested maximum distance between Access Point and workstation is: Standard AP-10 PRO.11 .........................700m (2000 ft.) 4.2.6. Link Distance Link distance is the maximum distance between the AP and the station adapter, usually related to point-to-point installations using external antennas.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 4.3. Precautions 4.3.1. Professional Installers Only Caution: Detached antennas, whether installed indoors or out, should be installed ONLY by experienced antenna installation professionals who are familiar with local building and safety codes and, wherever applicable, are licensed by the appropriate government regulatory authorities. Failure to do so may void the BreezeNET Product Warranty and may expose the end user to legal and financial liabilities.
Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 4.3.4. Lightning Protection Lightning protection is designed to protect people, property and equipment by providing a path to ground for the lightning’s energy. The lightning arrestor diverts the strike energy to ground through a deliberate and controlled path instead of allowing it to choose a random path. Lightning protection for a building is more forgiving than protection of electronic devices.
Accessory Installation 5. ACCESSORY INSTALLATION This chapter introduces some of the accessories available for specific installations, and describes how to install them. 5.4. AL 1 Lightning Arrestor The AL 1 Lightning Arrestor is used to protect transmitters and receivers from transients originating from lightning or EMP. The AL 1 is gas tube-based and is not radioactive.
Upgrade Procedure 6. UPGRADE PROCEDURE Firmware upgrades to the unit's flash memory is done by a simple download procedure using a TFTP application. Before beginning an upgrade, be sure you have the correct files and latest instructions. Upgrade packages can be obtained at the BreezeCOM web site: www.breezecom.com. In general terms, upgrading includes the following steps: 1. Set up an IP connection to the device. You can verify working connection using the Ping command. 2.
System Troubleshooting 7. SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING The following troubleshooting guide provides answers to some of the more common problems which may occur when installing, and using BreezeNET PRO.11 Series products. If problems not mentioned in this guide should arise, checking the Ethernet and WLAN counters may help (see section 3.6.1). If the problem persists, please feel free to contact your local distributor or the BreezeCOM Technical Support Department. 8.1.
System Troubleshooting Problem and Indication Possible Cause Corrective Action & 3, 2 & 6) if connected directly to workstation, or a straight-through cable if connected to a hub. 4. Check ETHR LED indicator in unit and Ethernet counters in Monitor to verify Ethernet activity. Wireless link established, but 1. Ethernet port on Network there is no Ethernet activity (SA- Interface card is faulty. 10 and SA-40 units). 1. Verify that the LINK LED is lit and solid at the NIC port.
System Troubleshooting Problem and Indication Access Point. Possible Cause Corrective Action overlapping cells, the units may a unique not associate with the closest ESSID to the Access Point and to all the units you want to Access Point. include in that wireless network. Reduced performance in a multi- The APs in the same coverage Assign a unique hopping sequence to each AP in the AP configuration. coverage area.
Appendix 8. APPENDIX This appendix includes the following sections: • Supported MIBs and Traps – Lists MIBs and traps supported by BreezeNET PRO.11 Series products. • Technical Specifications – Lists product and attachment specifications. • Wireless LAN Concepts – Provides an overview of the concepts related to wireless LANs. • Radio Signal Propagation – Discusses the concepts and applications of radio signal propagation relevant to wireless LANs. • IEEE 802.
Appendix 8.1.2. Supported Traps The following traps are implemented by BreezeNET PRO.11 units. All BreezeNET PRO.11 units with enabled Trap Sending will send traps to the network’s designated managers. The traps can be viewed and filtered using SNMPc. To enable/disable Trap Sending for a device, use the IP and SNMP Parameters menu (see section 3.4.2). The following table lists the traps implemented by BreezeCOM PRO.
Appendix 8.2. Technical Specifications 8.2.1. Specifications for BreezeNET PRO.11 Units The following table provides the technical specifications for all products in the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series. Technical Specifications AP-10 PRO.11, SA-10/40 PRO.11, WB-10 PRO.11 Wired LAN interface Compliant with Ethernet / IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD standard Physical Interface 10BaseT Network Operating Systems supported All Network protocols supported All Wireless LAN interface Compliant with IEEE 802.
Appendix Access Points Station Adapters Ethernet Bridges AP-10 PRO.11 SA-10/40 PRO.11 WB-10 PRO.
Appendix Technical Specifications Access Points Station Adapters Ethernet Bridges AP-10 PRO.11 SA-10/40 PRO.11 WB-10 PRO.11 Electrical External Power Supply 100V - 250V, 50-60Hz, 0.5A Input Voltage 5Vdc Power Consumption 1.5A (peak) 1.2A (average) Dimensions (without antennas and power supply) 5.1” x 3.4” x 1.35” Weight (without antennas and power supply) 0.9 lb. (0.4 kg.) (13cm x 8.
Appendix 8.3. Wireless LAN Concepts Wireless LAN technology is becoming increasingly popular for a wide variety of applications. After evaluating the technology, users are convinced of its reliability, more than satisfied with its performance, and are ready to use it for large-scale and complex wireless networks.
Appendix Wireless LAN Topology Wireless LANs allow workstations to communicate and to access the network using radio propagation as the transmission medium. Wireless LANs can be connected to existing wired LANs as an extension, or can form the basis of a new network. While adaptable to both indoor and outdoor environments, wireless LANs are especially suited to indoor locations such as office buildings, manufacturing floors, hospitals and universities.
Appendix Disclaimer: This diagram is for illustrative purposes only. It should not be confused with the transceiver operating in a standalone mode. When this diagram is in use, the transceiver will be used in conjunction with amp model AMP-2440-250/500 and the antennas listed in this manual. Figure 9.2: The Basic Wireless LAN Cell Each wireless LAN cell requires some communications and traffic management.
Appendix wireless link, using wireless bridges. The range of the system can be extended by cascading several wireless links, one after the other. Figure 9.3: Wireless LAN Connectivity Roaming When any area in the building is within reception range of more than one Access Point, the cells’ coverage is said to overlap. Each wireless station automatically establishes the best possible connection with one of the Access Points.
Appendix Figure 9.4: Roaming Through Overlapping Cells Roaming allows mobile users with portable stations to move freely between overlapping cells, constantly maintaining their network connection. Roaming is seamless: a work session can be maintained while moving from one cell to another. Multiple Access Points can provide wireless coverage for an entire building or campus.
Appendix Figure 9.5: The Common Coverage Area of a Multi-cell Structure Dynamic Rate Switching The data rate of each station is automatically adjusted according to the received signal quality. Performance (throughput) is maximized by increasing the data rate and decreasing re-transmissions. This is very important for mobile applications where the signal quality fluctuates rapidly, but less important for fixed outdoor installations where signal quality is stable.
Appendix Fragmentation Fragmentation of packets into shorter fragments adds protocol overhead and reduces protocol efficiency when no errors are expected, but reduces the time spent on re-transmissions if errors are likely to occur. No fragmentation or longer fragment length adds overhead and reduces efficiency in case of errors and re-transmissions (multi-path).
Appendix The following diagram depicts a typical radio system: Figure 9.6: A Typical Radio System A radio system transmits information to the transmitter. The information is transmitted through an antenna which converts the RF signal into an electromagnetic wave. The transmission medium for electromagnetic wave propagation is free space. The electromagnetic wave is intercepted by the receiving antenna which converts it back to an RF signal.
Appendix For example: 1 Watt = 1000 mW; PdBm = 10 x Log 1000 = 30 dBm 100 mW; PdBm = 10 x Log 100 = 20 dBm For link budget calculations, the dBm convention is more convenient than the Watts convention. Attenuation Attenuation (fading) of an RF signal is defined as follows: Figure 9.
Appendix F is the RF frequency expressed in Mhz. R is the distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas. At 2.4 GHz, this formula is: 105+20xLog(DMile) Antenna Characteristics Isotropic Antenna A hypothetical, lossless antenna having equal radiation intensity in all directions. Used as a zero dB gain reference in directivity calculation (gain). Antenna Gain A measure of directivity.
Appendix Figure 9.9: Top View Directional Antenna Radiates and receives most of the signal power in one direction. The following diagram shows the radiation pattern of a directional antenna with its side lobes in polar form: Figure 9.10: Radiation Pattern of Directional Antenna Antenna Beamwidth The directiveness of a directional antenna. Defined as the angle between two half-power (-3 dB) points on either side of the main lobe of radiation. BreezeNET PRO.
Appendix System Characteristics Receiver Sensitivity The minimum RF signal power level required at the input of a receiver for certain performance (e.g. BER). EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) The antenna transmitted power. Equal to the transmitted output power minus cable loss plus the transmitting antenna gain.
Appendix Link Budget Calculation EIRP = Pout - Ct + Gt = 31.6 dBm L = 36.5 + 20xLog(FMhz) + 20xLog(DMile) ≅ 118 dB Pr = EIRP - L + Gr - Cr = -72 dBm In conclusion, the received signal power is above the sensitivity threshold, so the link should work. The problem is that there is only a 2 dB difference between received signal power and sensitivity. Normally, a higher margin is desirable due to fluctuation in received power as a result of signal fading.
Appendix At high rain intensity (150 mm/hr), the fading of an RF signal at 2.4 GHz may reach a maximum of 0.02 dB/Km Wind may cause fading due to antenna motion • Interference Interference may be caused by another system on the same frequency range, external noise, or some other co-located system. The Line of Sight Concept An optical line of sight exists if an imaginary straight line can be drawn connecting the antennas on either side of the link.
Appendix D: distance between sites Figure 9.13: Fresnel Zone Clear of Obstacles When at least 80% of the first Fresnel Zone is clear of obstacles, propagation loss is equivalent to that of free space. 8.5. IEEE 802.11 Technical Tutorial The purpose of this chapter is to give technical readers a basic overview of the new IEEE 802.11 Standard, enabling them to understand the basic concepts, principles of operation, and the reasons behind some of the features and/or components of the Standard.
Appendix Access Points are connected through some kind of backbone (called Distribution System or DS). This backbone is typically Ethernet but, in some cases, might be wireless itself. The whole interconnected wireless LAN, including the different cells, their respective Access Points and the Distribution System, is seen as a single 802 network to the upper layers of the OSI model and is known in the Standard as the Extended Service Set (ESS). The following diagram shows a typical 802.
Appendix • Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) in the 2.4 GHz Band • Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) in the 2.4 GHz Band, and • InfraRed 802.2 802.11 MAC FH DS IR Data Link Layer PHY Layer Beyond the standard functionality usually performed by MAC Layers, the 802.11 MAC performs other functions that are typically related to upper layer protocols, such as Fragmentation, Packet Retransmissions, and Acknowledges. 8.5.3.
Appendix While these Collision Detection Mechanisms are a good idea on a wired LAN, they cannot be used on a wireless LAN environment for two main reasons: 1. Implementing a Collision Detection Mechanism would require the implementation of a Full-Duplex radio capable of transmitting and receiving at the same time, an approach that would increase the price significantly. 2.
Appendix given duration, and use this information together with the Physical Carrier Sense when sensing the medium. This mechanism reduces the probability of a collision on the receiver area by a station that is “hidden” from the transmitter to the short duration of the RTS transmission because the station hears the CTS and “reserves” the medium as busy until the end of the transmission.
Appendix 8.5.3.4 Fragmentation and Reassembly Typical LAN protocols use packets several hundred bytes long (the longest Ethernet packet could be up to 1518 bytes long). There are several reasons why it is preferable to use smaller packets in a wireless LAN environment: • Due to the higher Bit Error Rate of a radio link, the probability of a packet getting corrupted increases with the packet size.
Appendix Figure 9.16: Frame Fragmentation 8.5.3.5 Inter Frame Spaces The Standard defines 4 types of Inter Frame Spaces, which are use to provide different priorities: • SIFS - Short Inter Frame Space, separates transmissions belonging to a single dialog (e.g. Fragment-Ack), and is the minimum Inter Frame Space. There is always at most one single station to transmit at any given time, therefore giving it priority over all other stations.
Appendix 8.5.3.6 Exponential Backoff Algorithm Backoff is a well known method used to resolve contention between different stations wanting to access the medium. The method requires each station to choose a Random Number (n) between 0 and a given number, and wait for this number of Slots before accessing the medium, always checking if a different station has accessed the medium before.
Appendix 8.5.4. How Does a Station Join an Existing Cell (BSS)? When a station wants to access an existing BSS (either after power-up, sleep mode, or just entering the BSS area), the station needs to get synchronization information from the Access Point (or from the other stations when in ad-hoc mode, which will be discussed later). The station can get this information by one of two means: 1.
Appendix 2. On a voice system, a temporary disconnection may not affect the conversation, while in a packet-based environment it significantly reduces performance because retransmission is then performed by the upper layer protocols. The 802.11 standard does not define how roaming should be performed, but defines the basic tools. These include active/passive scanning, and a reassociation process, where a station which is roaming from one Access Point to another becomes associated with the new one1. 8.5.6.
Appendix 8.5.7.1 Preventing Access to Network Resources This is done by the use of an Authentication mechanism where a station needs to prove knowledge of the current key. This is very similar to Wired LAN privacy, in the sense that an intruder needs to enter the premises (by using a physical key) in order to connect his workstation to the wired LAN. 8.5.7.2 Eavesdropping Eavesdropping is prevented by using the WEP algorithm which is a Pseudo Random Number Generator initialized by a shared secret key.
Appendix stations wake up in order to receive the Beacon Frame. If there is an indication that there is a frame stored at the AP waiting for delivery, then the station stays awake and sends a Polling message to the AP to get these frames. Multicasts and Broadcasts are stored by the AP, and transmitted at a preknown time (each DTIM), when all Power Saving stations who wish to receive this kind of frames are awake. 8.5.9.
Appendix 8.5.10.2 PLCP Header The PLCP Header is always transmitted at 1 Mbit/s and contains Logical information used by the PHY Layer to decode the frame. It consists of: • PLCP_PDU Length Word: which represents the number of bytes contained in the packet. This is useful for the PHY to correctly detect the end of packet. • PLCP Signaling Field: which currently contains only the rate information, encoded in 0.5 Mbps increments from 1 Mbit/s to 4.5 Mbit/s.
Appendix Protocol Version This field consists of 2 bits which are invariant in size and placement across following versions of the 802.11 Standard, and will be used to recognize possible future versions. In the current version of the standard the value is fixed as 0.
Appendix ToDS This bit is set to 1 when the frame is addressed to the AP for forwarding to the Distribution System (including the case where the destination station is in the same BSS, and the AP is to relay the frame). The Bit is set to 0 in all other frames. FromDS This bit is set to 1 when the frame is received from the Distribution System. More Fragments This bit is set to 1 when there are more fragments belonging to the same frame following the current fragment.
Appendix This bit indicates that this frame is being sent using the Strictly-Ordered service class.2 Duration/ID This field has two meanings depending on the frame type: • In Power-Save Poll messages this is the Station ID • In all other frames this is the duration value used for the NAV Calculation. Address Fields A frame may contain up to 4 Addresses depending on the ToDS and FromDS bits defined in the Control Field, as follows: • Address-1 is always the Recipient Address (i.e.
Appendix 0 1 DA BSSID SA N/A 1 0 BSSID SA DA N/A 1 1 RA TA DA SA Sequence Control The Sequence Control Field is used to represent the order of different fragments belonging to the same frame, and to recognize packet duplications. It consists of two subfields, Fragment Number and Sequence Number, which define the frame and the number of the fragment in the frame. CRC The CRC is a 32-bit field containing a 32-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 8.5.11. Most Common Frame Formats 8.5.11.
Appendix 8.5.11.2 CTS Frame Format The CTS frame looks as follows: Figure 9.21: CTS Frame The Receiver Address (RA) of the CTS frame is copied from the Transmitter Address (TA) field of the immediately previous RTS frame to which the CTS is a response. The Duration value is the value obtained from the Duration field of the immediately previous RTS frame, minus the time, in microseconds, required to transmit the CTS frame and its SIFS interval. 8.5.11.
Appendix 8.5.12. Point Coordination Function (PCF) Beyond the basic Distributed Coordination Function, there is an optional Point Coordination Function, which may be used to implement timebounded services, like voice or video transmission. This Point Coordination Function makes use of the higher priority that the Access Point may gain by the use of a smaller Inter Frame Space (PIFS).
Appendix AMP2440-250 AMP2440-500 Installation Instructions BreezeNET PRO.
Amplifier Kit AMPLIFIER KIT Each Amplifier Kit Includes: • • • • • • • • Bi-directional Amplifier, AMP2440-250 or AMP2440-500 DC Power Injector 5ft. LMR-400 cable (N-male to N-female) 2 N-male to N-male adapters 110/220 VAC to 12VDC Power Supply, and power cord Stainless Steel U-Bolt and mounting bracket Vapor wrap coaxial connector sealing tape Installation Manual Cable Length vs. Output Power The AMP2440 is an amplifier designed for installation by professional radio installers.
Amplifier Kit Installation and Mounting The amplifier can be mast mounted using the steel U-bolt included with the unit. The amplifier should be installed with the connectors facing downward. After placing the assembly on the mast, use an open-end wrench to carefully tighten the nuts. Take care not to over-tighten the nuts or you may inadvertently strip the threads. See the diagram below for proper assembly. AMP MAST It is very important to waterproof the RF connectors on the amplifier.
Amplifier Kit Amplifier Connections and Indicators Transmit This LED glows RED in transmit mode. LED: Receive This LED glows GREEN in the “receive” mode. (When DC power is supplied, the unit defau LED: mode). DC Injector This “N” Female connector is connected to the DC Power Injector via the transmission cable Connection: Antenna This “N” Female connector connects to the antenna with a short length of coax cable.
Amplifier Kit Power Supply The AMP2440 comes with power supplies that have standard 2.1 mm barrel plugs (which are configured as positive (+) tip and negative (-) outer conductor). Although normally supplied with a power supply, any regulated 12 Volt DC 1 amp supply can be used. The power supply can be used with 110 or 240 VAC power. Operation The unit operates automatically and there are no user adjustments. The amplifier is only intended for use with the BreezeNET Radios.
